Introduction In preparation for a randomized trial in highland Guatemala, a cross sectional survey was conducted in rural communities in the District of San Marcos, Guatemala to determine the distribution and proportion of households using indoor open fires. The randomized trial is designed to measure the effect of indoor air pollution on acute respiratory infections in children, in which improved chimney stoves will be introduced into houses using open fires for cooking. Methods Based on information from health authorities, village informants and staff field visits; we established the highlands of the Department of San Marcos as a suitable area to conduct the survey. Information on elevation, number of households/community, migration during harvest season, household and kitchen characteristics was collected to select potential study sites. Communities in five municipalities in the Department of San Marcos fulfilled criteria as potential study sites. A structured questionnaire, to collect data for final village selection, included the following main conceptual categories: Basic demographics (age of family members, gender, number of children < 7 months and pregnant women living in the house migration during harvest season), kitchen characteristics and cooking practices and family economic status based on households characteristics. Data was collected over a four week period. Frequency tables and histograms were prepared to present both a tabular and a graphic representation of the results. Cross tabulations were generated to obtain chi-square test results and p values. The p < 0.05 level was the criteria used thorough out to define statistical significance. Univariate and multinomial logistic regression were used to explore socioeconomic characteristic of the households to be studied. Results A total of 5,365 households were surveyed in 45 villages in five municipalities of the Department of San Marcos, Guatemala. Demographic characteristics and behaviors. The mean age of the interviewees was 39.27 years, (Sd = 14.86; range = 15–96). The mean number of persons/household was 6.26 (Sd = 2.7); 648 households (12.07%) reported a pregnant woman and 736 (13.71%) reported a child under 7 months of age. When caretakers were asked where they leave their children when cooking, 86.1% responded that they carried their infant on their back, while 8.5% reported they leave their baby outside the kitchen. The reported duration the baby is carried on the mother's back was variable: 31.3% reported up to 12 months, 42.2%, up to 18 months and 25.6% up to 24 months. Household characteristics. Overall, 52% of households use open fires for cooking Most kitchens, (84.0%), were located in a separate structure from the house. Households using open fires, however, were more likely to have the kitchen located inside the house (p = 0.002; 95% CI = 1.09–4.87). Households with open fires as compared with those using improved stoves were statistically significantly poorer, as evidence by living and cooking in the same room, less adequate housing, less likely to have electricity in the home and more frequent work-related migration (p < .0001). Among those using open-fires, households without electricity and with poorer housing conditions were more likely to be migrate laborers, OR = 1.5 (95% CI 1.3–1.8)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSteroidal [17,16-c]PyrazolesC. H. Robinson, N. F. Bruce, and E. P. OlivetoCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1963, 6, 6, 793–795Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00342a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00342a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views73Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT16,16-Difluoro Steroid Hormone Analogs1C. H. Robinson, N. F. Bruce, and E. P. OlivetoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 4, 975–980Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01039a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01039a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts