Neonicotinoid pesticides, particularly imidacloprid (IMD), have become highly persistent environmental pollutants with significant ecological impacts, including severe toxicity to non-target pollinators and widespread contamination of aquatic ecosystems. Despite their targeted insecticidal activity, approximately 99% of applied IMD disperses into soil and water systems, indicating the urgent demand for rapid and portable detection techniques for sustainable environmental monitoring. Present study reports an electrochemical sensor that is based on an amino (NH2)-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for sensitive and selective monitoring of IMD. nanocomposite was thoroughly characterized, confirming successful synthesis, and its electrochemical response to IMD was evaluated. Electrochemical investigations revealed that IMD reduction proceeds via an irreversible, diffusion-limited process involving four-electron/two-proton transfer, indicating that nitro (-NO2) group reduces to hydroxylamine derivative. Under optimized conditions (pH 1), the sensor demonstrated linear ranges of 10-100 ppb and 100-1000 ppb by cyclic voltammetry, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 12.9 ppb and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 39.3 ppb. Differential pulse voltammetry demonstrated a sensitivity (2.11 mu A & centerdot;ppb(-1)) with LOD and LOQ values of 4.3 ppb and 13.1 ppb, respectively. Fabricated sensor demonstrated exceptional operational stability, reproducibility (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 2.21%, n = 3) and reusability (RSD = 3.6%, n = 3). Furthermore, the system showed remarkable selectivity against structurally related insecticides, metal ions, and organic interferences, indicating its usefulness in complex samples. Validation through standard addition recovery studies in tap water yielded recoveries of 93-99% with RSD < 5%, confirming practical utility for environmental monitoring applications.

Hydrogen emerges as a clean substitute for fossil fuels, and its production via water electrolysis appears promising, although the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) provide a major obstacle. In addition to energy conversion, finding efficient and rapid energy storage solutions remains crucial. This study illustrates the facile hydrothermal fabrication of zinc iron selenide supported on reduced graphene oxide (ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO), as an efficient bifunctional nanostructured electrode material, for both electrocatalytic water splitting and supercapacitor applications. Incorporation of nanoflake-like rGO nanoparticles in spherically agglomerated ZnFe2Se4 nanoparticles, having a smaller average crystallite size (7.479 nm) enhances both the electrocatalytic and energy storage activity. Enhanced electrocatalytic water splitting and supercapacitor performance of ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO is attributed to its synergistic Fe 3d-Se 4p-Zn 4s orbital overlap forming an efficient charge-transfer network, where Zn2+ donates electrons to Fe2+/Fe3+, enhancing conductivity and stabilizing Fe-Se-Zn bonds. The Fe2+/Fe3+ redox pair drives the multi-electron OER via Zn Fe OOH intermediates, while Zn Fe-H adsorption sites promote HER, collectively boost the overall water-splitting efficiency. Hydro-thermally fabricated ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO nanocomposite requires a mere overpotential of 110 mV at 1.34 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), a reduced Tafel slope value of 36 mV dec-1, TOF value of 2.683 s-1, onset potential of 1.593 mV demonstrating efficient electrocatalytic activity. Utilizing a 3-electrode configuration, ZnFe2Se4/2D rGO exhibits effective energy storage performance at 1 A g-1 in a 1 M KOH electrolyte solution, attaining escalated specific capacitance (Csp) of 1342.3 F g-1, energy density (Ed) of 29.8 Wh kg-1, power density (Pd) value of 0.16 W kg-1, faradaic efficiency (FE) of 51776.6 %, discharging capacity of 536.92 and improved areal capacitance (CA) value of 13.42 mFcm-2 at 1 Ag-1.

Correction for “Seeding the future of nanomaterials: a comprehensive review of nanosheet-mediated growth for energy harvesting, energy conversion, and photodetection applications” by Attia Shaheen et al., RSC Adv., 2025, 15, 20469–20494, https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01655J.

