Marine heatwaves are extreme ocean warming events whose increasing frequency threatens marine ecosystems and climate-sensitive economic sectors, but also particularly semi-enclosed basins like the Black Sea. Therefore, this study follows a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of MHWs in the Turkish Black Sea between 2015 and 2025 and quantifies related impacts on the coastal cage aquaculture sector representing a vital part of national food security. Addressing a key knowledge gap, we integrate fine-scale MHW characteristics with the exact spatial distribution of cage farms and species-specific thermal tolerances. High-resolution daily sea surface temperature data from MODIS, Sentinel-3, and CMEMS were merged onto a unified 1-km(2) grid, where MHWs were detected based on a long-term climatological baseline (1993-2012) following the Hobday et al. methodology. Main findings highlight a significant warming trend in annual mean SST and a strong positive relationship with the MHW frequency (r = 0.78). The MHW occurrence ranged between 2 and 5 events per year (3.5 mean), with an average duration of 10.5 days and an average mean intensity of 1.6 degrees C above the threshold. Spatial hotspots analysis was implemented using the Getis-Ord Gi* method in order to find MHW hotspots along the coastline. Results have depicted the coastal waters around Samsun and Ordu as statistically significant MHW hotspots having the highest frequency up to 4.1 events yr(-1) and the cumulative intensity. Thermal risk was attributed to species level through a new Thermal Risk Index (R) considering the MHW severity and the physiological thermal tolerance. Atlantic salmon had a low (>18 degrees C) stress threshold, resulting in a higher risk for Atlantic salmon and exposing the farm facilities in the Samsun area to stressful conditions for more than 70 cumulative days, yielding normalized risks scores higher than 110. This paper is the first to assess fine-scale farm-specific MHW-driven thermal risk for the Black Sea cage aquaculture and demonstrates that MHWs are a growing but spatially heterogeneous threat. Region-specific proactive adaptation strategies are urgently required in order to be able to sustain aquaculture in the context of ongoing climate change.

Bacterial infections are currently the most significant hindrance to the worldwide adoption of sustainable aquaculture, causing unprecedented economical losses and challenges to food security. Teleosts have an extremely well-developed innate and adaptive immune system, but the functional integrity of these immune systems is adversely affected under universal aquaculture-related stress factors. The current review critically and comprehensively synthesizes the two most important challenges, addressing immune resilience, which include: (1) the complex functional interactions between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, and (2) the combined modulation of these immune mechanisms under environmental factors mentioned above. Our focus primarily centers on the role of major stressors such as temperature change, water quality measures, (physiological) chronic stressing, and microbiome diversity on innate host immunity and resistance to bacterially infected diseases. Finally, we not only conclude the current state regarding the latest research progress on the role and mechanisms utilized in the transition phase from the latent to chronic infection phase based on autophagy-related responses but also emphasize the need to adopt an integrated research area named 'Eco-Immunology' to measure and develop effective interventions against fish diseases. It is the prime requirement to improve the host's resistance to diverse farming conditions to develop sustainable and effective aquaculture. This review uniquely integrates innate-adaptive immune crosstalk with environmentally driven immune reprogramming and autophagy-mediated control of chronic bacterial infections, framing teleost antibacterial immunity within an eco-immunological perspective relevant to sustainable aquaculture.

Citrobacter spp. are classified as Gram-negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacteria that have been identified in a variety of environmental and biological specimens. These include soil, sewage, mud, water, food, and the intestines of humans and animals. It has been determined that Citrobacter spp. accounts for 3–6% of all isolates from the Enterobacteriaceae family that have been implicated in nosocomial infections. The aquacultural industry produces fish as a highly nutritious foodstuff. This product is marketed and consumed worldwide in a variety of forms and culinary preparations, and constitutes a significant part of the human diet. Nevertheless, fish is also highly susceptible to deterioration and contamination by microorganisms at every stage of the food chain. The extant literature contains an insufficient amount of information regarding Citrobacter youngae and its implications for human and animal health. The present study detected C. youngae in four different carp species, which were obtained from natural sources by culture and MALDI-TOF method. Furthermore, the study determined the pathological findings and antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogen. A total of 48 fish samples were analyzed, and C. youngae was isolated from 26 samples, including liver, kidney, gill and muscle tissues. The fish samples exhibited symptoms such as abdominal bloating, exophthalmos, petechial haemorrhages on the skin and haemorrhages at the bases of the fins, around the anus and mouth, especially in the upper and lower jaws. C. youngae demonstrated susceptibility to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin. However, resistance was observed for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ertapenem, and meropenem. Consequently, C. youngae was identified in wild-caught carp species, signifying the inaugural documentation of this bacterium with regard to both clinical observations and antibiotic profiles. Rigorous monitoring of this bacterium is imperative in the context of both aquaculture and public health.

