This paper will consider the demographic trend of Bangladesh using population data from 1975 to 2020 in 5-year blocks and annual immigration data from 2000 to 2020, and extrapolating the data to 2100. Several growth models were used to represent nonlinear growth trends and measure the extent to which the post-2000 immigration has changed the demographic momentum. The findings indicate that there is a long-term population growth moving to a slower yet consistent increase with immigration as a secondary source of acceleration, especially in urban areas. It is estimated that with the combined effect of natural growth and ongoing immigration, Bangladesh may be at the borderline of having a much higher population density by the year 2100, with the strain on urban infrastructure, labor markets, and resource systems. The combined view gives a better glimpse of the relationship between internal growth and external inflows in the development of future demographics in the country.

Background: Urinary tract infections rank among the most frequent bacterial infections encountered in tertiary hospital practice, and antimicrobial resistance among causative uropathogens is escalating rapidly across South Asia, threatening the efficacy of empirical therapy. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the antimicrobial resistance profile, uropathogen distribution, and clinical outcomes among urinary tract infection patients attending a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, between January 2024 and June 2025, enrolling 122 culture-positive patients aged 18–65 years. Demographic, microbiological, and clinical variables were extracted and analysed using SPSS v26.0, with chi-square, independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA applied for categorical and continuous comparisons. Results: The cohort had a mean age of 41.6 ± 14.0 years and a female predominance (67.2%, n = 82). Escherichia coli was the predominant uropathogen (56.6%, n = 69), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.4%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was the most prevalent resistance phenotype (39.3%, n = 48), followed by multidrug resistance (27.0%, n = 33); only 13.1% of isolates remained pan-sensitive. Mean length of hospital stay was 9.1 ± 3.7 days, with acute pyelonephritis associated with the longest stay (10.4 ± 3.3 days). Complications occurred in 3.28% (n = 4/122) of patients, comprising urosepsis, perinephric abscess, and acute kidney injury, none of which showed a statistically significant association with resistance phenotype (p = 0.665) or age (p = 0.978). Overall clinical resolution was achieved in 96.7% of patients. Conclusion: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and multidrug-resistant uropathogens dominate this tertiary hospital cohort, underscoring an urgent need for culture-guided empirical prescribing and structured antimicrobial stewardship in Bangladeshi clinical practice.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare condition in adults, especially when it is limited to a single area of the skull, known as solitary calvarial involvement. In this case report, we present a unique instance of LCH affecting the parietal bone with a pus-draining fistula. This is a rare and unusual presentation at this location, which has been scarcely reported in medical literature. A 30-year-old woman with no prior comorbidity presented with complaints of headache that persisted for a year. She also had swelling on her scalp and a yellowish discharge for 3 weeks, but no neurological problems were observed. Radiology revealed thinning of the calvaria, with ragged margins along the inner table, multiple focal erosions, and involvement of overlying soft tissue and bony sequestrum. The patient underwent biparietal craniotomy and excision of the lesion. The histopathology report showed LCH. After 8 months of follow-up, there was no recurrence. The management of solitary calvarial involvement by LCH with masquerading presentation as a scalp infection can be achieved through complete excision of the lesions, resulting in a favorable outcome.