The growing demand for renewable energy sources has enhanced the need for upgraded energy-storage technologies. In this context, the development of low-cost and high-performance electrode materials is a critical strategy for next-generation supercapacitor applications. However, many existing electrode materials suffer from limited electrochemical activity and poor conductivity. Cu-doped CeO2 was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method and investigated as an electrode material. The material underwent X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and electrochemical tests to clarify the structural, morphological, spectroscopic presence of active functional groups and superior insights as electrode material. Electrochemical insights from galvanostatic charge-discharge revealed the specific capacitance (Csp) values around 1540 F g−1 along with a power density of 0.63 kW kg−1 and energy density of 96.4 Wh kg−1 at 1 A g-1. Also exhibiting remarkable rate capability and commendable cycling stability which retains 93.7% of initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. EIS claims that 5% Cu-CeO2 displays smaller semicircle resulting (Rct) of 3.145 Ω with 0.1 Ω solution resistance outperforming pristine CeO2. The Practical applicability of optimized 5% Cu-CeO2 electrodes was evaluated in a symmetric two-electrode setup it achieved Csp up to 362 and 734 F g−1 through CV and GCD respectively. Such results confirm that synergistic Cu incorporation not only boosts intrinsic redox activity but also translates effectively into device-level energy storage.

TCT: DMF adduct is a unique, versatile, and emerging solid green reagent prepared by the combination of 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine and N,N‐dimethylformamide. A key advantage of using TCT: DMF adduct as a catalyst is its ability to markedly shorten reaction time while achieving higher yields and selectivity. This review presents the first comprehensive literature highlighting the applications of TCT: DMF adduct as a catalyst under mild reaction conditions for various functional group transformations and heterocyclic syntheses. It is a Vilsmeier‐like iminium electrophilic complex efficiently works as chlorinating, dehydrating, and formylating agent. The electron‐deficient character of TCT: DMF adduct activates substrate in a short duration of time and substitution or nucleophilic attack of Cl− make it a valuable auxiliary for various synthetic reactions. It facilitates facile conversion of poor leaving groups like OH, and SO3H to their corresponding chlorides. The dehydrating property of this adduct enables the room temperature conversion of ketones to ketoximes and primary amines to nitriles. TCT: DMF actively participates in formylation and transesterification reactions. It has been established as best alternative of harsh and expensive reagents like SOCl2 and POCl3/DMF. In heterocyclic synthesis, it serves as a key reagent for the synthesis of 2‐azetidinones, quinolones, 3,4‐dihydropyrimidinones/thiones, chromones, flavones, and isoflavones. Moreover, this review covers all catalytic activities of TCT: DMF adduct along with their reaction conditions and mechanisms that may be beneficial for various researchers.

Herein, we report Co-doped CeO2 anchored on N-doped lemon-peel biochar (Co-CeO2/N-LB) as a multifunctional platform for simultaneous energy conversion and storage. The synergistic interaction between Ce3+/Ce4+ and Co2+ redox centers, abundant oxygen vacancies, and stable M-O-N covalency significantly enhances charge transfer, hydrophilicity, and structural stability. Consequently, the catalyst exhibits lower overpotentials of 289 mV (OER) and 64.51 mV (HER), smaller Tafel slopes, and high TOF (0.552 and 3.97 s-1). Mechanistically, Ce-O-Co chains stabilize Co-3d electronic states, enabling parallel *H adsorption during HER and spin-assisted oxygen intermediate coupling during OER. Beyond electrocatalysis, Co-CeO2/N-LB delivers rapid energy-storage performance, achieving higher specific capacitance (1664.16 F g-1), energy density (36.98 Wh kg-1) and (0.166 kW kg-1) power density. Charge storage kinetics are governed by a near-equal diffusive (49%) and capacitive (51%) contribution, ensuring fast response and excellent durability over 9500 cycles. Furthermore, when supported on carbon paper, Co-CeO2/N-LB demonstrates lower overpotentials (359.63 and 244.43 mV) and stable performance over 10 000 cycles along-with high specific capacitance (1650 F g-1), while post-stability analyses verify retention of the Co-CeO2 and N-LB planes in Co-CeO2/N-LB, highlighting its promise as a dual-functional electrode for integrated electrocatalysis and rapid energy storage.

A hydrothermal method was used to fabricate kesterite CZTS nanoparticles with tetragonal crystalline structure at different growth temperatures. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott-Schottky, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry measurements were employed to investigate the structural, morphological, compositional, optical, and electrochemical properties of the CZTS samples. XRD findings confirmed the formation of single-phase kesterite CZTS without any secondary phases which was further supported by Raman spectra. SEM analysis revealed significant temperature-dependent variations in surface morphology. EDX analysis verified the elemental composition and high phase purity of the synthesized CZTS NPs. The absorption spectrum exhibited a dominant peak in the visible range, and the estimated band gap was discovered to decline from 1.61 to 1.49 eV as the growth temperature increased. Mott-Schottky analysis indicated p-type conductivity with an improvement in carrier concentration from 4.1 & times; 10 1 8 to 5.2 & times; 10 1 8 cm-3 as the growth temperature increased from 170 to 260 degrees C. EIS and CV studies demonstrated a temperature-dependent improvement in electrochemical performance evidenced by reduced charge transfer resistance and increased specific capacitance from 591 to 745.5 F g-1 . In addition, the CZTS electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical stability with retention of approximately 97 % from its initial specific capacitance after 2000 consecutive charge-discharge cycles, highlighting the suitability of CZTS for supercapacitor applications. The chronoamperometry analysis showed an enhancement in the measured current and sensitivity towards glucose from 0.11 to 0.35 mA and 0.23-0.68 mA mM-1 cm-2 as the temperature increases from 170 to 260 degrees C, respectively. These results demonstrate that CZTS nanoparticles are promising multifunctional nanomaterials for energy storage particularly supercapacitor devices as well as biosensor applications.

This research introduces a new method for synthesizing a ternary nanocomposite consisting of cerium, cobalt oxides, and carbon nitride nanosheets through an ultrasonic process. The formation and composition of the nanocomposite material were validated through various characterizations, including X-ray diffraction, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and EDX analysis. The nanocomposite’s adsorption properties were assessed for lead ion removal from an aqueous solution, with evaluations of pH and initial adsorbate concentration effects. The findings demonstrate that the adsorption process is influenced by pH and initial concentration, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 503.49 mg. g⁻¹. The removal of Pb2+ ions occur through a chemisorption process that adheres to Elovich kinetics and is accurately represented by the Sips adsorption model. The examination of thermodynamic parameters indicates that both ΔG° and ΔH° are negative. Consequently, adsorption occurs spontaneously and exhibits an exothermic characteristic. A plausible mechanism for the adsorption of lead ions onto the surface of Co3O4@CeO2@g-C3N4 nanostructure is proposed. This study indicates that the Co3O4@CeO2@g-C3N4 constitute a stable, efficient, and recyclable nanocomposite for the sorption of Pb2+. The properties of the nanocomposite and its synthesis process offer a cost-effective and efficient approach to wastewater remediation.

A cost-effective and high-performance LaNiO3/rGO nanocomposite electrode was fabricated for effectual H2 evolution in alkaline media. The combinition of LaNiO3 nanoparticles with conductive rGO sheets created a porous 3D network, providing abundant catalytic sites and rapid electron transport channels. Electrochemical tests (1 M KOH) confirmed that LaNiO3/rGO electrode significantly outperforms pristine LaNiO3, displaying a low ƞ (191 mV) at 10 mA/cm2 and Tafel plot (40 mV/dec), suggesting that HER follows the Heyrovsky pathway. Physical analyses confirmed uniform nanoparticle distribution on rGO and a stable perovskite crystalline structure, ensuring structural integrity during extended operation. The synergistic combination of LaNiO3 and rGO enhances the active surface area and promotes efficient electron–proton transfer, leading to superior HER activity and long-term stability. These results highlight LaNiO3/rGO as a capable catalyst for renewable H2 production and energy applications.

Electrocatalytic technological advances stipulate an appropriate strategy regarding preserving electricity, redevelopment, and consumption. The pursuit of environmentally conscious substitute power has heightened curiosity concerning electrocatalysis, a prospective concept that integrates electrochemistry with catalyst development. The design and modification of electrocatalysts are commonly employed to greatly boost the efficiency of electrocatalytic outcomes; yet, challenges may arise that prevent notable advancements. Continuous improvements in novel approaches are necessary to achieve high-performance electrocatalysis. The implementation of electromagnetic fields is an intriguing technique to accelerate mass transport and customize the trajectory of reactions, considerably enhancing electrocatalytic productivity. The present article highlights the latest innovations in the effective application of diverse external fields, such as light, electromagnetic waves, elastic stress, external forces, and gravity to accelerate electrocatalytic processes, including water splitting, alcohol oxidation reactions, carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction, and N2 reduction. External fields employ relevant techniques that strengthen reactant adsorption, bulk dispersion, and increase charge transfer. The remaining challenges and potential opportunities for combining electrocatalysis with external fields are assessed. Additionally, it encapsulates principal implications for magnetic fields throughout multiple electrocatalytic processes, underpinned by computational methods believed to elucidate the microscopic mechanisms. This thorough assessment conveys both a conceptual and an experimental framework to support accelerating the development of novel electrocatalysts, encouraging the advancement of advanced and environmentally friendly electrocatalytic technologies, and ultimately representing a crucial progression towards the enhancement of energy efficiency and sustainability.

