Objectives: The objective of the study was to describe the prevalence and characteristics of disabilities attributed to mental disorders and their distributions in China, and to explore the determinants of disabilities attributed to the mental disorders. Methods: The current study is secondary data analysis for the Second National Sample Survey on Disability. The determinants of disability were assessed by applying the univariate and multivariable regression analysis. Results: Among 2,526,145 participants sampled in the survey, 15,928 participants were diagnosed as having disabilities attributed to mental disorders. The prevalence of disability attributed to mental disorders was 0.63%. Among 46,886 participants with single physical disability, 446 had comorbid mental disability, and the rate of physical disability with comorbid mental disability was 0.94%. The risk factors associated with coexisting mental disability in persons with physical disability included female gender, 30–44 and 45–59 years age groups, being unmarried, widowed or divorced, and urban background. Schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance were the main disorders associated with mental disability. Conclusions: Disabilities attributed to mental disorders in China should receive more attention. It is important to treat mental disorders for preventing the associated disability and develop related rehabilitation in China.

AbstractIntroductionMost youths who suffer from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) lose their diagnosis in the first 1–2 years. However, there are few studies on this brain mechanism, and the heterogeneity of the findings is partially due to the different stimuli applied and the mixed trauma history. Therefore, the use of trauma‐related/unrelated stimuli to study the remittance mechanism of earthquake‐induced PTSD could advance our knowledge of PTSD and inspire future treatment.MethodsThirteen youths with PTSD, 18 remitted participants, and 18 control participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while viewing trauma‐related pictures, trauma‐unrelated negative pictures, and scrambled pictures.ResultsUnder trauma‐unrelated condition, the neural activity of the left hippocampus in the remitted group was between the two other groups. Under trauma‐related condition, the PTSD and the remitted group exhibited higher neural activity in the right middle occipital gyrus than controls. The remitted group showed higher neural activity in the right parahippocampal gyrus and right lingual gyrus under trauma‐related condition than trauma‐unrelated condition, while no significant difference was found in PTSD group.ConclusionPTSD status‐related group differences are mainly reflected in the left hippocampus under the trauma‐unrelated condition, while the hyperactivity in the right middle occipital gyrus under trauma‐related condition could be an endophenotype for PTSD.

颈椎间盘突出症是临床常见的脊柱疾病之一,其导致脊髓和(或)神经根受压引起相应的临床症状,严重影响患者的生存质量.近年来,随着脊柱内镜技术的飞速发展,内镜手术逐渐被用于治疗颈椎间盘突出症,并且获得了良好临床疗效,同时具备创伤小、术后康复快、并发症少等优势.本文就内镜手术治疗颈椎间盘突出症的应用现状、临床疗效以及并发症等进行综述,以期为临床医师提供参考.

