Introduction: The primary objective of the present investigation was to develop transdermal patches that would extend the half-life of Venlafaxine Hydrochloride and boost its bioavailability. Transdermal patches were made with Ethyl Cellulose (EC) as the lipophilic component and objectives of the present study it to develop effective transdermal patches for Venlafaxine Hydrochloride delivery, optimize their formulation using different polymer ratios and evaluate their quality and drug release properties. Materials and Methods: The ideal design matrix was constructed using a 32 full factorial approach, which changed the ratio between the hydrophilic and lipophilic matrices. Three different EC and HPMCK15M ratios were used to obtain the best possible formulation. Results: The thicknesses of the transdermal patches varied from 0.514 +/- 0.004 mm to 0.697 +/- 0.004 mm. The produced transdermal patches had an average weight ranging from 194.67 +/- 0.578 mg to 241.67 +/- 1.528 mg. There were variations in the moisture content of the transdermal patches. All the transdermal patch formulations exhibited uniform drug content and with a minimum variability within the batch. Conclusion: The drug content ranged from 94.7 +/- 0.6% to 97.33 +/- 0.208%. The in vitro drug release study depicted that the highest amount of drug was released from P9 (88.21 +/- 1.286%) while the lowest was released from P5 (56.47 +/- 1.066%) at the end of 24 hr of release study.

Topical drug delivery has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional oral and parenteral routes, particularly for localized treatment and enhanced patient compliance. However, challenges such as poor drug solubility, low skin permeability, and instability of conventional formulations limit their effectiveness. To address these limitations, microemulsion-loaded hydrogels have gained significant attention as an advanced and efficient drug delivery system for topical applications. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, clear, isotropic mixtures of oil, water, surfactant, and co-surfactant that offer improved drug solubilization and skin penetration. When incorporated into hydrogels, they combine the penetration-enhancing properties of microemulsions with the viscosity and spreadability of hydrogels, resulting in a stable, non-greasy, and easily applicable formulation. This review highlights the fundamental characteristics of microemulsion-based hydrogels, including their composition and advantages over conventional topical systems. The synergistic effect of microemulsions and hydrogels enhances the drug loading capacity, prolongs drug release, and improves bioavailability, especially for hydrophobic and poorly permeable drugs. Furthermore, these systems minimize systemic side effects and improve patient adherence due to their non-invasive nature and ease of application. The review also discusses various examples of drugs successfully delivered through this platform, including antifungals, anti-inflammatories, and analgesics. Overall, microemulsion-loaded hydrogels represent a promising and innovative approach for effective topical drug delivery. With ongoing research and formulation advancements, they hold great potential for future clinical applications in dermatology and transdermal therapy.

Plant-based proteins are becoming essential resources for sustainable food systems, pharmaceutical innovations, and functional materials. This review examines the complex structure-function relationships of plant proteins, emphasising their crucial role in defining functional properties and applications. The primary structure, consisting of amino acid sequences, along with secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, profoundly affects protein behaviour. External factors such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, and processing techniques like extrusion and enzymatic modification can influence protein structure, consequently modifying their functional properties. Consider rewording to "Advanced processing techniques, such as high-pressure and non-thermal methods, effectively refine protein structures while preserving their functionality.Computational modelling, employing molecular dynamics and artificial intelligence, is proposed as a revolutionary instrument for forecasting and enhancing structure-function relationships. An emerging application of plant proteins is targeted drug delivery, whose structural characteristics facilitate accurate encapsulation and release of therapeutic agents. Case studies highlight the importance of protein surface characteristics in attaining precise cellular or tissue targeting, especially for conditions related to cancer and inflammation. This review concludes by highlighting strategic avenues for harnessing the complete potential of plant proteins, placing them at the cutting edge of innovation in food science, biotechnology, and drug delivery.

