Neonatal calf diarrhea is a serious health issue in dairy calves with significant economic losses. The immature gut immunity and the inadequate passive transfer of immunity in neonates favour the transmission and replication of the bovine rotavirus A (RVA) and the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium spp., and others, causing significant morbidity and mortality. To prevent such losses against these major pathogens, the efficacy of two-strain probiotics, namely Lacticaseibacillus (L.) rhamnosus strain NCDC 610 and Bifidobacterium (B.) bifidum strain BbVK3, were explored in a laboratory mouse model. A total of 120 seven-day-old Swiss albino suckling mice were grouped into six: Gr I (pups gavaged with RVA, 106.5TCID50/ml @ 100 μl/pup on 0-day), Gr II (gavaged with C. parvum oocysts @ 105 on 0-day), Gr III (pups infected with RVA on 0-day followed by C. parvum oocysts @ 105 after 36 h of infection), Gr IV (pups pre-treated with10 μl of cell-free supernatant of two-strain probiotic mix (L. rhamnosus strain NCDC 610 @ 108 CFU/ml and B. bifidum strain BbVK3 @ 108 CFU/ml) from 2 days prior to mixed infection till 7 day post-infection with RVA and C. parvum), Gr V (two-strain probiotic mix from day one to day 7 post-mixed infections), and Gr VI (sterile PBS). The mice were observed daily for the clinical signs of diarrhea and 4 mice from each group were sacrificed on 3, 5, 7, 11, and 16 day post-infection for sample collection. The samples were analyzed for the counting of the C. parvum oocyst in the feces, gross and histopathological lesions in the ileum, RVA antigen in the distal ileum by immunohistochemistry, cellular apoptosis by TUNEL assay, bacterial loads in the ileocaecal and rectal contents by culturing, RVA quantification and expression levels of TLR-2, TLR-3, TNF-α, MUC-2, INF-γ, IL-12, TGF-β, and IL-10 genes in distal ileum by the Real time-PCR, and the sIgA in fecal contents and serum by ELISA. The prophylactic group (Gr IV) showed reduced severity and duration of diarrhea, reduced severity of intestinal lesions and apoptosis, reduced viral load and oocyst count, reduced levels of TNF-α, and higher Il-10, and TGF-β levels, higher levels of innate immune response (higher levels of INF-γ, TLR-3, TLR-2, and reduced levels of Il-12), and up-regulation of MUC-2 genes as compared to infected (Grs 1, II, III) and therapeutic (Gr V) groups. The study showed promising prophylactic potential of the two-strain probiotic mix of L. rhamnosus strain NCDC 610 and B. bifidum strain BbVK3 against the mixed infections of rotavirus A and C. parvum.

The present study was aimed to investigate the relationship between diarrhoea-associated polymorphisms and pre-weaning growth rates in an organized Landlly herd. A total of 250 piglets were genotyped for 10 shortlisted SNPs and assessed for pre-weaning growth rates, with body weights recorded from birth to the 6th week of age. Seven out of the 10 SNPs were found to be polymorphic in the target population, with the MUC 4-g.8227 G>C locus significantly affecting growth rates of the 2nd to 4th week piglets whereas, the MUC 20-g.191 affected growth rates at the 4th week of age. These findings suggest that the g.8227C>G and g.191C>T SNP polymorphisms are associated with both growth performance and diarrhoea in piglets, recommending that a balanced approach should be maintained between health status and growth performance in piglet selection programs.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed animals. Rapid, early, and accurate diagnosis of the disease is important for the swift control of FMD. Although PCR-based assays are being used routinely for the effective diagnosis of FMD, these assays require sophisticated equipment, dedicated manpower, and complex procedures for the detection of amplified viral-genome. Colorimetric isothermal amplification assay with a sharp contrast in colour changes for the positive amplification of viral-genome would be qualified for quick and simple diagnosis of FMDV in both laboratory and field. Here, we report the development and evaluation of FMDV 2B-NSP coding region-based colorimetric RT-LAMP assay for pan-serotypic detection of viral-genome. Addition of 1 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an additive, could reduce the detection time of the RT-LAMP assay from 60 to 30 min/reaction. Analytical sensitivity test showed that the RT-LAMP assay can detect up to 1000 copies of FMDV genome/reaction, simultaneously, the assay was found specific for the detection of FMDV genome as revealed on testing with serotypes O, A and Asia1 circulating in India during the last two decades. In addition, analysis of 312 clinical samples from various field outbreaks of FMDV in the country showed that RT-LAMP assay exhibited a sensitivity of 96.07

