Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained attention for their unique properties and potential applications, particularly in medicine. This study explores an eco-friendly approach to biosynthesize zinc and magnesium nanoparticles using the medicinal plant Alhagi maurorum. The resulting nanoparticles (NPs) were thoroughly characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming their optical properties, functional groups, crystalline structure, elemental composition, and morphology. The nanoparticles exhibited promising physicochemical properties. In antimicrobial assays, both zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and magnesium nanoparticles (MgNPs) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Campylobacter spp., with zones of inhibition of 26 and 28 mm for ZnNPs and 20 and 27 mm for MgNPs, respectively. Furthermore, ZnNPs exhibited potent antifungal activity against Trichophyton and Penicillium, with zones of inhibition of 22 and 18 mm, respectively, whereas MgNPs produced zones of inhibition of 15 and 21 mm against the same fungal species. Additionally, these nanoparticles showed substantial antioxidant potential, effectively combating free radicals and demonstrating cytoprotective properties, with low IC50 values. Remarkably, the zinc and magnesium nanoparticles demonstrated promising anticancer effects against HepG2 cancer cells, emphasizing their potential in anticancer therapies. The study found IC50 values of 55 µg/mL and 65 µg/mL for zinc and magnesium nanoparticles respectively. This green synthesis approach using Alhagi maurorum offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for producing biologically active NPs. The findings suggest that these nanoparticles could be valuable for developing novel treatments against microbial infections, diseases related to oxidative stress, and as potential candidates in anticancer drug development.

Thyroid disorders, including benign goiter, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and thyroid malignancies, continue to present significant clinical challenges despite advances in surgical, pharmacological, and radioiodine-based treatments. Recent developments in nanomedicine and immune-cell engineering have generated interest in the use of natural killer (NK) cells as therapeutic and drug-delivery platforms for targeted disease management. However, the potential application of NK cell–nanoparticle hybrid systems in thyroid disorders remains largely exploratory and requires careful evaluation of their biological rationale, therapeutic feasibility, and translational limitations. This review critically examines current advances at the interface of NK-cell engineering and nanotechnology, with particular emphasis on their potential relevance to thyroid diseases. We discuss established NK-cell-based strategies, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells, membrane engineering, and nanoparticle-assisted functional enhancement, alongside nano-enabled delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and extracellular vesicle-inspired platforms. Particular attention is given to thyroid cancer and immune-mediated thyroid disorders, where immune-targeted interventions may have greater mechanistic justification than benign thyroid enlargement. Available preclinical evidence is reviewed, and distinctions are made between experimentally validated approaches and hypothetical future applications. In addition, we critically assess major challenges associated with NK cell–nanoparticle hybrid technologies, including targeting specificity, biodistribution, immunogenicity, manufacturing scalability, storage stability, safety considerations, and regulatory requirements for clinical translation. By integrating evidence from immunotherapy, nanomedicine, and thyroid disease research, this review identifies current knowledge gaps, evaluates the realistic therapeutic potential of NK-cell-enabled nanoplatforms, and outlines future research priorities necessary for their successful clinical development. Rather than proposing immediate clinical implementation, we provide a balanced assessment of the opportunities and limitations of NK-cell nanoengineering as a prospective strategy for precision treatment of selected thyroid disorders.

In this study, Copper sulfide Nanoparticles (CuS NPs) were fabricated, characterized, and applied as nanofertilizers to soybean (Glycine max) and sesame (Sesamum indicum) in a pot experiment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of CuS NPs were performed for physiochemical characterization. CuS NPs were evaluated for their morphological and biochemical responses by employing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant assays. The Cu concentration and bioaccumulation were evaluated through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Physiochemical characterization of CuS NPs confirmed the nanoformation, phase purity, and agglomerated spherical-shaped NPs. The application of CuS NPs in the soil up to 60 and 40 mg kg− 1 soil significantly increased the growth, biomass, and protein contents in soybean and sesame, respectively. Biochemical responses of both plants revealed that the highest total phenolic content (TPC) was observed in the root and shoot of soybean (206.91 µg mg− 1 DW and 226.15 µg mg− 1 DW, respectively) and sesame (212.87 µg mg− 1 DW and 313.18 µg mg− 1 DW) at 60 mg kg− 1 soil. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was highest in soybean root at 40 mg kg− 1 (121.17 µg mg− 1 DW) and shoot at 60 mg kg− 1 (155.26 µg mg− 1 DW), while sesame root showed the highest total flavonoid content at 20 mg kg− 1 (102.85 µg mg− 1 DW) and shoot at 40 mg kg− 1 soil (172.81 µg mg− 1 DW). With the increase in CuS NPs concentration in both plants, a significant increase in antioxidant activities (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) was observed. AAS showed the highest Cu concentration in soybean and sesame in the sequence Soil > Root > Shoot at 80 mg kg− 1 of NPs. The results indicate that CuS NPs as nanofertilizers may be used as a Cu source within the threshold for better growth of soybean and sesame.