STUDY DESIGN:A minimally invasive surgical technique for lumbar spondylolisthesis. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of interbody fusion and percutaneous reduction for lumbar spondylolisthesis using mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED) technique. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:Current surgical techniques for lumbar spondylolisthesis cause considerable trauma, so a minimally invasive technique is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 62 patients of lumbar spondylolisthesis (40 patients of degenerative spondylolisthesis and 22 patients of isthmic spondylolisthesis) were treated with interbody fusion and percutaneous reduction using the MMED technique. A 2.5-cm longitudinal incision was made on the side of dominant symptoms, with paraspinous approach used for degenerative spondylolisthesis and transforaminal approach for isthmic spondylolisthesis. The fenestration and decompression were performed under MMED. The intervertebral space was released through an outer tube under direct vision, followed by bone graft and cage implantation. Percutaneous pedicle screws were used, with the residual spondylolisthesis further reduced. The patients were followed up to evaluate the clinical results. RESULTS:The procedure was successful in all patients. Postoperative radiographs showed sufficient decompression and improvement of spinal alignment for both groups. The average reduction rate of the spondylolisthesis was 68% for degenerative spondylolisthesis group and 66% for isthmic spondylolisthesis group. The patients of 2 groups were followed up for 12-24 months. At the final follow-up, the Oswestry Disability Index and Visual Analogue Scale scores decreased significantly compared with preoperation for both groups. The clinical results were excellent in 22 cases, good in 16 and fair in 2 for degenerative spondylolisthesis group, and excellent in 11 cases, good in 10 and fair in 1 for isthmic spondylolisthesis group according to the Macnab Scale. CONCLUSION:Interbody fusion and percutaneous reduction with MMED provides a minimally invasive procedure for lumbar spondylolisthesis, with sufficient decompression, reduction, fusion, and satisfactory clinical results.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between monoaminergic genetic variants and emotional lability (EL) symptoms in children with ADHD. In addition, genetic effects on prefrontal cortex (PFC)–amygdala functional connectivity (FC) were investigated. Method: Children with ADHD and controls were genotyped for five monoaminergic genetic variants and were evaluated for EL symptoms. Imaging genetic exploration was conducted with previously reported aberrant PFC–amygdala resting-state functional connectivities (RSFCs) as target features. Results: A genotypic effect on EL symptoms was only found for NET1-rs3785143, indicating higher EL symptoms in TT genotype carriers than in C-allele carriers. Imaging genetic analyses indicated a marginal effect of NET1-rs3785143 on ADHD-altered FC between the superficial amygdala (SFA) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Mediation analysis suggested potential effects of NET1-rs3785143 via RSFC (SFA–MFG) on EL. Conclusion: NET1 variants might participate in the pathogenesis of EL in children with ADHD by influencing the function of the PFC–amygdala circuit.

目的 探讨采用侧路椎间孔镜(percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy,PTED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴椎体后缘骨软骨病的手术策略.方法 2012年5月至2017年12月,我科采用PTED治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴椎体后缘骨软骨患者82例,其中男52例,女30例;年龄14～65岁,平均39.2岁.手术涉及T12～L1节段2例(2.4％),L1～2节段1例(1.2％)、L3～4节段7例(8.5％)、L4～5节段52例(63.4％)、L5～S1节段20例(24.3％).术前、术后随访进行疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)(下肢)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(oswestry disability index,ODI),末次随访根据改良MacNab标准评估手术疗效.结果 PTED术中因疼痛和显露困难转可动式椎间盘镜手术2例,发生出口神经根损伤1例.术后随访12～60个月,平均20.6个月.末次随访时VAS评分由术前(7.88±1.20)分下降至(0.70±0.83)分,ODI由术前(46.00±11.71)分下降至(4.80±5.90)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).MacNab疗效评定优36例、良39例、可7例,优良率91.46％(75/82).结论 PETD适用于部分腰椎间盘突出症伴椎体后缘骨软骨患者,良好的疗效说明其临床应用具有可行性.手术不必追求完全切除骨化物,应围绕着"神经充分减压"这个中心目标.

目的 评估自锚式侧路腰椎椎间融合术(SA-LLIF)的价值和疗效,避免后路内固定,简化手术步骤.方法 选择2019年3月—6月在我科手术治疗的腰椎退变性疾病患者11例,男3例,女8例,年龄55～76岁,均有腰腿痛,站立和活动时加重,卧床时症状减轻一半以上或消失,包括腰椎失稳7例,滑脱4例(Ⅰ度3例,Ⅱ度1例),其中2例伴有骨质疏松症,2例伴有脊柱侧凸,责任节段L2～31例、L3～44例、L4～54例、L2～41例、L3～51例.应用带锚定嵌片的零切迹融合器经斜侧入路行腰椎椎体间融合术,避免后路内固定.全麻后患者呈右侧卧位,经左侧小切口腹膜外入路显露腰大肌前缘,向后适度牵开腰大肌显露责任椎间隙左侧方,处理椎间隙后植入合适大小的填满异体骨的融合器,将远近侧两个锚定嵌片依次插入融合器和邻近椎体,锁定融合器和椎体,均未放置引流.记录患者术前、术中、术后有关参数,并进行随访.采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价临床疗效,X线片评估腰椎前凸角(LL)、椎间隙高度(DH)、滑脱率(S)、cage移位和下沉情况.结果 11例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间65～110 min,平均(78.0±21.5)min,术中出血15～60 mL,平均(35.0±23.2)mL,均未发生神经、血管损伤等并发症.术后次日带腰围下地活动.VAS评分自术前(6.2±0.8)分降至(1.7±0.5)分,ODI评分自术前47.8％±14.9％降至术后11.2％±3.2％,差异均有统计学意义.术后X线片示脊柱序列恢复满意,内植物位置良好,LL自术前36.4°±10.2°恢复至术后48.0°±10.7°,DH自术前(8.3±2.5)mm恢复至(13.3±3.3)mm,S自术前26.7％±4.4％恢复至术后10.3％±5.3％,差异均有统计学意义.随访期间所有患者均未出现cage移位,1例肥胖患者融合器下沉约2 mm,其他患者均未出现融合器明显下沉.结论 SA-LLIF可以提供良好的即刻稳定性,避免后路内固定,操作简单,疗效优良.