M. hyopneumoniae is an atypical bacterium that is frequently associated with porcine enzootic pneumonia, but uncommonly identified as a cause of pericarditis and myocarditis leading to pericardial tamponade. The present report describes the rare case of M. hyopneumoniae causing fibrinous pericarditis and pericardial tamponade in pre-weaned crossbred piglets (n = 7). The piglets showed the predominant lesions of pericardial effusions with tamponade, fibrinous pericarditis, pleural effusions, heavy non-collapsible lungs with multifocal reddish areas on parenchyma, and enlarged lymph nodes. Microscopically, sub-acute fibrinous pericarditis, pleuritis, brocho-interstitial pneumonia with lymphoid depletion in the lymphoid organs were the consistent lesions observed in the piglets. The piglets showed the strong immunoreactivity to M. hyopneumoniae antigens in the infiltrating mononuclear cells, cardiomyocytes, and purkinje fibers of heart, bronchioles, and alveolar lining epithelium of lungs, and lymphocytes of the depleted lymphoid follicles of the lymph nodes. The absence of immunoreactivity to M. hyorhinis in the heart ruled out the cross specificity and confirmed the involvement of M. hyopneumoniae with the cardiac pathologies. Further, M. hyopneumoniae was confirmed in heart, pericardium, and lungs of the piglets by PCR suggesting the role of M. hyopneumoniae with the cardiac lesions. The absence of any other possible etiologies (bacteria/and virus) in the heart tissues further confirms M. hyopneumoniae as a cause of cardiac lesions. Among various viruses screened, lungs, lymph nodes, and liver of the piglets showed the genomic detection of porcine circovirus 2 along with strong cytoplasmic immunolabeling of viral antigens in lungs and lymph nodes. This indicates that co-infection of M. hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus 2 might be playing a synergistic role by potentiating each other in causing severe pathologies involving lungs and heart. This paper highlights that M. hyopneumoniae should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pneumonia complicated by pericardial effusion leading to complication of pericardial tamponade and should be part of the routine workup for pericarditis of unknown etiology for the effective control and management of piglet mortality. Moreover, the presence of immunosuppressive disease like porcine circovirus 2 has also to be considered as the predisposing factor for the development of fibrinous pericarditis.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, caused mainly by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (Mmc), is an inherent threat to the goat population of India. This pathogen majorly affects lung pathophysiology. The present study describes the novel pathological and immunohistochemical findings in less commonly explored organs of 5 Jamnapari goats experimentally infected with Mmc. In this study, five adult goats, approx. 1–1.5 years-age and either sex, were inoculated with Mmc @ 1 × 108 CFU dissolved in 1 ml PPLO broth via endobronchial route, while other 2 adult goats were kept as control. Clinically, the infected goats showed high fever (104–106°F), serous-to-mucopurulent nasal discharges, tachypnea, and 100

Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) is an emerging bacterial pathogen of pigs, presenting with septicemia and acute death. Here, we explored the sequential development of pathogenesis of porcine isolate of SDSE in mouse model. Forty Swiss albino mice of either sex, aged 3–4 weeks (Group I) were intravenously inoculated with 0.1 ml of bacterial inoculum containing 2.1 × 107 CFU, while 24 (Group II) received sterile PBS at the same volume via the same route and observed daily for clinical signs and mortality up to 15 days. The mice (6 infected and 4 control mice at each time point) were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5,7,10 and 15 days post-inoculation for the estimation of hematobiochemical parameters, bacterial load, pro-inflammatory cytokines, pathological changes with demonstration of bacterial antigens, and apoptosis. The infected group of mice showed anaemia, leucopenia, higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, higher lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, and lower levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase), and higher amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to control mice. Microscopically, infected group of mice showed septicemic lesions with predominant lesions of myocarditis. The immunolocalization of SDSE antigens was observed in the lungs and spleen of the inoculated mice. The immunodetection of caspase-3 in the splenocytes confirmed the presence of apoptosis due to bacterial toxin. The clinical signs, hematobiochemical parameters, bacterial load, oxidative stress parameters, pathological lesions, and apoptosis were higher during 3rd -5th DPI and reduced thereafter. Understanding the pathogenesis during progressive stages of infection by SDSE will pave the way for its effective control.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the "Risk Group 4" animal pathogen, causes devastating economic losses world over. The mechanism of the disease process is still not fully explored despite extensive research work going on. The present work highlights the intestinal pathology with mucin gene expression in 41 calves died from FMD virus infection in two separate outbreaks. A total of 41 intestinal (both small and large intestines) and mesenteric lymph node tissue were collected from these cases and tested for the presence of the FMD virus/antigen and various host cell responses using patho-molecular techniques. For the comparison, intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes from 2 apparently healthy calves were collected. Grossly, the small and large intestines showed marked congestion, thickening of the mucosa and the presence of catarrhal exudates within the lumen. The mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were swollen and congested (21 cases). Microscopically, the intestine showed villous atrophy, crypt elongation, crypt cell proliferation, reduced number of goblet cells, necrosed villi, and lymphocytic infiltration in the lamina propria and sub-mucosa. The MLNs showed depleted cortical follicles and apoptotic bodies (19 cases). The lesions were predominant in the small intestine as compared to the large intestine. The affected intestine showed higher apoptosis cell counts, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokine genes (TNF-α, IL-1β), and reduced number of goblet cells containing sulphated mucins. In multiplex-PCR, the viral genome was detected in the intestine, and lymph nodes of 32 and 21 cases, respectively. Immunohistochemically, abundant cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was noticed mostly in the crypt epithelium of the affected intestine suggesting the association of the virus with intestinal pathology. The MLNs showed moderate immunoreactivity for viral antigen with higher apoptosis counts in 9 cases, suggesting the association of the virus with lymphocytolysis. The reduced expression of MUC1, MUC2, MUC4 mRNAs, while increased. expression of MUC5AC and MUC20 mRNAs was observed in the affected intestine. However, no significant difference in the expression level of MUC15 mRNA was observed. A similar distribution of MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5AC antigens was observed in the paraffin embedded tissue sections of the intestine of FMDV infected calves. The histopathological lesions, immunodetection of viral antigens, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced goblet cell numbers with altered mucin gene expression likely lead to a defective absorptive function of the intestinal epithelium, which contributes to FMDV pathogenesis.

Aflatoxins, particularly AFB1, are the most common feed contaminants worldwide, causing significant economic losses to the livestock sector. The current paper describes an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a herd of 160 male young goat kids (3–4 months), of which 68 young kids succumbed over a period of 25 days after showing neurological signs of abnormal gait, progressive paralysis and head pressing. The haematobiochemical investigation showed reduced haemoglobin, leucocyte count, PCV level, increased levels of AST, ALT, glucose, BUN, creatinine and reduced level of total protein. Grossly, kids had pale mucous membranes, pale and swollen liver; right apical lobe consolidation, and petechiation of the synovial membrane of the hock joints. The microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal hemorrhages, status spongiosus/ vacuolation, vasculitis, focal to diffuse gliosis, satellitosis, and ischemic apoptotic neurons in different parts of the brain and spinal cord. These changes corresponded well with strong immunoreactivity for AFB1 in neurons, glia cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells) in various anatomical sites of the brain. The higher values of LPO and reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, SOD, GSH) with strong immunoreactivity of 8-OHdG in the brain indicating high level of oxidative stress. Further, the higher immunosignaling of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the brain points towards the association with intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The toxicological analysis of feed samples detected high amounts of AFB1 (0.38ppm). These findings suggest that AFB1 in younger goat kids has more of neurotoxic effect mediated through caspase dependent intrinsic pathway.