This work synthesized a new chitosan-isatin Schiff base derivative (CH-IS-M) for tackling water pollution. CH-IS-M was characterized using 1H/13C NMR, FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, EDX, BET, and XPS. Batch adsorption studies revealed that at pH 2.5, CH-IS-M removed 98.74 % of EBT-D within 70 min (20 mg/25 mL) and 92.33 % of Cr(VI) within 100 min (25 mg/25 mL). FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDX-MAP analyses investigated the physisorption of EBT-D removal, but chemisorption for Cr(VI) uptake via electrostatic attraction, reduction, and complexation was also investigated. CH-IS-M exhibited maximum adsorption capacities of 819.7 mg g-1 for EBT-D and 188.7 mg g-1 for Cr(VI), as determined by isotherm studies that best fit Langmuir model. The adsorbent demonstrated high reusability over five adsorption-desorption cycles, with EBT-D removal efficiency above 92.56 % and Cr(VI) removal at 77.27 % after five cycles. Additionally, CH-IS-M demonstrated potent antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 18.5 ± 3.8 mm (B. subtilis) and 17.3 ± 2.5 mm (E. coli), low cytotoxicity against normal human cells, and strong antioxidant potential (74.69 % free radical scavenging), culminating in promising therapeutic potential. Furthermore, docking investigations against bacterial targets and MurE enzyme inhibition assay demonstrated its antibacterial potential, boosting its promising applications in water treatment and drug design.

A hydrothermal method, widely used technique for the preparation of nanostructured materials, was used to fabricate doped ternary ceramic ZnO/CdO/Y2O3 Nanodics (as ZnCdYO NDs) that can be used as a sensor to detect biological uric acid (UA) by electrochemical approach. Through this method, the ternary metal oxide components ZnO, CdO, and Y2O3 were uniformly deposited into the ZnCdYO NDs. The ZnCdYO NDs were detailed characterized by using standard methods of XPS, UV-vis, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and XRD. The proposed UA sensor ternary ceramic ZnCdYO NDs probe was fabricated with flat-glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the help of conducting coating binder (5 % Nafion). Then it was evaluated in terms of sensor analytical parameters like linear dynamic range (LDR), sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, and detection limit (LOD) etc by using electrochemical performances. Its sensitivity and linearity across wide ranges of UA concentrations were found to be excellent from 0.3 to 1.5 mM. This broad LDR is critical for making good measurement over a broad concentration range in the real world. The sensor's sensitivity was estimated using the slope of the calibration curve at 56.568 mu A mu M(-1)mm(-2). So, the detection limit of the sensor was determined to be 29.62 nM as well, which again confirmed that the fabricated sensor has higher sensitivity and can efficiently detect low concentrations of UA. The proposed UA sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability, ensuring reliable long-term performance. It showed no interference from other substances, making it suitable for accurately measuring UA concentrations in complex samples, ideal for practical applications. Real biological samples were also used to validate the ZnCdYO/Nafion/GCE sensor in identical conditions. Therefore, the development of new electrochemical sensors can be considered a prospect and reliability approach in the future based on doped ternary ceramic metal oxides for biomedical application in broad scales.

Blood glucose monitoring is essential for the treatment of diabetes, a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Non-electrochemical blood glucose sensors often lack sensitivity and selectivity, especially in complex biological fluids, and are not suitable for wearable point-of-care devices. Electrochemical blood glucose sensors, on the other hand, are easy to handle, inexpensive, and offer high sensitivity and selectivity even in the presence of interfering molecules. They can also be seamlessly integrated into wearable devices. This review explores the key blood glucose technologies, emphasizing the operating principle and classification of electrochemical glucose sensors. It also highlights the role of functional solid–liquid interfaces in optimizing sensor performance. Recent developments in solid–liquid interfacial materials, including metal-based, metal oxide-based, carbon-based, nanoparticle-based, conductive polymer, and graphene-based interfaces, are systematically analyzed for their sensing potential. Furthermore, this review highlights existing patents, the evolving market landscape, and data from clinical studies that bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial application. Finally, we present future perspectives and highlight the need for next-generation wearable and enzyme-free glucose sensors for continuous and non-invasive glucose monitoring.