Anti-microbial Resistance (AMR) has become one of the major contributors to mortality and disability globally. After the discovery of antimicrobials, it was believed by the medical industry that the battle against microbes would be conquered. However, the rise in resistance of microbes changed the dynamics of the battle. The numbers of morbidity and mortality are staggering due to AMR in 2021 about 21.36 Million people died due sepsis and 4.71 people died due to drug-resistant infections. If this trend continues, it is estimated that 39 million people will be expected to die by 2050. AMR has grown from a clinical issue to a systemic threat that is challenging global health security and economic stability. AMR, if overlooked, can cause critical economic losses according to WHO AMR can cause an additional 1 trillion dollars in healthcare costs by 2050 and GPD loss of about 3.4 trillion per year by 2030. The high-burden pathogens, especially those belonging to the ESKAPE group, are at the centre of HAIs as well as treatment failures. The health burden caused by AMR is not limited to increased mortality rates but also includes increased durations of hospitalization, increased risks of complications during critical medical procedures such as cancer chemotherapy, organ transplantation, and neonatal care, as well as compromised surgical safety. Based on projections by global institutions, unless effective control measures are put in place, AMR is expected to significantly impact global GDP in the coming decades. The global response to AMR, such as antimicrobial stewardship programmes and surveillance, as well as the One Health approach, is critical but needs to be more effectively implemented. The issue of AMR requires urgent, sustained, and multidisciplinary action to reduce its growing health burden as well as economic consequences. Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, AMR Health Burden, AMR Economic burden, Antimicrobial Stewardship

Cisplatin is used for treatment of various carcinomas in clinics but is associated with the adverse effects of nausea and vomiting. We investigated the antiemetic effect of gabapentsal; a gabapentinoid derivative against cisplatin (10 mg/kg) induced vomiting in pigeons and the neurochemical mechanisms centrally and peripherally and the involvement of dopaminergic receptors. Established video recording setup was used for behavioral experiments while High Performance Liquid Chromatography system coupled with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) was used for the quantification of neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and its metabolite; 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA) and its metabolites; dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and noradrenaline (NA) centrally in brain stem while, peripherally in small intestine. Cisplatin (10 mg/kg i.v.) induced emesis without lethality up to the observation period (3 h.). Gabapentsal attenuated cisplatin induced emesis ~ 77.22%; the standard drug, gabapentin (GB; 100 mg/kg), produced ~ 57.55% reduction. Gabapentsal suppressed (p < 0.05 - p < 0.01) the concentration of 5HT and 5-HIAA in the brain stem and intestine. In continuation, a decline (P < 0.05 - p < 0.01) in the concentration of DA and its metabolite DOPAC in the brain stem while DA concentration was decreased (p < 0.05) in the intestine only. The standard gabapentin (100 mg/kg) decreased (p < 0.05) the concentration of 5HT and NA in the intestine only. Furthermore; gabapentsal attenuated (p < 0.001) quinpirole (3 mg/kg) induced vomiting but no effect on neurotransmitters and their metabolites was noted. In conclusion, gabapentsal has antiemetic activity against cisplatin and quinpirole induced vomiting mediated by serotonergic and dopaminergic components centrally and peripherally.