AIMS:We aimed to investigate the prevalence, pathology, and characterization of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) in slaughtered pigs of India.METHODS AND RESULTS:We collected 1254 morbid tissues (lungs-627 and spleen-627) and 627 heart-blood from 627 slaughtered pigs. The bacterial isolation, antibiogram, virulence gene profiling, and mouse pathogenicity testing were performed for the detection and characterization of SDSE. A total of 177 isolates (heart-blood-160 and tissues-17) were recovered from 627 slaughtered pigs with higher isolation rate in heart-blood (25.51%). The prevalence of SDSE was 11% in morbid tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Majority of isolates showed higher detection of streptolysin O, followed by streptokinase and extracellular phospholipase A virulence genes with higher degree of resistance to azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin antibiotics. Mouse pathogenicity testing confirmed virulence based on histopathological lesions and re-isolation of SDSE.CONCLUSIONS:Our findings highlight the high prevalence of SDSE in slaughtered pigs. The presence of virulence genes and mouse pathogenicity testing confirm their pathogenic potential.

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is an unequivocally leading cause of economic losses to the pig industry. To investigate the pathogens associated with PRDC, a total of 900 lungs with gross lesions and 125 lungs with no appreciable gross lesions were collected from the abattoirs and subjected to pathological investigation for distribution of lesions/and types of exudates, as well as to molecular confirmation of bacterial and viral pathogens by PCR. The pneumonic lungs showed the higher prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. (31.22%), with evidence of M. hyorhinis, P. multocida (21.33%), S. suis (18.66%), B. bronchiseptica (16.77%), and viral pathogens as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (28.11%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (2.7%) and swine influenza virus (SIV) (1.2%). On histopathological examination, high prevalence of bronchopneumonia (37.88%) followed by enzootic pneumonia‑like lung lesions (11.44%), and interstitial pneumonia (7.44%) was recorded in the majority of affected pigs. The winter season was found to be more conducive for highest prevalence of pneumonia as compared to other seasons. The present study reports the high prevalence of PRDC in slaughtered pigs of India. M. hyorhinis showing the EP‑like lesions, PCV2 and their combination were likely to be the prime contributors of PRDC in Indian pigs.

Pasteurella multocida is widely distributed in all pig-rearing countries, affecting the economic viability and profitability of pig production. The present research highlights the molecular characterization and pathology of untypeable capsular serotypes of P. multocida in slaughtered pigs from prominent pig-rearing states of India. The prevalence of Pasteurellosis was 27.17% by Pasteurella multocida specific Pasteurella multocida specific PCR (PM-PCR). assay, while isolation rate was 7.62%. The microscopic lesions of bronchopneumonia, tonsillitis, and the presence of bacterial antigens in immunohistochemistry confirmed P. multocida with pathologies. In capsular typing, the majority of the isolates were untypeable with prevalence of 52.15% and 43.58% in molecular and microbiological methods, respectively. All the isolates showed the uniform distribution of virulence genes such as exbB, nanB, sodC, plpB, and oma87 (100%), while the variations were observed in ptfA, hasR, ptfA, pfhA, hsf-1, and plpE genes. The untypeable isolates showed higher prevalence of hsf-1 gene as compared to others. The untypeable serotypes showed a higher degree of resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin antibiotics. The mouse pathogenicity testing of untypeable capsular isolates confirmed its pathogenic potential. The higher frequency of pathogenic untypeable isolates with antibiotic resistance profile might pose a serious threat to the pigs, and therefore, preventive measures should be adopted for effective control.