A new RuO2-Co3O4@g-C3N4 ternary nanocomposite was produced to remove ciprofloxacin (CIP) from the aqueous solution. Characterization was conducted using XPS, TEM, FTIR, SEM, and XRD techniques. The adsorption capacity of RuO2-Co3O4@g-C3N4 nanocomposite for CIP was examined utilizing a batch experimental approach under several constraints. The findings indicated that maximum adsorption capacity of CIP was achieved during a contact period of 22 min for an adsorbent dose of 0.4 mg/L, under optimal conditions of pH 7 and temperature of 25 degrees C. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters indicates that Delta G degrees and Delta H degrees are negative. Consequently, the adsorption occurs spontaneously, exhibiting an exothermic character. The adsorption isotherm curves matched the Langmuir model more closely than the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.993), DubininRadushkevich (R2 = 0.887) and Temkin (R2 = 0.993). The adsorption kinetics graphs matched the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.945). RuO2-Co3O4@g-C3N4 nanocomposite exhibits a maximal adsorption capacity of 146.66 mg/g at optimal pH = 7. FTIR and pH analyses were used to clarify the adsorption mechanism. The research indicates that RuO2-Co3O4@g-C3N4 nanocomposite possesses significant potential for the large-scale elimination of CIP in wastewater treatment.

The current study focuses on the synthesis of nanomaterials for fabrication of electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous detection of toxic metals, such as Cd, Cu, and Mn. Nickel and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel method and then combined by the green method to obtain a nickel ferrite-cobalt ferrite nanocomposite (NiFe2O4·CoFe2O4-NC) for electrochemical sensing of Cd, Cu and Mn. The characterization of the synthesized NiFe2O4·CoFe2O4-NC confirmed its coral-like shape with a highly rough and porous structure, cubic-spinel phase, crystalline size (<23.1 nm), good stability and electronic properties. NiFe2O4.CoFe2O4-NC/GCE was fabricated and showed good sensitivity due to its large electroactive surface area, fast electron transfer rate, and powerful electrocatalytic activity, which were beneficial for the quantitative determination of Cd, Cu and Mn. The NiFe2O4·CoFe2O4-NC/GCE showed the limit of detection of 0.083, 0.188 and 0.026 µg L-1 for Cd, Cu and Mn, respectively. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the analysis of Cd, Cu and Mn in tap water, mango juice, and milk samples, which confirmed its excellent efficiency with RSD < 4.0%.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets are ultrathin and well-crystalline entities with abundant crystallographic configuration. Nanosheets are perfect candidates for directing thin film growth. They are also the ideal templates to synthesize novel plate nanomaterials with rich morphological features and controlled crystal configuration due to the synthesis advantages of epitaxial growth and shape regulation. Seeding growth on nanosheets, termed nanosheet seeding growth (NSG), opens up numerous options for fabricating and engineering functional thin films and plate-like nanomaterials at the atomic/nanometer scale. This review summarizes the synthesis principles of NSG and covers the recent developments in this area. The discussion is given in four categories, synthesis of 2D nanosheet templates, deposition of 2D nanosheet thin films, and crystal growth on 2D nanosheets, and the applications of NSG. With this work, we aim to collect the state-of-the-art developments of all the fundamental elements for NSG and summarize the theories of NSG to serve for the future synthesis of functional thin films and nanomaterials.

A potential mesoporous SnO2-TiO2@g-C3N4 nanosorbent was effectively synthesized using an ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method, followed by calcination. The morphology, structure, surface area, and pore-size distribution of SnO2-TiO2@g-C3N4 were analyzed using XRD, FTIR, TEM, XPS, and BET techniques. The nanosorbent exhibited superior surface characteristics, resulting in enhanced removal of Pb ions from contaminated water. Using adsorption kinetics and isotherm modeling, it was observed that Pb (II) ions adhered to SnO2-TiO2@g-C3N4 following the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Furthermore, intra-particle diffusion was the rate-determining stage of the adsorption process. The BET tests showed a large surface area of 180.23 m2. g-1, which gave the material a high ability to absorb 927.6 mg. g-1 of Pb ions from water. The suggested mechanism for adsorption involves tris-triazine units, as well as abundant C-N and-NH2 groups, in the binding of Pb(II) ions. The results demonstrated the considerable efficacy of the synthesized SnO2-TiO2@g-C3N4 composite for the cleanup of lead-contaminated water.

