This investigation aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from the methanolic extracts of tissue-cultured and field-grown parts of Nothopodytes nimmoniana. Antioxidant activity of the plant parts was measured by Di-phenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide assays. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was evaluated by the well diffusion method and the MIC values determined against different pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The DPPH assay showed overall strong antioxidant activities from the suspension culture and fruit callus culture with an IC50 value. Antimicrobial activity against 4 bacteria and 1 fungus was evaluated through the well-diffusion method and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The suspension culture and fruit callus showed better antimicrobial activity than other plant parts. The zone of inhibition showed maximum values in suspension culture and fruit callus extract against Candida albicans. The study implies that suspension culture and fruit callus culture of plants showed the greatest values because of the enhancement of the alkaloid compound camptothecin and other compounds like phenolics and flavonoids.

Nothapodytes nimmoniana is an endangered medicinal plant widely distributed throughout the Western Ghats of India. The plant contains camptothecin (CPT) which is renowned anticancer drugs. Though, CPT found in many plant species but maximum amount of CPT has been reported from N. nimmoniana. Due to very good source of CPT, this plant has been explored for its Phytochemical, Biotechnological and Pharmacological aspects. Looking to the huge global demand for CPT, overexploitation of N. nimmoniana, unplanned deforestation, and lowest production of CPT from intact plant, reduction of seed germination, high market cost and not have economically feasible process of production has optimistic us to investigate this plant in a systematic manner. The proposed article can be utilized for the establishment of extraction methods and analytical protocol for CPT. Also, Bioreactors production of CPT using high yielding cell line of N. nimmoniana. The pharmacological data will be applicable for discovery of new Drug and development lead to novel compounds which are safe and effective.

Aim of Object: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire world is experiencing a mortality situation; most people are battling against the corona virus, but some individuals have already suffered from cardiovascular problems. For improved patient care, adequate information and comprehension of the relationship between cardiovascular disorders and COVID-19 is required. The dominant clinical manifestations of the corona virus infection are on the respiratory system. In this instance, the acute cardiac injury is the most often reported cardiac abnormality, in which the degree of cardiac output is increased, troponin levels rise, and mostly it is found in about 8% to 12% of patients. The involvement of viral cardiomyocytes and systemic inflammation is the most prevalent mechanism for cardiac damage. The corona virus attaches itself and enters through angiotensin converting enzyme-II. Discussion and Conclusion: Recent articles on COVID-19 have revealed nothing regarding these individuals' cardiac vascular manifestations. This is a critical component of all that has a big influence on COVID-19 patients' cardiovascular systems. To fully comprehend the method and effects, more study is required.

Aging have an impact on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of drugs, resulting in clinically relevant safety and efficacy consequences. There appear to be a rise in gastrointestinal (GI) problems with age, and certain slight variations in the GI tract have been noted. Nevertheless, insufficient studies have been done on the impact of aging on the expression and activity of these GI transporters. Aging is associated with some reduction in first-pass metabolism that might be due to a decrease in liver mass and perfusion. Some medications with considerable first-pass metabolism, can have markedly enhanced bioavailability and, as a consequence bioavailability. Other high clearance (CL) medications have identical bioavailability in both young and old individuals. However, at the other hand, the first-pass activation of some prodrugs, may be slowed or decreased, leading to a reduction in bioavailability. Some drugs may have a low bioavailability when taken orally, benefitted from transdermal administration. There are still no specific age-related liver ailments, routine clinical tests of liver function do not vary substantially with age, the course, and outcome of some liver diseases can be affected by age. The characteristic of high or low extraction of a drug by the liver has been attributed to whether the metabolic clearance (CL) of a drug falls or remains unchanged with age. Reduction in renal function in elderly subjects, particularly glomerular filtration rate, affects the clearance of many drugs such as water-soluble antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The therapeutic significance of these declines in renal excretion is governed by the drug's expected toxicity. Many drugs show their effects specially in old age patients in different manner and depend on age related factors. It must take appropriate precautions for administering of different drugs to the old age patients.