In countries where farming is largely subsistence, no pedigree records of farm animals are maintained at farmers' herd and scientific mating plans are not observed which leads to the accumulation of inbreeding and loss of production potential. Microsatellites have been widely used as reliable molecular markers to measure inbreeding. We attempted to correlate autozygosity estimated from microsatellite data with the inbreeding coefficient (F) calculated from pedigree data in Vrindavani crossbred cattle developed in India. The inbreeding coefficient was calculated from the pedigree of ninety-six Vrindavani cattle. Animals were further grouped into three groups viz. acceptable/low (F: 0-5%), moderate (F: 5-10%) and high (F: ≥10%), based on their inbreeding coefficients. The overall mean of the inbreeding coefficient was found to be 0.070 ± 0.007. A panel of twenty-five bovine-specific loci were chosen for the study according to ISAG/FAO. The mean FIS, FST, and FIT values were 0.0548 ± 0.025, 0.012 ± 0.001 and 0.0417 ± 0.025, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the FIS values obtained and the pedigree F values. The locus-wise individual autozygosity was estimated using the method-of-moments estimator (MME) formula for locus-specific autozygosity. The autozygosities ascribing to CSSM66 and TGLA53 were found to be significantly (p < .01 and p < .05, respectively) correlated with pedigree F values.

Serotype identification occupies the central part of foot and mouth disease (FMD) diagnosis workflow and vaccination decision tree. In this study, a reverse transcription-multiplex PCR (RT-mPCR) strategy wherein three assays with unique combinations of serotype specific primers targeting the VP1 region was developed to differentiate FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia 1 based on differential size of the PCR amplicons on agarose gel. Their diagnostic performance relative to the mPCR assay in use in India was evaluated on 169 clinical samples and 210 cell culture grown virus isolates. The relative diagnostic sensitivity was found to be 99.69%, 98.78% and 99.08% for primer combinations 1, 2 and 3, respectively. These assays proved their worth by detecting serotype in three FMD suspected specimens that went undiagnosed in the existing mPCR and also by identifying multiple serotypes in the same sample. Their detection limits varied from log10 2 to log10 4 viral RNA dilution and from 100 to 0.1 TCID50 virus depending on the serotype. The validated novel mPCR assays show promise to be included in the routine diagnostic tool-box to augment the efficiency of diagnosis of FMD virus serotypes that display extreme genetic diversity and a tendency of transboundary dispersal.

Reference gene with stable copy number is essential for normalization in qPCR based copy number assay. Present study aims to identify a suitable reference gene in pigs for qPCR based relative copy number profiling of chromosomal genes. A total of 30 crossbred pigs of both sexes were cyto-screened and gDNA was extracted from the pigs having numerically normal karyotypes. The copy number stability was studied for 7 genes (FSHB, IL4, IGF1R, TCF24, BRMS1L, ARMC1 and SRSF4) selected on the basis of the chromosomal location, reports of single copy and lack of involvement in structural chromosomal abnormalities. The copy number was estimated from Ct values in 3 technical replicates using 6 animals from either sex for each gene. The stability was evaluated from the variations in Ct values using different (Delta Ct, geNorm, BestKeeper and normFinder) algorithms. While the moderate variation was observed among relative copy number stabilities among the genes, comprehensive ranking revealed the most stable gene for normalization (IGF1R > FSHB > TCF24 > IL4 > ARMC1> SRSF4 > BRMS1L) across the samples. The selected reference gene was validated using DNA of cyto-screened pigs to find out ratio of X and Y chromosome fragments using qPCR based copy number analysis.

Determination of factors affecting sex ratio is important while considering application of sex ratio enrichment approach. Present study aimed to design a SYBR Green q-PCR based method for measurement of primary sex ratio and to evaluate different factors (genetic group, sire, spermiogenic cycle and processing layer) affecting boar sperm sex ratio. The qPCR was based on relative copy number analysis of sex chromosome specific single copy gene fragments with an autosomal gene as reference and was evaluated using DNA dilution series from pigs with numerically normal karyotype. The sex ratio was estimated from genomic DNA samples isolated from boar semen collected from different genetic groups at different time points and different processing layers. The X-chromosome frequencies of semen samples revealed significant effect of genetic group. However, significant variation was observed neither within same genetic group nor between ejaculates of different spermatogenic cycles. Among the processing techniques studied, swim up technique produced a significant X sperm enrichment in comparison to control whereas, percoll density gradient failed to show any significant difference among layers. The lower layer in swim up technique was found to contain higher proportion of X sperms. The designed q-PCR is found to be an easy, less time-consuming method and does not require high end laboratory facilities or the specialized expertise. The lower layer of swim up processing has a scope for X -sperm enrichment in boar semen with proper validation.