Abstract For complex lumbar spinal stenosis, using of endoscopy technique may provide clear vision with less invasive dissection of paravertebral muscle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of bilateral decompression and intervertebral fusion via unilateral fenestration for complex lumbar spinal stenosis using mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED) technique. A total of 61 patients with complex lumbar spinal stenosis (lumbar canal stenosis combined with degenerative spondylolisthesis, instability, and scoliosis) were treated with this procedure. Patients with isolated lumbar spinal stenosis or spondylolisthesis greater than grade II were excluded. The index levels included L4/5 in 52 patients, L5/S1 in 6 patients, L3-L5 in 2 patients and L4-S1 in 1 patient. The preoperative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score was 42.6 ± 10.2, lumbar visual analog scale (VAS) score was 6.1 ± 4.2, and leg VAS score was 7.1 ± 5.1. During the operation, ipsilateral enlarged fenestration was made using the MMED technique. The disc and cartilage endplate were thoroughly removed, and the contralateral ligamentum flavum and the inner layer of lamina were undercut to release the contralateral nerve root. The intervertebral space was released and prepared, followed by bone grafting and cage insertion. Percutaneous pedicle system was used for reduction and fixation. The operative time and blood loss were recorded, and patients were followed-up for at least 3 years (36–48 months, average 41 months) to evaluate the clinical efficacy. The procedure was successful in all patients, with no nerve injury or conversion to open operation. The mean operative time was 120 minutes (range, 100–180 minutes), with a mean blood loss of 100 mL (range, 50–200 mL). Postoperative x-ray and CT showed sufficient decompression and improvement of spinal alignment. At 3 years after surgery, the ODI scores, lumbar and leg VAS scores decreased from preoperative 42.6 ± 10.2, 6.1 ± 4.2, and 7.1 ± 5.1 to 8.6 ± 7.0, 1.8 ± 1.3, and 0.9 ± 0.6, respectively (P = .00 for each comparison). The clinical results were excellent in 36 cases, good in 23, and fair in 2, according to the MacNab scale. The procedure of bilateral decompression and intervertebral fusion via unilateral fenestration using the MMED technique can provide satisfactory clinical results for complex lumbar spinal stenosis.

Objective To evaluate the strategy and clinical effects of percutaneous endoscopic surgery for cervical disc herniation.Methods Fifty-one patients with cervical disc herniation were treated with percutaneous endoscopic surgery from June 2015 to March 2017,including 32 men and 19 women,with an average age of 52.2 years (range,28-66 years).Radicular symptoms were present in all patients,while 23 patients had mild myelopathy (Nurick Grade:0-3) and 3 patients of multilevel stenosis had severe myelopathy (Nurick Grade:4-5).According to axial image of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),31 patients had lateral herniation that was located lateral to the edge of spinal cord,20 patients had central herniation that was located within the lateral edge of spinal cord.Among them,48 patients had soft herniation and 3 patients had ossified lateral herniation combined with foraminal stenosis.All surgery was carried out under general anesthesia,while posterior and anterior percutaneous endoscopic surgeries were performed for lateral herniation and central herniation respectively.Posterior endoscopic surgery was performed with "keyhole" fenestration at "V" point (the junction of lateral edge of lamina space and inner edge of facet).Lateral edge of thecal sac and nerve root were exposed and decompressed,soft herniation was explored and removed.Anterior endoscopic surgery was performed through puncture and 4mm tube between the visceral sheath and vascular sheath.The tube was inserted through disc to the base of herniation under fluoroscopy.The herniation was removed until the dura sac was exposed and relaxed.One stage open-door laminoplasty was performed for 3 patients with severe multiple segmental stenosis and huge central herniation.The operative time and blood loss were recorded,and patients were followed-up (range,6-18 months,average 12.1 months) to evaluate the clinical efficacy.Results The mean operative time of posterior endoscopic surgery was 90 min (range,45-150 min).The nerve root was not well exposed,and the fenestration was too lateral in 1 patient,with partial relieve of symptoms;and simple nerve root decompression was performed for 3 patients of ossified herniation combined with foraminal stenosis.Herniated or sequestered nucleus pulposus was removed for 27 patients,one of them had transient paralysis ipsilateral limb and 2 of them had linkage of cerebrospinal fluid.The Visual Analogue Score (VAS) score improved form preoperative 8.9±1.6 to 0.5±0.4,and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score improved form 32.8±4.2 to 2.3± 1.9 at final follow-up.For anterior percutaneous endoscopic surgery,the mean operative time was 80 min (range,45-120 min).Herniated or free nucleus was successfully removed for all patients.The thecal sac was lacerated due to unclear exposure in 1 case.The VAS score improved form preoperative 6.9±2.3 to 0.9±0.8,and the ODI score improved form 40.1±8.6 to 5.6±3.0 at final follow-up,with improvement of myelopathy at least one Nurick Grade.During follow-up,the alignment of cervical spine was well preserved without kyphosis for two groups,while the height of intervertebral space decreased with 0.4±0.3 mm and 0.9±0.6 mm in posterior and anterior surgery respectively.Conclusion Percutaneous endoscopic surgery provides minimally invasive alternatives for some cervical disc herniation with predominant radicular pain.Posterior endoscopic surgery is suitable for lateral herniation,and anterior endoscopic discectomy is suitable for some central soft herniation without obvious collapse and instability.However,the long-term results of disc space collapsed after anterior approach remains unclear.

Objective To explore the feasibility of anterior cervical decompression assisted with the microscope and mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED),and to compare their clinical efficacy.Methods From May 2015 to February 2017,thirty patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) underwent anterior cervical decompression assisted with microscope or MMED.Among them,conventional transverse anterior cervical incisions were used,and intervertebral distractors were placed in order to complete the decompression,then the fusion and fixation procedure were conducted under direct vision,and the operative time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded.Of 30 cases,15 cases were in microscope cohort (anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF 12 cases;anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF 3 cases),including 4 males and 11 females with a mean age of 54.00±11.10 years (range,32-71 years).Another 15 cases were in MMED cohort (ACDF 13 cases,ACCF 2 cases),including 9 males and 6 females with a mean age of 59.60± 11.10 years (range,39-73 years).Neurological and cervical function were evaluated before surgery and at the follow-up according to the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and the neck disability index (NDI) scores,and the neurologic improvement grade (NIG) was used to evaluate the neurological function.Results Both the microscope and MMED cohort underwent decompression successfully,and the visual field was clear.No neurological symptoms became worse.For the microscope,its lens and the instrument had to be adjusted separately,whereas MMED lens could move synchronously with the instrument.It was easier for MMED to reveal the posterior edge of the vertebral body and the left and right side of the spinal canal.The operation time of the microscope cohort was 90-180 min,with an average of 124.67±36.42 min;the M MED cohort was operated for 80-130 min with an average of 110.00± 15.12 min,and there was no significant difference between the two cohorts (t=1.440,P=0.161).The intraoperative blood loss for microscope cohort was 20-200 ml,with an average of 66.00±49.11 ml;MMED cohort was 30-150 ml with an average of 60.00±35.25 ml;there was no significant difference between the two cohorts (t=0.384,P=0.704).The JOA score of the microsurgery cohort improved from 8.67±3.20 preoperatively to 15.93± 1.53 at the latest follow-up,and its difference was significant (t=8.687,P=0.000).According to NIG,neurological improvement was excellent in 12 cases and good in 3 cases,giving an excellent to good rate of 100％.NDI was reduced from 18.00％±9.75％ preoperatively to 5.93％±2.58％ at the latest follow-up,with significant difference (t=5.137,P=0.000).The JOA score in MMED cohort improved from 8.87±3.11 preoperatively to 15.53±1.69 at the latest follow-up,and its difference was significant (t=9.413,P=0.000).and Among these 15 patients,11 were excellent and 4 were good,giving an excellent-good rate 100％.NDI decreased from 17.13％± 8.00％ preoperatively to 5.80％±2.43％ at the latest follow-up,and its difference was significant (t=5.592,P=0.000).There was no significant difference in JOA (t=0.680,P=0.502),NIG (P=1.000) and NDI (t=0.146,P=0.885) between the two cohorts at the latest follow-up.Conclusion Both microscope and MMED could provide a clear and magnified field of view,which was beneficial for adequate decompression during the anterior cervical surgery to ensure better clinical results.Compare to the microscope,MMED has relatively narrow indications and steep learning curve,so the surgeon should select cases strictly.