The genus Aeromonas is recognised as containing numerous pathogenic species, with the bacterium Aeromonas veronii, an example of this genus, having been documented as the causative agent of disease in both humans and animals, either as a primary infection or as a concurrent infection with other pathogens. In this study, A. veronii was detected by culture and MALDI-TOF in four different species of carp caught in the wild. In addition, pathological and antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogen were determined. Eighty fish samples were analysed and A. veronii was isolated from 52 samples including liver, kidneys and muscle tissues. It was observed that the gills, kidneys and livers of the fish examined were pale in colour. In addition to erythema, haemorrhages and superficial ulcerative lesions on the skin of the fish, petechial haemorrhages were observed on the tongue, upper jaw and operculum. The results demonstrated that A. veronii exhibited susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefepime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, streptomycin, and neomycin. However, A. veronii demonstrated resistance to amikacin, oxytetracycline, and erythromycin. It is imperative to acknowledge the potential risk of contamination of fruits and vegetables irrigated with irrigation water contaminated with Aeromonas, which may result in a human infection. Consequently, the implementation of regular monitoring programmes is essential to ensure produce safety.

The Salmonella (S.) enterica subspecies enterica is a major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of contaminated animal-derived food products (particularly of poultry origin). It is very important to be aware of the characteristics of Salmonella strains of poultry origin for the prevention and treatment of salmonellosis. The present study assesses the antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence factors of 64 Salmonella strains isolated from geese and turkeys, in line with the procedure defined in ISO 6579-1:2017. The isolated strains were then serotyped and analyzed phenotypically and genotypically for their resistance to various antibiotics, and their virulence potential was assessed on the basis of an analysis of 11 genes (sipA, sopD, sopB, sifA, sitC, sipD, sopE, sopE2, ssaR, spvC and pefA). Of the S. Senftenberg isolated from the turkey fecal samples, and the S. Saintpaul and S. Typhimurium from the goose fecal samples, 98.41%, 90.48% and 85.71% were found to be highly resistant to enrofloxacin, gentamicin and amoxicillin, respectively; 85.71% of the Salmonella spp. strains were multi-drug resistant and 82.54% carried int1. It was further determined that 85.71% of the strains carried blaTEM, 77.78% carried qnrB and 74.6% carried qnrS. Furthermore, sopE (98.41%) and sipD (96.82%) were detected in nearly all the Salmonella strains, and both of the identified S. Typhimurium strains (100%) were found to carry the sipD, sopE2, sitC, spvC and pefA genes. This analysis of the virulence potential of different Salmonella strains and their resistance to various antibiotics can be considered a comprehensive database, with the potential to support future studies addressing the topic. By revealing various characteristics of Salmonella strains, such as their virulence and resistance to antibiotics, which can seriously affect human health, the present study provides important data for possible disease or epidemic control.

Background: B. canis infections have been reported in many countries of the world. B.canis can cause infections both in dogs and human beings. It can be transmitted to human via laboratory accidents during handling and contact with sick dogs. is an infectious agent for humans and it is transmitted to humans by various ways including laboratory accidents and contact with sick dogs. Methods: In this study serum samples were collected by using stratified random sampling method from the Diyarbakýr Metropolitan Municipality Animal Care and Rehabilitation Center, where approximately 600 dogs were housed. Result: Out of 83 samples, 9.6% and 26.5% of serum samples were found as positive by B.canis RSAT and B.canis ELISA, respectively. While 6% and 9.6% of the samples were positive by B. abortus S99 RSAT and B. abortus ELISA, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of B. abortus S99 ELISA was 98% and 95.5%, respectively. On the other hand, sensitivity and specificity of B.canis M(-) ELISA was 96.6% and 94%. As a result, it was concluded that B. canis infection is common in dogs and this should be considered both for dogs and public health. Unfortunately, there is no standardized commercial serological test for diagnosis of B.canis and other rough Brucella species currently. This is the main reason that rough brucella infections might not represent the real B.canis infection situation. Therefore, most of the cases have the possibility of being undetected. For this reason it is utmost important that B.canis RSAT and ELISA can be used as routine tests in the hospitals and veterinary clinics in the serological diagnosis of brucellosis.