The Foot-and-Mouth disease is highly contagious acute viral disease of livestock inflicting huge economic loss to the farmers. The limited knowledge regarding the pathological lesions vis-a-vis distribution of the FMDV in lesser explored endocrine glands and important vital organs other than the target organs of infected calves prompted us to take the present investigation to have detailed insight into the pathogenesis. The systematic necropsy of 37 dead calves (cattle-28 and buffalo-9) was conducted, and thin representative tissue pieces from the affected organs were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for pathological and immunohistochemical investigations. The genomic detection and its serotyping were done by RT-PCR and multiplex-PCR, respectively. Necropsy examination in all cases showed myocardial lesions resembling 'tigroid heart appearance'. Other organ specific lesions include vesiculo-ulcerative stomatitis, edema of the lungs, petechial hemorrhages, edema of the endocrines, and gastroenteritis. Histopathological examination showed varying sizes of vesicles and ulcerations in stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue, acute necrotizing myocarditis, lymphoid depletion in lymphoid tissues, hepatitis, pancreatitis, thymic hyperplasia, thyroiditis, adrenitis, and enteritis. Positive immunolabeling for viral antigens was observed in endocrine glands, lymphoid organs, lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestine, in addition to other typical locations. The thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, in addition to the tongue and heart, are the tissue of choice for sampling in the field during epidemics. Further, the viral genome and serotype A was confirmed in the affected tissues. This study provides insights into novel tissue tropism and pathogenesis in young calves naturally infected with FMDV.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and economically devastating viral disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wildlife animals. The disease is endemic in India and other developing countries of the world. The disease is mainly characterized by the presence of vesicular lesions and “tigroid heart” in calves. The current report describes the novel pathologic findings along with the distribution of FMDV antigens in brain of young calves naturally infected with FMDV. The carcasses of 37 calves suspected to have died from FMD were presented for postmortem investigation. Out of 37 dead calves, 10 calves showed the clinical signs of neurological abnormalities like opisthotonos, muscle twitching and tremor in hind limbs, stiffening of the neck followed by death. Microscopically, the meninges were congested, hemorrhagic, and infiltrated with mononuclear cells. The various sub anatomical sites of the brain showed the varying degrees of vascular changes, perivascular cuffing, focal to diffuse gliosis as well as degeneration and neuronal necrosis, indicating the nonsuppurative encephalitis. The immunolabeling of FMDV antigen was demonstrated in the neurons, inflammatory cells, and microglial cells besides its typical locations. The neurons of the brain also showed strong immunopositivity for caspase-3, caspase-9 and p53 and negative for Bcl-2 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) by both immunohistochemistry and western blotting indicating the role of caspase mediated intrinsic, and p53 dependent apoptotic pathway. Further, the TUNEL assay also confirmed the apoptosis in the neurons and glial cells of the brain of naturally infected calves. This study in calves establishes a basis for resemblance to other members of Picornaviruses, such as Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus of humans and showing the neuropathological alterations along with the distribution of FMDV antigens associated with apoptosis in younger calves.

Fibrinous pericarditis due to co infection with Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Aerococcus urinae is rarely reported in pigs. In this case report, a one-month crossbreed male piglet with sudden death was diagnosed with fibrinous pericarditis based on necropsy, microbiological and PCR assay. The thoracic cavity was filled with large amounts of serosanguineous fluids mixed with fibrins and thickened pericardial sac adhered to the epicardium looked like bread-and-butter appearance. The cranioventral lobes of lungs showed consolidation with fibrinous exudate. Histopathology of epicardium showed fibrocellular exudates and lungs showed hyperplastic changes with congestion. The antigen of Mycoplasma hyorhinis was demonstrated in heart and lungs. Bacteriological analysis of the heart blood and spleen showed the pure growth of Aerococcus urinae. The genomic DNA of heart, lungs and spleen showed positive amplification of Mycoplasma hyorhinis targeting 16srRNA gene. The present case was diagnosed as fibrinous pericarditis in piglet due to M. hyorhinis with coinfection of Aerococcus urinae, which is often overlooked as a risk factor.