This is the goal of bio-implant engineering, which seeks to develop sophisticated biomaterials that can replace or augment lost or impaired tissue, and most importantly, replace the function of failed organs. Novel developments in nanotechnology have brought nanomaterials that mimic natural tissues, especially in terms of wettability, topographical, and energy states to act as a complementary substitute to the native tissues for biomedical implants. Theses nanomaterials, such as functional nanocoatings and nanostructured surfaces, enhance implant integration by offering highly effective antibacterial properties; and stimulating cell attachment, differentiation and proliferation. Its use in orthopedic biomaterials impacts on crucial issues of the existent implants which include corrosion and bacterial adhesion while smart biomaterials, porosity and three-dimensional are about personalized, and stimuli-responsive implants. This review covers recent advances in nanotechnology-based implant systems, designed and investigated for orthopedic and tissue engineering applications. Future prospects are also studied and critical concerns related to commcercialization of nanomaterial-based bio-implants, including cost, quality, pain management and implant lifespan are also touched.

Smart polymer matrices have emerged as promising platforms for achieving on-demand drug release, offering precise control over drug delivery in response to various stimuli. Traditional drug delivery systems often have disadvantages like non-specific release kinetics and lack of control over release of drugs, necessitating the development of more sophisticated approaches. Smart polymer matrices present an innovative solution by responding to specific stimuli, including pH, light, enzymes, temperature and magnetic fields, to trigger drug release at targeted sites and times. The review summarizes the traditional drug delivery systems. It then provides an overview of smart polymer matrices, discussing various types of stimuli-responsive polymers and mechanisms of stimuli-induced drug release. The article also delves into the applications of smart polymer matrices in anti-anginal drug delivery, discussing the rationale behind their use in angina treatment, presenting case studies of on-demand drug release, and reviewing in vivo and in vitro studies evaluating effectiveness. Furthermore, challenges and limitations associated with smart polymer matrices, including stability issues, biocompatibility concerns, and scalability challenges, are discussed. The article outlines future perspectives and opportunities in the field, including emerging technologies, potential for personalized medicine, and integration with other drug delivery platforms, emphasizing significance of continued development and advance in this rapidly evolving field.

In recent years, inulin has gained much attention as a promising multifunctional natural biopolymer with numerous applications in drug delivery, prebiotics, and therapeutics. It reveals a multifaceted biopolymer with transformative implications by elucidating the intricate interplay between inulin and the host, microbiome, and therapeutic agents. Their flexible structure, exceptional targetability, biocompatibility, inherent ability to control release behavior, tunable degradation kinetics, and protective ability make them outstanding carriers in healthcare and biomedicine. USFDA has approved Inulin as a nutritional dietary supplement for infants. The possible applications of inulin in biomedicine research inspired by nature are presented. The therapeutic potential of inulin goes beyond its role in prebiotics and drug delivery. Recently, significant research efforts have been made towards inulin's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties for their potential applications in treating various chronic diseases. Moreover, its ability to reduce inflammation and modulate immune responses opens new avenues for treating conditions such as autoimmune disorders and gastrointestinal ailments. This review will attempt to illustrate the inulin's numerous and interconnected roles, shedding light on its critical contributions to the advancement of healthcare and biomedicine and its recent advancement in therapeutics, and conclude by taking valuable insights into the prospects and opportunities of inulin.

Skin cancer is one of the most deadly forms of cancer, and mortality and morbidity rates are continuously rising. Currently, chemotherapy is one of the most promising option; however, it also suffered various drawbacks. Nanomedicine plays a significant role in the effective treatment of skin cancer because of its powerful anticarcinogenic effect and the advantages of administering drugs only to tumor sites, which enhance therapeutic effectiveness, reduce toxicity, and prevent spreading of tumors. The optimum selection of nanocarriers for the best drugs is the key to efficient therapy as compared to conventional therapy. Moreover, a newer approach to nanotechnology may be used for diagnostic purposes and also improve the survival rate of patients suffering from skin cancer, thus reducing health burden on medical facilities.