Backgorund: Bacteriophages are closely related to the evolution and virulence of some important bacterial pathogens. Due to their highly significant roles in pathogenesis and virulence, S. aureus bacteriophages are frequently studied. Bacteriophages are grouped into two main categories depending on their life cycles. There are highly consistently lytic phages (virulent) and temperate phages. This study aimed to isolate bacteriophages and determine their phage serogroups from phage plaques in S. aureus cultures in order to show if they are lytic or lysogenic, the latter plays a major role in horizontal gene transfer. Methods: A total of 234 S. aureus isolates were recovered from milk samples from cases with gangrenous mastitis in sheep. Staphylococcal phages are determined based on the type and serogroup by PCR using specific primers. Result: Our study allowed us to determine serogroups of the isolated bacteriophages. Two phage stock samples included only one serogroup while the others included more than one phage serotypes and needed further purification Fa, L and D serogroups were not determined in the study. Present work revealed that all the isolated phages were temperate phages, which play a highly significant role in horizontal gene transfer.

The recent increase in environmental pollutants is contaminating important natural resources and causing irreversible damage. Due to the limitations of traditional treatment techniques, studies on the problem of micro pollutant contamination of water resources have increased significantly. Antibiotics used in medicine and veterinary medicine cause significant pollution of water resources as residues of these contaminants remain unchanged in the aqueous environment. This has recently been recognised as a global environmental health threat. The ecosystem is vulnerable to residues of these contaminants from agriculture and aquaculture. In this study, the presence of tetracycline group antibiotics, the most commonly used in veterinary medicine, was determined in the Tigris river. This is the first study to date in which antibiotics from the tetracycline group have been identified in the Tigris river. Water samples were taken from 16 different points (80 samples) along the river. Sampling points were grouped as abattoirs, livestock markets, farmland, cafes and bridges near settlements. The samples were analysed for the presence of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC). With a concentration range of 0.037 to 1.756 ng/L, oxytetracycline was found in 14 of the 16 sites. A concentration of 0.004-0.014 ng/L of tetracycline was found in five samples. Chlortetracycline was found in six samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.015 to 0.097 ng/L. According to the study, the tetracycline family of antibiotics was found in the water samples, and oxytetracycline was present in the highest concentrations in most of them.

Distal extremity lesions are prevalent in racehorses and cause mild–to–severe lameness, adversely affecting the racing life of horses. This study aimed to determine the incidence of distal extremity lesions in racehorses, to clinically and radiologically assess those lesions. The study included 158 limbs from 140 horses with distal extremity lesions among 282 horses of different breeds, age and sex that were presented to Equine Hospital of the Directorate of Diyarbakir, Turkey, Hippodrome with various clinical complaints during a racing season. Following anamnesis, the horses were clinically examined and lameness was localised. In cases where the lameness could not be localised upon physical examination, regional anaesthesia was performed, followed by radiological assessments based on radiographs acquired from different positions. Clinical and radiological examination revealed that 84.17% of the cases occurred in the forelimb and 15.82% in the rear limb, and the lesions in the forelimb were mostly located in the carpal joint (26.58%), metacarpus (25.31%) and metacarpophalangeal joint (23.41%), whereas those in the rear limb were located in the tarsal joint (7.5%). Therefore, the lesions in the forelimbs were more prevalent than those in the rear limbs of the affected racehorses. Radiography remains a satisfactory imaging technique for the diagnostic imaging of distal limb injuries in horses owing to its cost–effectiveness.