Objective To explore the value and feasibility of clinical application of mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED) in cervical anterior surgery. Methods Fifteen patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) treated with MMED anterior surgery in Tianjin Hospital from May 2015 to December 2016 were included in this study. There were 9 males and 6 females in these patients, aged 39-73 years old, average (59.6 ± 14.1) years. Thirteen cases underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and 2 cases underwent anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) using MMED. Patients were under general anesthesia and in the supine position. With a 3-4 cm transverse incision, the lesion segment was exposed through classical anterior approach. After removal of disc in the intervertebral space, Caspar distractor was placed left front in the adjacent vertebrae, and MMED was placed on intervertebral space. Under MMED, the protruded disc and posterior vertebral spur were removed with angled curettage and ultra thin Kerrisson. The posterior longitudinal ligament was elevated and removed to expose the dural sac. Due to the tilting of MMED, the spinal cord was decompressed thoroughly. Bipolar coagulation was used for complete hemostasis. After withdrawal of MMED, the adjacent endplates were prepared, and supported with cage and allograft in ACDF and auto iliac graft in ACCF, followed by plate fixation. The operation time and blood loss were recorded. Patients were followed up for evaluating the efficacy. Results No serious complications such as neurological injury were found in fifteen patients. Due to excellent expose under MMED, complete decompression was easy to achieve. All patients experienced improvement of symptom after operation. The operation time ranged 80-150 min, average (110 ± 25) min. The intraoperative blood loss ranged 50-150 mL, average (80 ± 25) mL. Postoperative CT showed sufficient decompression with sound graft and fixation. The patients were followed up 6-18 months. The X-ray results showed good cervical alignment with satisfactory fusion. At final follow-up, the ODI decreased from preoperative 41.5±17.6 to 5.9±4.8, and JOA score improved from preoperative 8.9±4.2 to 15.4±5.1. The curative effects were excellent in 9 cases, good in 6 cases. Conclusion MMED cervical anterior surgery provides excellent expose and fine decompression, which is a viable minimally invasive surgical method for CSM.