While the resettlement of displaced people often denotes rehabilitation in one way or another, the paper illuminates the paradox of resettlement between repatriation and relocation with the case of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The Rohingya, considered the most persecuted ethnic minority in the world at present as per the United Nations (UN), are an ethnolinguistic and religious minority of Myanmar but at present most of them are living in Bangladesh as refugees. About 750 thousand Rohingyas fled a deadly genocidal attack perpetrated by the Myanmar security forces in 2017 and took refuge in Bangladesh. Combining with the previously living ones, Bangladesh now hosts more than 1.3 million Rohingyas as refugees in 34 temporary camps in Ukhia and Teknaf, two south-eastern sub-districts of Cox’s Bazar. This massive Rohingya presence has heavily impacted the local lives and resources and thereby the local community gradually became reluctant, though not yet hostile, to host them anymore. To accommodate the local pressure, Bangladesh made two consecutive repatriation attempts (the first one on November 15, 2018, and the second one on August 22, 2019) to send the Rohingya back to Myanmar but failed since none willingly returned to their ‘homeland’. The refusal was interpreted as non-cooperation of the international community, and non-preparation on Myanmar's part to accept the Rohingyas back and let them resume their lives safely in the Rakhine state where they used to live. Since the repatriation attempt did not work and local pressures started mounting, Bangladesh initiated a program to relocate a few thousand Rohingya families to Bhasan Char, a newly emerged island located in the Bay of Bengal under Noakhali district. Empirical data reveal that the physical facilities of Bhasan Char seem far better than the same of Ukhia and Teknaf. Still, Rohingya refugees remain reluctant to move due to their entrenched fear of cyclones, floods and tidal surges which, they believe, could wash them away anytime. The entire process of Rohingya relocation to Bhasan Char has created huge debates about whether the Island is safe-liveable for the Rohingya people since it is a twenty-year-old island and there was no experience of people living there. Still, it does not appear to be a convincing plan to resolve the displacement problem of the Rohingya refugees. Given the background, what the Rohingya people articulate their aspiration in the name of resettlement is completely missing in the entire planning and action to redress the Rohingya crisis. Empirical findings show that the majority of Rohingyas are willing to return ‘home’ if three conditions are met: legal recognition amid conferring citizenship, social safety through the deployment of UN peace troops, and human dignity so that they can enjoy all forms of human rights. So, the Rohingya perception of resettlement is repatriation with aforesaid conditions. Therefore, the paper argues that beyond the populist idea of resettlement in the form of rehabilitation or relocation, the whole discourse of resettlement could come up from the bottom and people’s perspectives which could be both crucial and instrumental in policy framing and action planning. The Rohingya refugees desire dignified repatriation with legal recognition and social safety which is largely absent in the activism of the human rights bodies and the action of the international communities as well as the state-level movements. Given the matrix of relocation and repatriation, resettlement takes a central point of discussion and debates whether resettlement could settle the Rohingya crisis in the place of migration. The paper with the experience of decade-long ethnographic research intends to rearticulate the people’s perception and ground-level view of (re)settlement to redress the Rohingya crisis in the interface of repatriation and relocation.

The paper aims to explore how crime and insecurity influence citizen trust in public institutions. The study takes Bangladesh as a case study to analyze individual-level data from 1200 respondents obtained from Wave 7 of the World Values Survey (WVS) conducted following a representative sampling. Employing simple linear and multiple regression models, the results demonstrate that the relationships between citizen trust and the four variables of crime and insecurity are significantly negative. The findings indicate that crime incidence in neighborhoods, victimization, fear of crime, and worrying about life detrimentally affect or erode citizen trust and confidence in public institutions. Therefore, the study concludes that combating crime, protecting public security, and maintaining law and order are crucial to restoring citizen trust in public institutions and improving government performance.

The effects of low-intensity exercise, heat-induced hypo-hydration and rehydration on maximal strength and the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. To assess this, 12 participants took part in a randomised crossover study, in a prolonged (3 h) submaximal (60 W) cycling protocol under 3 conditions: (i) in 45 °C (achieving 5

While academia and policymakers are more concerned with physical infrastructures and prospects of cities, they have paid little attention to the governance aspects of cities. This paper uses secondary data and information to assess city readiness in South Asia, with a special focus on Bangladesh by identifying the realities of cities in terms of infrastructure and governance aspects. The analysis shows that the growth of new technologies and automation in all spheres has had a strong influence on the urban environment and the physical infrastructure of cities. However, the framework fails to fully address their rights in city governance since cities may face unique structural challenges when building smart cities. In addition, cities also face several governance obstacles, which may also prevent them from implementing the idea of a smart city. Therefore, the paper concludes that the model for smart cities in Bangladesh context may succeed if it considers local socio-political contexts, governmental systems, and civil rights and participation.