The present study aimed to detect Yersinia ruckeri bacteria in fish samples collected from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) farms in the South Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey through bacteriological culturing and polymerase chain reaction. Separate visits were made to trout farming facilities in Diyarbakır, Adıyaman, Şanlıurfa, and Batman in January and February 2021, and 30 fish with an average live weight of 200–250 g were collected from each facility. A total of 1,200 samples were taken from 40 trout farms. Liver, spleen, kidney, and tissue specimens were collected from rainbow trout. Yersinia ruckeri was isolated from the kidney, liver and muscle tissue of fish on McConkey Agar for bacteriological examinations. Isolated strains were identified by MALDİ–TOF and PCR. It was detected the bacteria in the liver, kidney, and muscle tissue samples of fish from 23 out of 40 farms. In conclusion, these bacteria were detected in local farms. These farms must implement vaccination, minimize stress factors affecting the fish, and avoid overstocking. The best methods to protect against infection include avoiding overstocking, low oxygen levels, and underqualified labor force.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), risk factors, and co-infection with intestinal parasites in adult patients presenting gastrointestinal complaints. Materials and Methods: The working group of the study consisted of 385 patients with gastrointestinal complaints. A questionnaire including questions aiming to canvass the socio-demographic features, lifestyles, and complaints of the patients was administered to the study population. Cellophane slide method, native-lugol, sedimentation and Modified kinyoun acid-fast methods were used for the diagnosis of parasites in stool, under microscope. The H. pylori antigen was studied in the stool sample taken for the diagnosis of H. pylori.Results: H. pylori positivity was found to be 27.79% in the patients included in the study. 76.6% of those who are positive for H. pylori are women, and the positivity rate was found to be higher at the age of 40 and over (75.7%). The majority of patients with H. pylori positivity expressed being married (73.8%), having middle / low-income (89.7%), having a low educational background (82.2%), living in a village (55.1%), and in a nuclear family (72.2%) (p<0.001). H. pylori positivity was higher in those who used tap water (40.2%) and those who had a vegetable-based diet (75.7%) (p<0.001). The study found a statistically significant correlation between Entamoeba histoloytica and Enterobius vermicularis positivity and H. pylori positivity (p<0.05 p<0.001, respectively). The calculated odds ratio showed that H. pylori positivity was 1.19 times higher in Entamoeba histoloytica positivity and 11.27 times higher in Enterobius vermicularis positivity. Conclusion: Larger and more comprehensive studies should be performed to understand better the epidemiology, clinical effects, treatment, and control of H. pylori co-infection.

The present study aimed to detect Flavobacterium psychrophilum in fish samples collected from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792) farms in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Türkiye by means of bacteriological culture and polymerase chain reaction and to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative bacteria. A total of 40 trout farms located in Diyarbakır, Adıyaman, Şanlıurfa, and Batman provinces were visited, and 1200 samples were examined. During January and February 30 fish with an average live weight of 200–250 g were collected from each farm. Samples were obtained from the liver, spleen, kidneys, and tissues following macroscopic laboratory examination of the specimens. Antibiotic treatment is the treatment of choice owing to the lack of an effective vaccine in the control of the disease. Therefore, it is important to rapidly identify the bacterial species and investigate its susceptibility to antibiotics. In this study, the causative bacteria were detected in 5 out of 40 farms. The causative bacteria infected the liver, kidney, and tissues. The sensitivity of Enrofloxacin (5 microgram (µg)), Florfenicol (30µg), Neomycin (5µg), Amoxicillin (25µg), Oxytetracycline (30µg), Erythromycin (10µg), Gentamycin (5µg), Streptomycin (5µg) and Nalidixic acid (10µg) were defined at chancing ratios. In conclusion, these bacteria were detected in regional farms, which should minimize the stress factors by avoiding overstocking and following the required hygiene rules.

BACKGROUND:The most common cause of intra-abdominal adhesion (IAA) is previous abdominal surgery and mortality. IAA can cause serious complications such as chronic abdominal pain, ileus, and infertility. Approximately 3% of all laparotomies are related to adhesions. IAA reduces the quality of life of the patient, causes morbidity, and increases health expenditures. In this study, we aimed to investigate the preventive effect of fucoxanthin (Fx) on IAA in the intra-abdominal surgical adhesion model that experimentally created in rats. METHODS:This study used 21 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into three groups. After anesthesia, the abdomen was opened, the cecum and right abdominal wall were damaged with a sterile toothbrush until petechiae bleeding was seen. No additional action was taken to the control group. In the sham group, 5 cc saline solution was released into the peritoneum before the abdomen was closed. In the Fx group, 35 mg/kg Fx was instilled intraperitoneally and the abdomen was closed. On the 21st post-operative day, all subjects were anesthetized with standard anesthesia. Macroscopic adhesions were quantitatively evaluated according to the Mazuji classifica-tion. The cecum anterior wall and parietal peritoneum were excised for pathological sampling. A pathologist, unaware of the groups, evaluated inflammation, fibroblastic activity, and vascular proliferation. In addition, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 levels were measured. RESULTS:No rat was lost during the study period. Congenital adhesion was not observed in any of the subjects at the first laparo-tomy. Adhesion was significantly less macroscopically in the Fx group compared to the control and sham group (p<0.001 and p<0.001). Fibroblastic activity was found to be significantly less in the Fx group compared to the sham and control groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001). Vascular proliferation was found to be significantly less in the Fx group than in the sham and control groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001). The inflammation score was significantly lower in the Fx group compared to the other two groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001). The inflam-mation score in the sham group was lower than the control group and was statistically significant (p<0.001). TNF-α level was found to be statistically significantly lower in the Fx group compared to the sham and control groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001). CONCLUSION:As a result of experimental study, we can say that Fx is effective in preventing IAAs and decreases the level of TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the dietary habits of obese women aged above 18 and the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Five hundred and sixty-one women aged above 18 were included in the study. Patients filled in questionnaires consisting of questions regarding their sociodemographic variables, chronic diseases and dietary habits. Blood samples taken from the patients were tested according to the H. pylori kit procedures and the results were categorized as positive and negative. In the study, obese and nonobese patients were compared and then H. Pylori positive and negative groups were compared. No significant difference was found between groups in terms of H. pylori in the comparison of obese and nonobese patients (p = 0.272). When H. pylori positive and negative groups of obese patients were compared in terms of their dietary habits, consumption rates of butter, whole-fat or lowfat milk, cookies-cake etc., and chocolate-candies were detected to be higher in the H. pylori positive group (p < 0.05). Red meat consumption (p = 0.044) and smoking rates were lower (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of the consumption rates of bread, rice/pasta, corn, cheese, chicken, fish, sausages, fruit, vegetables, legumes and salt. No significant difference was found between obese and nonobese women in terms of H. pylori positivity. It was observed that H. pylori positive obese women had higher consumption rates of butter, whole-fat or low-fat milk, cake-cookies etc., and chocolate-candies.