Objective To provide a minimally invasive surgical treatment using mobile microendoscopy (mobile MED) for limited cervical spine canal stenosis. Methods Eleven patients were collected from February 2015 to February 2016 in Tianjin Hospital, including 6 males and 5 females, aged 51- 77 years, mean (67.4 ± 7.6) years. Clinical treatment was performed on 11 patients of limited cervical spinal stenosis. The levels of stenosis included C3-5 in 5 cases, C4-6 in 4 cases, C5-7 in 2 cases. The working channel of mobile MED (MMED) can be tilted according to the need of operation. The design of surgical methods:the levels of stenosis were located with fluroscopy, through a posterior median 2.5 cm incision, the nachal ligaments was separated and the spinous process was reached. After a little dissection of paraspinal mascle, the working canal was inserted along the spinous process, and the target lamina was exposed. With MMED, the partial laminectomy was performed along the junction groove of lamina and articular process with high-speed burr, and flavum was exposed and resected with ultra-thin Kerisson, and the dural sac was well exposed. Then the working canal was inserted on the contralateral side along the spinous process, and the decompression was performed with the same method. After bilateral direct decompression, the spinous process and posterior ligament complex shift posteriorly with enlargement of spinal canal. The operation time and blood loss were recorded and the efficacy was followed-up. Results There was no serious complications such as neurological injury. The operation time ranged 80-120 min, with an average of (100 ± 18) min. The intraoperative blood loss ranged (50-120) mL, with an average of (80 ± 20) mL. Postoperative CT showed sufficient decompression and enlargement of the canal with the posterior shift of the spinous process and posterior ligament complex. The patients were followed up for 6-18 months. The alignment of cervical spine was well preserved on X-ray. The ODI decreased from 42.2 ± 16.3 preoperatively to 6.2 ± 4.3. The JOA score improved from 8.2 ± 3.3 preoperatively to 15.1 ± 4.2 at the last follow-up. According to the improvement rate [(JOA-preoperative JOA)/(17-preoperative JOA)], the results were excellent in 5 cases, good in 5 cases, and effective in 1 case. Conclusion The cervical canal enlargement with mobile microendoscopic discectomy technique preserving posterior ligament composite provides a minimally invasive procedure for limited cervical stenosis with adequate decompression.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic spine system in thoracic discectomy for disc herniation. Methods One patient with thoracic disc herniation involved the level of vertebral segment in T11/12 was treated with percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic spine system and followed up for 1 month. The targeted puncture was performed under local anesthesia and fluoroscopic guidance with patient in prone position. The foramen of T 11/12 was enlarged gradually with four trephinations, and the working cannula was inserted transforaminal into the canal. Then the herniation was exposed and removed with full endoscopic technique, including the loosen nucleus pulposus. The dural sac was exposed and released adequately. Drainage was placed during operation. Results The procedure was successfully carried out and the dural sac was completely released. The drainage was removed in the second day of operation. The patient could walk in the third day after operation with obvious relief of back and leg pain. At the follow-up of one month postoperation, the visual analogue scale of leg pain decreased from 8 to 1, and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) decreased from 64 to 4. According to MacNab scale, excellent result was acquired. Conclusion There is the feasibility of the percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic spine system in thoracic discectomy for disc herniation. It is a good minimal invasive technique with good results and high technical requirements for surgeons.

Objective To investigate the feasibility and effects of endoscopic surgical treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation associated with veitebral osteochondrosis.Methods From June 2008 to December 2015,276 cases of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation associated with vertebral osteochondrosis were treated with endoscopic surgery,including 185 men and 91 women,with an average 39.2 years old (range,16-65 years old).The involved level included L2.3 in 2 cases,L3.4 in 9 cases,L4,5 in 126 cases and L5S1 in 139 cases.On preoperative axial CT,the diameter of ossification was more than half of the transverse or sagittal diameter of the spinal canal in 89 cases,and no more than half of the transverse and sagittal diameter of the spinal canal in 187 cases.All patients were operated on the side with serious symptom,181 cases were operated with mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED),and 95 cases were operated with percutaneous endoscopic surgery,including percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) in 61 cases and the percutaneous interlaminar endoscopic discectomy (PIED) in 34 cases.The operation and complications were analyzed.Results The soft herniation,broken disc material and the periphery of compressing ossification were removed under the endoscope in all cases,until the nerve was well decompressed.However,the ossification was not complete resected.Dural sac tear occurred in 3 cases of MMED.In the early stage of PTED,2 cases converted to MMED because of intraoperative pain and difficulty,and one case had exiting nerve root injury.At the final follow-up of 12-60 months (average,20.6 months),visual analogue scale decreased from preoperative 8.5±1.2 to 1.0±0.9,Oswestry disability index decreased from preoperative 40.2±8.6 to 3.1±3.0.According to Macnab scale,the results were excellent in 89,good in 154 cases,moderate in 33 cases.Conclusion For most lumbar intervertebral disc herniation associated with vertebral osteochondrosis,good results can be achieve by removal of herniated and broken intervertebral disc and decompression of nerve with endoscope.Therefore,we speculate that the soft disc herniation and spinal stenosis are main pathogenic factors,and that the complete resection of ossification is not needed.