Cancer continues to be among the major causes of death globally, making it important to develop novel therapeutic options. Targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) have been presented as a viable means of providing enhanced treatment with reduced systemic toxicity. This review highlights innovative mechanisms and approaches in targeted DDS for cancer therapy. The discussion starts with an overview on the shortcomings of traditional chemotherapy and rationale behind targeted delivery. Photoresponsive DDS, specifically photosensitive ones, have been investigated for their potential to achieve spatial and temporal regulation of drug release. Various targeting strategies are thoroughly discussed, such as cell-mediated delivery, extracellular vesicles, antibody-based systems, and receptor-mediated systems, all aimed at enhancing tumor specificity. The impact of tumor microenvironment on the effectiveness of DDS has also been discussed, with emphasis on utilization of polymeric drugs that trigger enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, pH-sensitive micelles, and organelle-targeted systems-such as those targeting the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. In addition, the review covers nanoparticle-based delivery platforms-such as liposomes, polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, focusing on formulation types and therapeutic potential. Recent clinical developments of these novel, targeted nano-carrier-based DDS have been thoroughly deliberated, providing an insight into translational advancements. The article has also highlighted the conclusive expert opinion regarding current challenges and future directions in the field of oncology therapeutics and the review has been designed with an intention to make it a useful guide for researchers and clinicians working in oncology drug development for their future endeavors.

Herein, we report the synthesis of a triazole-ferric complex and evaluate its photophysical response at room temperature upon treatment with various anionic species, including SiO32–, ClO4–, ClO2–, CN–, Cl–, ClO–, ClO3–, SO42–, NO32–, CH3COO–, F–, SCN–, C2O42– and CO32–. The probe molecule showed distinguishable absorption band pattern when subjected to KCN solution, showing selective behavior when compared with the other anionic species. Notably, non-emissive probe molecule, upon agitation with KCN solution, triggered a significant fluorescence with the emission signal intensity of 1207 a.u. located at 478 nm, when sample was excited at 356 nm. Fluorescence titration analysis of the sensor with incremental additions of cyanide triggered continuous increase in fluorescence band at 478 nm, saturating at 1 equivalent of KCN solution, indicating an equimolar stoichiometric relationship between the probe and CN⁻. The emission titration analysis was conducted to explore the LOD which was 0.321 × 10− 7 M. This emissive behavior of the probe was due to interaction of ferric ions with cyanide ions, which were initially coordinated to the triazole Schiff base ligand, resulting in departure of fluorescent moiety whose emission had been quenched by the ferric ion. This chemodosimetric sensation of the toxic cyanide ions in the tested sample might be useful for the sensation and eradications of environmental hazards. The practical applicability of probe for the direct visual detection of the cyanide ions from the solution was explored by fabricating the probe over substituted porous silicon surface and this surface upon 10–15 min incubation with cyanide enriched solution triggered the chromogenic change shifting the solution’s color from a deep blackish-yellow to a plain yellow.

2D Metal borides (MBenes) are among the intriguing compounds that have drawn significant interest due to their several attributes in terms of chemical stability, abundant surface functional groups, wide surface area, elemental compositions, and tunable electrical features. Due to their surface reactivity and strong conductivity, 2D MBenes exhibit outstanding promise in different types of batteries, including metal-ion batteries (MIBs), metal-based batteries, and metal-air batteries. This study covers the latest progress in the creation, structural alterations, and modification of MBenes using various materials, highlighting their role in improving energy storage applications. We have also discussed the role of MBene as an efficient catalyst for several electrochemical processes, including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), carbon dioxide oxygen reduction reaction (CO2RR), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Experimental and computational studies demonstrate that MBenes and/or their composites are an excellent nominee for energy storage applications. Further, this study highlights experimental and theoretical parameters that can affect the electrochemical characteristics of MBenes-based electrocatalysts, providing insight to enhance the stability and catalytic performance. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the latest innovations in energy storage, electrocatalysts for HER, OER, and ORR, or other areas, such as synthesis techniques, MBene's framework and their morphological traits. This critical study concludes by outlining the possibilities, difficulties, and bright future of MBenes.