There are many different forms of wounds, each with its own set of healing requirements. As a result of this, a plethora of wound dressings have been developed, with their individual sets of qualities. Wound dressings previously consisted mainly of biopolymers, which included honey pastes, plant fibers, and animal fat. It's impractical to expect a single bandage to have all the features necessary to meet all wound-healing needs. However, if a dressing closely adheres to the wound and patient parameters in a "one size fits all" approach, it should try to meet the most ideal requirements. A practical wound dressing should allow the wound to heal in the quickest period and for the least amount of money possible. The need for an appropriate substance to prevent infection and heal the wound with minimal side effects is also important. In recent years, reducing infection, hydrating the wound, stimulating healing mechanisms, hastening wound closure, and reducing scar formation through novel approaches have all been explored to treat impaired and difficult-to-heal wounds. This chapter focuses on novel techniques for wound infection, healing, and prevention based on nanomaterials, such as nanocomposites, nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels. This chapter also discusses different types of polymeric materials that are therapeutically utilized in wound dressings, as well as the events that occur at the cellular level that promote the healing process.

Recently, coating industries are focusing on more environmentally friendly coating materials with the help of various uses of oils and fats. Paint, varnish, lacquer, enamel, synthetic resins, oilcloth, linoleum, printing ink, insulation, and waterproofing are all products of the coating industry. Various vegetable oils including polymeric constituents such as polyols, alkyds, polyetheramides, polyetheramides, epoxies and polyurethanes are the ultimate materials as protective coatings along with them constitute the single, largest, easily available, low cost, non-toxic, non-depletable, biodegradable. The paint and varnish sector consumed 17% of all non-edible fat. Linseed oil is still used more than any other oil. Large-scale joint studies of raw materials and their applications have been conducted, and this has encouraged knowledge sharing. Linseed oil has now been blended with different oils, and synthetic resins and cellulose derivatives have been used to create a wide range of novel and useful coatings. This chapter provides an overview of recent advancements and future prospects in the use of oils and fats in coatings technology.

Nanobiotechnology provides a new area of research for food processing as it is an integral part of the future food supply. It is a fast-emerging technology that is adopted by various companies day by day for the value chain of food processing and manufacturing. It is a central link between the production of food and its consumption. The technology is based on the translation of raw food materials into edible form which is functionally and culturally satisfactory for public demand. Food processing technology enhances the bioseparation and stabilization of proteins. It improves the sampling of biological and reduces chemical contamination thus ultimately supporting smart delivery of food products. Nanoencapsulation, solubilization, and color enhancement in the food system are other aspects of food processing. This chapter deals with the possibilities and challenges of nanobiotechnology in food processing.

The present investigation was aimed to prepare alginate-acacia microspheres by ionic cross-linking method or Ionotropic gelation method. Systematic preformulation study performed as per the standard procedure as described for the identification and authentication of drug sample. Calibration curve was prepared as spectrum of this solution was recorded in 200-400 nm range using U.V. spectrophotometer. FT-IR spectrum of standard drug was done by FT-IR from 400-4000cm-1 by using potassium bromide. Total 8 formulations (F1-F8) were prepared. The microsphere of Vildagliptin was preparedusing ionotropic gelation system also exhibited the smallest particle size of 176.65 micrometres. Formulation F4 exhibited the highest percentage entrapment efficiency of 78.85% with the highest percentage of mucoadhesion (70.23%). Formulation F4 has a zeta potential of -36.45 mV. A zeta potential with a magnitude above 30 mV (either positive or negative) typically indicates good stability in colloidal systems. The optimized formulation of the Vildagliptin loaded acacia-sodium alginate microspheres was tested after 3 months of storage at room temperature.

Food nanotechnology for its significant interest has recently been generated by packaging. With its wide range of interesting potential uses in the food business, it is rising quickly. Nanotechnology helps in designing functional and bioactive materials, and innovative methods; including instruments for food packaging. It involves production and characterization with manipulation and proper use of any nano-size material with a size range of 1–100 nm. New and innovative materials for food packaging have greatly influenced and benefited the food industry where it retains food quality; improves shelf life with ease storage, transportation, and traceability. This chapter focuses on the traditional and intelligent packaging (IP) of food products with the aid of nanoparticles for active packaging and the difficulties active food packaging is currently facing from artificial nanoparticles.