Treating lumbar disease at the intervertebal foramina is controversial because we lack an approach providing sufficient exposure and preserving spinal stability. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the transforaminal fenestration (TFF) approach for treating lumbar disease involving the intervertebal foramina.In the anatomic study of 30 adult cadaveric lumbar spine specimens, the TFF approach was used from L1 to S1. The scope of resection was measured manually and on 3D CT images. 3D CT images of the lumbar spine of 31 adult patients were collected, and the scope of resection needed during the TFF approach was defined and measured from L1 to S1. In total, 30 patients (14 men) with lumbar FLDH underwent microendoscopic discectomy (MED) via the TFF approach. The results were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Short Form-36 survey (SF-36), and the MacNab scale.In cadavers, the TFF approach provided sufficient exposure to the posterolateral aspect of the disc and the exiting nerve root at all segments. At L1 to L4, a relatively small part of the isthmus and facet joint was resected; at L4 to S1, a relatively large part of the isthmus and facet joint was resected, so luniform fenestration was needed to preserve a more inferior articular process and continuity of the isthmus. Treatment with MED via the TFF approach was successful in the 30 patients with significantly relieved of symptom after operation. In total, 24 patients were followed for a mean of 24 months. The VAS, ODI, SF-36 physical component, and mental component summary scores at the final follow-up improved significantly compared with preoperative data (P<.05), and excellent results were obtained in 19 patients and good results in 6 according to the Macnab scale.The TFF approach can provide sufficient exposure to the lumbar intervertebal foramina with preservation of stability and can be used effectively with MED to treat lumbar FLDH.

Objective To investigate the effect of anterior percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (APECD) and open-door laminoplasty (ODLP) through hybrid surgery in the treatment of multisegmental cervical stenosis and giant disc herniation. Methods This study involved 3 patients with multisegmental cervical stenosis and giant disc herniation confirmed by MRI. Among them, there were 2 males and 1 female, with ages from 56-61. All patients showed significant paresthesia or weakness, and were treated between September and November 2016. The surgery was performed by first the ODLP that made spinal cord back shift, and then APECD for the second step. The visual analog scale (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI) were assessed before and after operation. Results The VAS and NDI scores were improved two weeks after operation. No adverse events like spinal cord injury and vascular injury were found during the operation. After operation, no patients were found incision infection, hematoma formation, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, dysphagia, trachyphonia and so on. Conclusion The hybrid surgery of APECD and ODLP for the treatment of the multisegmental cervical stenosis and giant disc herniation can not only decompress the nerve safely and improve the function, but also preserve cervical intervertebral disc and motion segments, therefore delaying the degeneration of adjacent segments with clinical significance.

BACKGROUND:Accumulating evidence indicates that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with core deficits in executive function (EF) which predicts poorer academic and occupational functioning. This makes early intervention targeting EF impairments important to prevent long-term negative outcomes. Cognitive training is a potential ADHD treatment target. The present study aimed to explore the efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of a cognitive training program (targeting child's multiple EF components and involving parent support in daily life), as a nonpharmacological intervention for children with ADHD. METHODS:Forty-four school -age children with ADHD and their parents participated in 12 sessions of EF training (last for 12 weeks) and 88 health controls (HC) were also recruited. Training effects were explored using both neuropsychological tests (Stroop color-word test, Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test, trail making test, tower of Hanoi, and false-belief task) and reports of daily life (ADHD rating scale-IV, Conners' parent rating scale, and behavior rating inventory of executive function [BRIEF]) by analysis of paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The differences on EF performances between children with ADHD after training and HC were explored using multivariate analysis. RESULTS:The results (before vs. after EF training) showed that after intervention, the children with ADHD presented better performances of EF both in neuropsychological tests (word interference of Stroop: 36.1 ± 14.6 vs. 27.1 ± 11.1, t = 4.731, P < 0.001; shift time of TMT: 194.9 ± 115.4 vs. 124.8 ± 72.4, Z = -4.639, P < 0.001; false-belief task: χ2 = 6.932, P = 0.008) and reports of daily life (global executive composite of BRIEF: 148.9 ± 17.5 vs. 127.8 ± 17.5, t = 6.433, P < 0.001). The performances on EF tasks for children with ADHD after EF training could match with the level of HC children. The ADHD symptoms (ADHD rating scale total score: 32.4 ± 8.9 vs. 22.9 ± 8.2, t = 6.331, P < 0.001) and behavioral problems of the children as reported by parents also reduced significantly after the intervention. Participants reported that the EF training program was feasible to administer and acceptable. CONCLUSIONS:The EF training program was feasible and acceptable to children with ADHD and parents. Although replication with a larger sample and an active control group are needed, EF training program with multiple EF focus and parent involving in real-life activities could be a potentially promising intervention associated with significant EF (near transfer) and ADHD symptoms improvement (far transfer).