Background: In this study, partial nucleotide sequence analysis of the G gene was performed for the molecular characterization of the virus that caused the bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) epidemic in Turkey in 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of these nucleotide sequences was performed with the virus nucleotide sequences of the epidemics seen in 2008 and 2012. These sequences were announced in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of these nucleotide sequences was performed with the virus nucleotide sequences of the epidemics seen in 2008 and 2012. Methods: The study was conducted in dairy cattle holdings located in Diyarbakır Sur, Çınar and Dicle regions in South-eastern Turkey in August-November 2020. The number of animals in the holdings consisted of 750 (n=750), 150 (n=150) and 200 (n=200) cattle, respectively. Result: Severe respiratory symptoms and high mortality in the affected animals were notable symptoms. As a result of the phylogenetic analysis, it was determined that the virus that caused the epidemic in Turkey in 2020 was formed by a new variant in the Turkey-2 group, which was similar to the Indian isolates, unlike the Turkey-1 group, which was close to the Middle East variants in 2008 and 2012 isolates.

Nekrotizan fasiit (NF) deri altı ve fasiyal dokuların hızla yayılan, potansiyel olarak hayati tehlike yaratan bakteriyel bir enfeksiyonu olup, hastalığın etiyolojisinde farklı bakteriler yer alır. Bu bildiride bir özel veteriner kliniğine yüzde yara şikâyetiyle getirilen 2 yaşında, 3 kg ağırlığındaki dişi tekir kedinin klinik muayenesinde NF olası tanısı konulan bir olgu sunu amaçlanmıştır. Hasta kedinin klinik muayenesinde genel durumun iyi olduğu, yüz bölgesinin her iki tarafında irinleşmemiş nekrotik lezyonlar olduğu saptandığı için Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalına başvuruldu. Lezyonlu bölgelerden alınan steril svap örneklerinden %7 koyun kanlı agara ekim yapılarak aerobik ve anaearobik olarak inkübe edildi. Oluşan koloniler identifikasyona alındı. Klasik biyokimyasal testlerle Staphylococcus spp. ve Streptococcus spp. olarak saptanan etkenler MALDI-TOF’la (Bruker Corporation; Billerica, MA, USA) aynı zamanda zoonoz ajanlar olan Staphylococcus felis ve Streptococcus canis identifiye edildi. Kirby-Bauer disk difüzyon tekniğiyle yapılan antibiyotik duyarlılık testine göre Staphylococcus felis tetrasiklin, penisilin, enrofloksasin, ampisilin, gentamisin, eritromisin, vankomisin, novobiosin, amoksisilin/klavulonik asit ve imipenem’e duyarlı, neomisin ve streptomisin’e orta derecede duyarlı ve oksasilin’e dirençli bulunurken, Streptococcus canis penisilin, oksasilin, enrofloksasin, ampisilin, eritromisin, vankomisin, amoksisilin/klavulonik asit ve imipenem’e duyarlı, neomisin, tetrasiklin, novobiosin’e orta derecede duyarlı, streptomisin ve gentamisin’e dirençli olarak saptandı. Bu sonuçlara göre tedavi olarak 10 gün süre ile enrofloksasin + amoksisilin/kalvulonik asit kombinasyonu yapıldı. Tedavi, 2 hafta kantaron yağı, sonrasında aloea-vera sıvısı ve jeli, ayrıca propolisle desteklendi. Tedavi süresi sonucunda klinik iyileşme gözlendi. Sonuç olarak farklı bakteriler tarafından oluşturulabilen NF olgularında başarılı bir tedavi için, etiyolojinin ve duyarlı antibiyotiklerin belirlenmesinin hayvan ve insan sağlığı açısından önemli olduğu sonucuna varıldı.