In recent years, inulin has gained much attention as a promising multifunctional natural biopolymer with numerous applications in drug delivery, prebiotics, and therapeutics. It reveals a multifaceted biopolymer with transformative implications by elucidating the intricate interplay between inulin and the host, microbiome, and therapeutic agents. Their flexible structure, exceptional targetability, biocompatibility, inherent ability to control release behavior, tunable degradation kinetics, and protective ability make them outstanding carriers in healthcare and biomedicine. USFDA has approved Inulin as a nutritional dietary supplement for infants. The possible applications of inulin in biomedicine research inspired by nature are presented. The therapeutic potential of inulin goes beyond its role in prebiotics and drug delivery. Recently, significant research efforts have been made towards inulin's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties for their potential applications in treating various chronic diseases. Moreover, its ability to reduce inflammation and modulate immune responses opens new avenues for treating conditions such as autoimmune disorders and gastrointestinal ailments. This review will attempt to illustrate the inulin's numerous and interconnected roles, shedding light on its critical contributions to the advancement of healthcare and biomedicine and its recent advancement in therapeutics, and conclude by taking valuable insights into the prospects and opportunities of inulin.

BACKGROUND:The pharma supply chain comprises various parties including distributors, manufacturers, raw material suppliers, regulators, pharmacies, hospitals, and patients. Due to the product's complexity and transaction flows, an efficient traceability system is needed in the pharma supply chain to identify the current and all previous product owners. Digitizing the track and trace process significantly improves regulatory oversight and guarantees product quality. A distributed platform for shared data that is immutable, trustworthy, accountable, and transparent in the pharmaceutical supply chain could be built using blockchain-based drug traceability. OBJECTIVE:This review aims to shed light on blockchain technology's significance and necessity for pharmaceutical supply chain management systems. METHOD:A comprehensive literature review was performed between January 2017 and September 2023. The search was conducted to elaborate on blockchain technology. Blockchain is a software-based technology that logs and records transactions using a block structure arranged chronologically. Cryptography technology links and secures these blocks on a peer-to-peer network. Blockchain is anticipated to transform the pharmaceutical supply chain by giving all participants access to a single, straightforward system that provides transparency, security, and oversight of the end-to-end delivery of goods. RESULT:In all, various literature data were included in this review. Using a supply chain powered by blockchain has many benefits. To begin with, it gives a thorough account of the entire procedure from start to finish. A single piece of software can manage the entire supply chain. Additionally, it increases communication between parties with permission. The enhanced security and traceability that blockchain offers is another important benefit. A blockchain system can track, trace, and recall products. CONCLUSION:Blockchain-based pharmaceutical supply chain management enables the tracking of medicinal drug transactions from raw materials suppliers to end consumers. The pharma blockchain has the potential to enhance the security, integrity, data provenance, and functionality of the supply chain due to its transparency, immutability, and auditability.

The bilayer tablet heralds a new chapter in the development of controlled-release formulations with a wide range of properties that result in an effective drug delivery technique. Controlled release dosage forms have been commonly used to increase the treatment of a variety of important drugs. Uses of bilayer tablets for anti-inflammatory and analgesic purposes are a unique feature. Bilayer tablets are useful for releasing two medications in sequence, separating two incompatible chemicals, and creating a sustained-release tablet with the first layer of immediate-release as the initial dose and the second layer as the maintenance dose. The bilayer tablet is a more modern technology that corrects the flaws of single-layer tablets. The objective of this paper is to highlight the obstacles that arise during the preparation of bilayer tablets, as well as to suggest solutions to these issues. To better comprehend bilayer tablets, kinds such as single side press, double side press, and bilayer tablet displacement press are discussed, as well as uses, pros, and disadvantages. Its drug companies have become more interested in mixing two or more APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) in a single dosage form to improve patient convenience and compliance throughout the last decade. Many pharmaceutical industries are now working on bi-layer tablets for a variety of purposes, including patent extension, therapeutics, and advertising. This article provides an introduction of bilayer tablet technology, highlighting the key benefits of this type of oral dosage form while also describing current issues and developments in production techniques and the quality of products. The current report covers a variety of elements of bilayer tablets.