Chemotherapy-induced vomiting (CINV) continue to pose significant treatment problems despite the existence of contemporary antiemetic protocols. Gabapentinoids have shown promising antiemetic properties owing to their central and peripheral neuromodulatory effects. This study examines Pregsal, a new gabapentinoid analogue against cisplatin and quinpirole induced vomiting in pigeons, emphasizing behavioral, gastrointestinal motility, and neurochemical assessments. Pregsal (50, 75, 100 mg/kg) was assessed against cisplatin and quinpirole induced emesis in pigeons over a period of 3-hours. GIT motility was evaluated via a charcoal transit paradigm; and neurotransmitters (DA, DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA, NA) in the brainstem and gut were quantified using HPLC-ECD. Pregsal markedly diminished vomiting and jerking episodes in each emesis model in a dose dependent manner and prolonged the latency to the fist vomit in case of cisplatin only. Pregsal attenuated the cisplatin and quinpirole induced suppression in gastrointestinal motility, especially at 75–100 mg/kg. Neurochemical investigation demonstrated that Pregsal mitigated acute increases in central and peripheral dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites caused by cisplatin, adjusting the levels towards normality. Pregsal may be a good antiemetic candidate alone or adjunct with other antiemetics for the management of CINV in patients, warranting its further preclinical investigations in other vomit competent species.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT), an acid-fast, gram-positive bacillus that poses a major global health threat. Despite the availability of first-line and second-line anti-TB drugs, TB remains one of the top causes of mortality from infectious diseases, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains has significantly reduced the efficacy of existing treatment regimens, highlighting the urgent need to discover and develop novel therapeutic agents with enhanced efficacy and safety profiles. Schiff bases, known for their diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties, have recently gained attention as promising pharmacophores in drug development. In this study, we evaluated a series of vanillin-derived Schiff base compounds (S1–S6) for their potential anti-tubercular activity through molecular docking studies. The selected compounds were screened against two critical enzymes essential for the survival and proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: DprE1 (decaprenyl phosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2′-epimerase), involved in cell wall biosynthesis, and DNA gyrase subunit A, crucial for DNA replication. Molecular docking was performed to assess the binding affinity, binding modes, and interaction profiles of these ligands with the target proteins. The results demonstrated that all compounds (S1–S6) exhibited strong and favorable binding interactions with the active sites of both enzymes. Notably, their docking scores and interaction energies were superior to those of currently used anti-TB drugs such as isoniazid, bedaquiline, pyrazinamide, and the standard reference ethambutol (S7). These findings suggest that the vanillin-based Schiff bases have significant inhibitory potential against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and could serve as promising lead compounds for future in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at developing new anti-TB therapies

In this research, we addressed the challenge of the rapid degradation of magnesium alloys, particularly AZ31B, which have great potential to be widely used in biomedical applications. To mitigate this issue, we developed a composite coating comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CS), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, in order to enhance the corrosion performance of the magnesium alloy. Our approach involved chemically synthesizing TiO2 particles (4-20 nm) and incorporating them into PVA and PVA/chitosan matrices at varying weight percentages, which affect the amino group. We employed x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for comprehensive characterization, confirming the successful synthesis of TiO2 particles and the formation of composite coatings. The XRD analysis revealed the rutile phase of TiO2 particles with an average crystal size conducive to effective reinforcement, while SEM imaging showcased the spherical morphology of TiO2 particles. FTIR spectroscopy further elucidated the chemical bonding among TiO2, PVA, and chitosan, validating the composite’s structural integrity. Notably, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in surface roughness post-coating, indicating improved biocompatibility, a crucial factor in biomedical applications. Additionally, the hydrophobic nature of the PVA/TiO2-based coating and the hydrophilic character of the PVA/TiO2/CS-based composite coating were revealed through water contact angle measurements, offering versatile surface properties for different biomedical requirements. Furthermore, our investigation into the electrochemical behavior of the coated magnesium alloy in a 0.9

The present study reports a high power density hybrid aqueous asymmetric super capacitor device by fabrication of potassium doped manganese oxide (K-delta MnO2) nano-spheres embedded in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and resorcinol formaldehyde aerogel (RF) as anode material and activated carbon as cathode material. This rationally designed electrode material manifests exceptionally lofty areal capacitance of 1037.30 mF/Cm2 and gravimetric capacitance 671.90 F/g. The synergy of reduced graphene oxide and resorcinol formaldehyde aerogel endows the K-delta MnO2 enhanced specific surface area (676.314 m2/g), elevated electroactive sites and improved ionic and electrical conductivity. Benefiting from Power law and Dunn's method a comprehensive mechanistic insight has been presented, revealing the superiority of surface controlled capacitive and pseudo-capacitive kinetics. In 1 M Na2SO4 electrolytic solution an asymmetric aqueous hybrid super capacitor rGO/K-delta MnO2/RF//AC has been fabricated. The device delivers an impressive areal cell capacitance of 321.63 mF/cm2and gravimetric cell capacitance of 371.25 F/g. Moreover the device exhibits excellent energy density 132 Wh/kg (114.35 mu Wh/cm2) and power density 533.33 W/Kg (4.6205 mW/cm2). The device shows outstanding cyclic stability of 96.7 % over 10,000 continuous charge-discharge cycles. This fascinating capacitive performance make the rGO/K-MnO2/RF //AC a potent candidate for energy storage applications in hybrid aqueous asymmetric super capacitors.