Climate change has caused increasing Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections in areas unaffected by this pathogen. Water temperature is an important ecological factor. It is consequently of high importance to follow V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic environments and foods. The aim of this work was to detect the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in Tigris River from eight different sites namely Malabadi Bridge, Fiskaya, Ongözlü Bridge, Bağıvar, Pamukçay, Ambarçay, Seyrantepe and Silvan. Total 480 samples of water and fish were used for V. parahaemolyticus detection. Thiosulphatecitrate‐bile salt sucrose (TCBS) Agar was employed for bacteria isolation for 24 h at 37◦C. The dominant uniform bacterial colonies were purified by streaking onto the TCBS agar plates three times. Identification of this pathogen was made by PCR. A total of 480 water and fish samples were analyzed. According to the results, V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 40 (6.6%) fish samples taken from the Seyrantepe region.

Fungal diseases of fish have become increasingly important, over the past 20 years. The traditional ‘‘fungi’’ are comprised of members from several different taxonomic kingdoms. An increasing number of other environmental fungi are being reported from diseased fish, further testament to the opportunistic nature of many fungi. Active fungal agents living in waters cause infections in juvenile and adult individuals in fish populations, leading to decay in eggs and larvae. Fungal infections that are generally observed as a secondary infection in fish populations become established in lesions caused as a result of mechanical injury by bacterial, viral, and parasitic primary agents, consequently causing a change in the prognosis of the disease. Fungi, however, can cause disease under a variety of other circumstances. Some may be more aggressive and play a more primary role. Fungi can be external or internal, and systemic. Fungi can cause problems during reproduction, for example, by infecting fertilized eggs in spawns. Certain species of fungi can grow in poorly stored feeds and produce mycotoxins. Fungal diseases, in general, are very difficult to control or treat once they have taken hold. Prevention is, as always, the best medicine. Increased knowledge of basic biology will help guide treatment and control methods. This review study sought to provide insights into the fungal diseases of wild or farmed fish introduced onto the market.

In the genus that was first isolated from the soil under the name of Micrococcus calcoaceticus in 1911 and called Acinetobacter today, a total of 32 species have been identified, 22 of which have received valid names and the rest are named as "genomic group". Species belonging to the genus Acinetobacter are low-virulence, opportunistic pathogens found in nature, soil and polluted water. They pose a risk because they cause a wide variety of infections in humans and have multiple antibacterial resistance. In many different animal species, mastitis, metritis, abortion, septicemia, chronic hematuria, etc. cases and A. lwoffii were reported from the upper respiratory tract and vaginal flora. The purpose of this case report is to make a report of A. lwoffii isolated from an aborted fetus. Keywords: Acinetobacter lwoffii, aborted calf, Acinetobacter sp. DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-13-02

Objevtive: The study aims to determine where the patients who visited applied to the state hospital with tick-bites between April-September 2009 to evaluate bitten areas of the body and species separation that forms infestation and the cases in terms of bacterial and viral infection. Methods: The patients, who had tick-bites, applied to the state hospital to form the material of the study. Anamnesis was taken from the patients applied to the hospital. It was recorded that where the patients came from and where the infestation was. Results: Patients' serological test results were found within normal levels. Tick type found as 69 Hyalomma marginatum, 29 Rhipicephalus bursa , 27 Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum , 21 Hyalomma aegyptium , 19 Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum , 12 Rhipicephalus sanguineus , 9 Dermacentor marginatus , 7 Haemaphysalis parva , and 4 Hyalomma detritum . Also it was determined that there were 3 larvas and 5 nimfs belonged to Hyalomma species in a growth phase and 1 nimf belonged to Haemaphysalis . Conclusion: It was concluded in the study that the H. marginatum , known as crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever vector, is more common than the other types and it is a risky situation for the city to be geographically near to the regions where the virus is seen, thus some precautions should be taken.