Pravastatin Sodium has a cholesterol-lowering agent. It has a shorter half-life and undergoes first-pass metabolism. The frequent dose is required in the case of the conventional dosage form. The purpose of the study is to formulate and evaluate the solid-liquid microparticles in the pravastatin sodium drug. There were nine formulations prepared by the homogenization method using Glycerol Mono Stearate (GMS), Tween 80, Poloxamer 188, Span 20 and PVPk40. The shape and surface morphology of prepared solid-liquid microparticles were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy respectively. They were evaluated for drug entrapment efficiency. From results, entrapment efficiency was varied in the range of 46.325±0.001 to 96.988±0.001. Formulation F6 was the optimized formulation among all Pravastatin Sodium formulations. Optimized formulations were tested for in-vitro drug release. Solid lipid microparticle showed the release of drug in a sustained manner 92.47±0.001 up to 12 hr. The invitro data was fitted to zero-order, first-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The results showed that the drug release from all formulations followed Higuchi kinetics which describes that the SLMs follow a diffusion mechanism for release from SLMs. Pravastatin Sodium microcapsules were released and absorbed slowly over a prolonged period. Ravindra Dhakad*, Gurdeep Singh, M.K. Gupta, Naveen Sharma Oriental College of Pharmacy and Research, Oriental University, Indore (M.P.) Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior (M.P.) Submission: 23 November 2019 Accepted: 29 November 2019 Published: 30 December 2019 www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Ravindra Dhakad et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 17 (1): 25-37. 26 INTRODUCTION Solid lipid particles were introduced in the early 1990s as an alternative drug carrier system to emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric microparticles. Although lipid nanoparticles have been the object of a substantial number of reviews, fewer are available on lipid microparticles (LMs), despite their distinct advantages, including biocompatibility, ease of production and characterization, extended-release properties and high loading. [1] Pravastatin Sodium is a class of lipid regulating the drug, the statins which reduce cholesterol biosynthesis. This agent is a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase. It is an odor-free, white to faded white, fine or crystalline powder. It is a moderately polar, hydrophilic compound. It is, to some extent, rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and undertakes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver. The absolute bioavailability of Pravastatin Sodium is 17%. About 50% of the circulating drug is bound to plasma proteins. Plasma elimination half-life is 1.5 to 2 h. About 70% of the oral dose is excreted in the feces and about 20% is excreted in the urine. [2] Also, lipid nanoparticles may also protect the loaded drugs from chemical and enzymatic degradation and gradually release drug molecules from the lipid matrix into blood, resulting in improved therapeutic profiles compared to free drug. Various techniques have been employed to formulate the oral drug delivery system that would enhance the dissolution profile and in turn, the absorption efficiency of the waterinsoluble drugs. Solid dispersion, drug micronization, lyophilization, microencapsulation, the inclusion of the drug solution or liquid drug into soft gelatin capsules are some of the methods that have been used to enhance dissolution characteristics of water-insoluble drugs. Among them, lipospheres are amongst the promising particulate drug delivery systems for improving the dissolution rate of water-insoluble drugs that were initially reported as a particulate dispersion of solid spherical particles between 0.2-100μm in diameter consisting of the solid hydrophobic fat core such as triglycerides or fatty acids derivatives, stabilized by a monolayer of phospholipids. [7,8,9] www.ijppr.humanjournals.com Citation: Ravindra Dhakad et al. Ijppr.Human, 2019; Vol. 17 (1): 25-37. 27 MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Health care cost of gastritis-a cost of illness study - JPBS- Print ISSN No: - Online ISSN No:- 2320-1924 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.jpbs.2019.012, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences-J Pharm Biol Sci

The present manuscript highlights the basic concept of quarantine with the history of quarantine concept, which deals with the different types of emotions, such as, resentment, acceptance, curiosity, etc. The impact of quarantine on the Indian population in terms of mental health, psychological health, and financial crisis is explained with the preventive measures. The positive and negative impact of COVID-19 led quarantine on public health is an important issue to highlight, and it is challenging to control the negative impact if the preventive measures are not employed seriously.

This study was carried out to assess the possible effect of Passiflora edulis Sims on reserpine-induced fibromyalgia with using different animal models and commonly used in the Virginia, southern Illinois, southeast Kansas and India as a folk medicine. Possible effect of extract of the plant was evaluated on reserpine-induced fibromyalgia. For evaluating the effect of this Plant leaves extract, different models were used such as tail flick, radiant heat, hot plate and inclined plane model. Evaluation of anti-depression activity, forced swim test and elevated plus maze (EPM) model were used. Investigations were shown that reserpine-treated animals responded with significantly increased sensitivity of pain in tail flick latency, decreased threshold of paw-withdrawal and immobility time and in Randall test. Whereas Plant leaves extract at different level of doses (e.g. 200 and 400 mg/kg) has shown a significant reduction in time of immobility, withdrawal latency of tail and the significant increase in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. The Passiflora edulis Sims showed inhibition of algesic condition in all the models which was dose dependent. During forced swim test extract of plant showed the significant reduce immobility time as compared with the control group, also in the plus‐maze method, Plant leaves extract showed increased time spend in open arm. The results were confirmed that the use of the extract of leaves of Passiflora edulis Sims in the traditional management of pain and enhances behavioural activity.

The current study was designed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Albizia lebbeck bark (EAL) in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The effect of extract was observed by checking the biochemical, physiological and histopathological parameters in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by administering alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/ Kg body weight; intraperitoneal). After the oral administration of ethanolic extract at doses of 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg & 400mg/kg body weight, blood glucose levels and body weights were monitored at specific interval. In our study, both Glibenclamide (10mg/kg) and EAL significantly decrease fasting blood glucose and increases the body weight in alloxan induced diabetic rats as comparable to the animals in diabetic control group. The present study

Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants. It is characterized by redness, swollen joints, joint pain, its stiffness and loss of joint function. The present study was conducted to comparative anti-inflammatory study of ethanolic extract of Vitex Negundo Linn., Vitex Trifolia Linn. leaves and diclofenac sodium in Carragenan-induced paw edema model Albino Wistar rats. A significant inhibition of carragenan induced rat paw edema comparable to that produced by Diclofenac sodium, the standard anti inflammatory drug. Test extracts was obtained by shoxelation method of extraction of both of the plant leaves with ethanol, tested in the present study. The results from present study indicate the efficacy of the ethanolic extract of Vitex Negundo Linn., Vitex Trifolia Linn. as a therapeutic agent in inflammatory conditions. Thus it could be concluded that Vitex Negundo Linn. and Vitex Trifolia Linn. leaves extracts possess significant anti-inflammatory properties. A better effect was observed with Vitex Negundo Linn. because it effectively reduce the paw edema in Carragenan-induced paw edema model Albino Wistar rats.