Two new zinc(II) coordination polymers [Zn(bpba)2(NO3)2]n (1) and [Zn(bpba)(SO4)]n•2nH2O•nDMF (2) were successfully synthesized by reacting zinc(II) ions with bis(4-pyridyl)benzylamine (bpba) containing different counter anions (NO₃− and SO42−). The resulting polymers were fully characterized using various experimental techniques: single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, infrared spectra, ultraviolet/visible spectra, and thermogravimetric analysis. Single-crystal X-ray analyses revealed that the zinc(II) ions in 1 and 2 are tetra-coordinated and adopt a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Polymer 1 exhibits a one-dimensional helical chain structure, which extends into two-dimensional supramolecular networks through hydrogen bonding and C-H•••π interactions. Polymer 2 adopts a three-dimensional network structure resulting from the coordination of zinc(II) and sulfate ions as well as bpba ligands. An investigation of the solid-state photoluminescence properties of the polymers at room temperature revealed that their emissions were redshifted compared with those of the free ligand, which is attributed to metal-perturbed intra-ligand charge transfer.

Brilliant blue dye (BB) is being extensively used in textile and cosmetic industries. It has been reported to cause cancer and asthma. In this study, ZnO and Bi-ZnO were synthesized by sol–gel method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, EDX, and BET. Both ZnO and Bi-ZnO were used for the photocatalytic degradation of BB under solar light irradiation. Different parameters, affecting the photocatalytic degradation of BB, like contact time, dye concentration, catalyst concentration, and pH were evaluated and optimized. The band gap for ZnO and Bi-ZnO was found to be 3.10 and 2.95 eV, respectively. Surface area and pore size for ZnO and Bi-ZnO were determined to be 104.03 m2/g and 199 nm, and 114.67 m2/g and 203 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of BB followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9933). The value of first order rate constant (k1) was found to be 3.14 × 10–3 min−1. Scavenging studies indicated that superoxide radicals (•O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) are mainly responsible for the degradation of BB. Both catalysts degraded BB efficiently but Bi-ZnO displayed better degradation potential (maximum 92

Bioorthogonal pre-targeting alleviate the limitations of traditional nanomedicines in passive and active targeting delivery. However, the high selectivity of bioorthogonal pre-targeting depends on the high expression level of antigens in lesion sites, and there are very limited targets with sufficient overexpression. Herein, we propose a tumor heterogeneity-independent antigen-responsive nanocarrier utilizing bioorthogonal pre-targeting and click-activated self-immolative polymers for stimulus signal conversion and amplification. This approach comprises a tetrazine (Tz) conjugated with trastuzumab (T-Tz), and a bioorthogonally activatable nanocarrier CONP which self-assembled by isocyanide and polyethylene glycol-modified poly (thiocarbamate) (NC-PTC-PEG) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-responsive self-immolative polymers. In practice, T-Tz is first injected to actively pretarget HER2-positive tumor cells and followed by the second injection of nanocarrier CONP. The NC-PTC-PEG in CONP undergoes a click reaction with Tz to generate H2S, thereby achieving the transformation from antigen signal to H2S signal. Finally, NO2-PTC-PEG responds to H2S stimulation and undergoes a head-to-tail depolymerization process similar to dominoes to produce a large amount of H2S, further amplifying the stimulus signal. This bioorthogonal pre-targeting combine with click-activated self-immolative polymers is anticipated to enhance the effectiveness of existing pre-targeting strategies for tumor imaging and therapy, with the potential to overcome challenges posed by tumor heterogeneity.

Cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV), a member of the Badnavirus genus (family: Caulimoviridae), causes an emerging disease on Theobroma cacao. It is associated with branch dieback and has been reported to reduce yield. As there is no treatment for infected plants, preventing transmission is the most effective strategy. However, to understand what inoculum reservoirs exist in the environment, it is necessary to determine the host range of the virus. Previously, this virus was only reported on cacao. To determine whether other species could serve as hosts, plants in the Malvaceae and other families growing near CaMMV-infected cacao were sampled and tested for the presence of the virus. Plants belonging to seven species of Malvaceae, one species of Fabaceae, and one species of Meliaceae tested positive, including widely grown ornamental plants and fruit trees such as hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.), maga (Thespesia grandiflora), and durian (Durio sp.). These additional hosts may contribute to disease spread by serving as inoculum reservoirs in areas where the virus is present. The CaMMV strains found on non-cacao hosts shared a high identity with cacao-infecting strains, suggesting recent movement between cacao and other species.Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Interfacial engineering employing inorganic halide salts or organic molecules has been widely reported as an effective approach to extenuate the non-radiative recombination loss at interfaces of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, the strengthened contact passivation is demonstrated at the perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) interface using dipole molecules (DMs) with tailored functional groups. Through combined experimental and theoretical characterizations, it is revealed that electric dipoles can form at the cathodic contact interfaces, and their orientation and strength are governed by the functional groups of DMs. In comparison with control and carboxyl (-COOH) group based DMs, the trifluoromethyl (-CF3) group substitution enables more favorable energy level alignment, which further provides a larger energetic driving force for charge separation and extraction. Finally, the -CF3-based DM-engineered P-I-N structured PSCs output a best power conversion efficiency of 25.83%, which is significantly improved relative to the pristine (23.34%), control device (24.02%), and -COOH DM based ones (24.88%). Additionally, the hydrophobic nature of -CF3 and strengthened contact passivation enables enhanced storage and operational stability. These findings highlight the significance of interfacial dipole molecular structure in enhancing contact passivation and regulating carrier dynamics for efficient and stable P-I-N PSCs.

According to Pmax = V2/(4*ESR), power density (Pmax) is proportional to the applied potential (V2) and equivalent series resistance (ESR). To overcome the limitation of narrow potential window herein, we employed in-situ hydrothermal synthesis of K-delta MnO2 coupled with casein carbon dots (CCDs) decorated Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) which resulted in enhanced ion/charge conductivity, power density, energy density, porosity, specific surface area (666.387 m2/g), broaden potential window of 0-1.4 V and highly reversible redox pseudo-capacitance of 396 F/g, due to synergistic effect of elevated electrical conductivity of CCDs decorated nanotubes. At a potential window of 1.4 V fast faradic redox reactions and K+ intercalation/deintercalation occur at the electrode-electrolyte interface in MnO2 which constrain water disintegration in kinetics. A high efficacy aqueous asymmetric super capacitor (K-delta MnO2/CCDs-MWCNTs//AC) was configured with K-delta MnO2/CCDs-MWCNTs as anode which manifested steady working potential window of 0-2.4 V in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. The as configured asymmetric super capacitor has illustrated an outstanding energy density of 82 Wh/kg at a power density of 595 W/kg and specific capacitance of 103 F/g and a prolonged cycle execution with capacitance retention of 98 % over 10,000 cycles at the current density of 0.5 A/g. This approach will open new paradigms for new emerging high feasible wide potential window energy storage devices.

Streptococcus mutans, the primary cause of dental caries, relies on its ability to create and sustain a biofilm (dental plaque) for survival and pathogenicity in the oral cavity. This study was focused on the antimicrobial biofilm formation control and biofilm dispersal potential of Coumaric acid (CA) against Streptococcus mutans on the dentin surface. The biofilm was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay, microtiter plate assay, production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), florescence microscopy (surface coverage and biomass μm2) and three-dimensional (3D) surface plots. It was observed that CA at 0.01 mg/mL reduced bacterial growth by 5.51%, whereases at 1 mg/mL, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction (98.37%) was observed. However, at 1 mg/mL of CA, a 95.48% biofilm formation reduction was achieved, while a 73.45% biofilm dispersal (after 24 h. treatment) was achieved against the preformed biofilm. The MTT assay showed that at 1 mg/mL of CA, the viability of bacteria in the biofilm was markedly (p < 0.05) reduced to 73.44%. Moreover, polysaccharide (EPS) was reduced to 24.80 μg/mL and protein (EPS) to 41.47 μg/mL. ImageJ software (version 1.54 g) was used to process florescence images, and it was observed that the biofilm mass was reduced to 213 (μm2); the surface coverage was reduced to 0.079%. Furthermore, the 3D surface plots showed that the untreated biofilm was highly dense, with more fibril-like projections. Additionally, molecular docking predicted a possible interaction pattern of CA (ligand) with the receptor Competence Stimulating Peptide (UA159sp, PDB ID: 2I2J). Our findings suggest that CA has antibacterial and biofilm control efficacy against S. mutans associated with dental plaque under tested conditions.