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of microendoscopic discectomy-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MED-TLIF) with mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED) technique. Methods The MMED includes outer working canal and inner operating canal. Large working canals and endoscopic chisel were fabricated for MMED-TLIF,which was designed as follow:the pedicles and index level were located with fluoroscopy, and a 2.5 cm incision was made between pedicle punctures sites on the symptomatic side. Working canal was inserted, and the facet was exposed,the inferior articular process and medial part of superior articular process were resected. The disc and cartilage endplates were curettage, and the intervertebral space was released and tested. The inner operating canal was removed and the interbody space was grafted and supported with suitable cage. Percutaneous pedicles screws were inserted and the residual displacement was evaluated under fluoroscopy, followed by the install of connecting rods for reduction and fixation. Fifty-six patients with lumbar stenosis including 32 cases of instability and spondylolisthesis (1 degree in 15 cases and 2 degree in 9 cases) were treated with this technique. The ODI index and VAS score were compared in patients before and after surgery. The efficacy was evaluated by Macnab standard. Results Surgery was successful in all patients, with no nerve injury or conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time was (120±30) min (range, 90–180 min),with a mean blood loss of (120±50) mL (range,50–200 mL). The post-operative X-ray and CT scans showed improvement of spinal alignment with mean reduction ratio of 72%. Patients were followed up for 6 to 36 months. The ODI score decreased from 50.1±11.2 to 5.8±5.6. The VAS score of lumbar decreased from 7.1±4.2 to 1.2±1.0 and VAS score of leg decreased from 4.1±2.5 to 1.1±0.9 at final follow-up. The clinical results were excellent in 36 cases,good in 20 according to the Macnab scale. Conclusion MED-TLIF can easily perform with MMED technique,with sufficient decompression and reduction, and providing satisfactory results with less invasive procedure.

Intervertebral disc herniation is a common cause of spinal cord compression, especially for the thoracic and thoracolumbar spinal cord, which has limited buffer space in the spinal canal. Spinal cord compression usually causes decreased sensation and paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence, and/or urinary retention, which brings great suffering to the patients and usually requires surgical intervention. Thoracotomy or abdominothoracic surgery is usually performed for the thoracolumbar cord compression caused by hard intervertebral disc herniation. However, there is high risk of trauma and complications with this surgery. To reduce the surgical trauma and obtain good visibility, we designed athoracic endoscopic-assisted mini-open surgery for thoracic and thoracolumbar disc herniation, and performed this procedure on 10 patients who suffered from hard thoracic or thoracolumbar spinal cord compression. During the procedure, the thoracic endoscopy provided clear vision of the surgical field with a good light source. The compression could be fully exposed and completely removed, and no nerve root injury or spinal cord damage occurred. All patients achieved obvious recovery of neurological function after this procedure. This technique possesses the merits of minimal trauma, increased safety, and good clinical results. The aim of this study is to introduce this thoracic endoscopic-assisted mini-open surgery technique, and we believe that this technique will be a good choice for the thoracic and thoracolumbar cord compression caused by hard intervertebral disc herniation.

目的：探讨选择性神经根封闭术在微创手术治疗不典型椎间盘突出症中的应用价值。方法：回顾分析11例行微创手术治疗的不典型椎间盘突出症患者采用选择性神经根封闭术进行定位诊断的效果及术后症状改善情况。其中男6例，女5例，平均年龄43.5岁。 JOA评分9~16分，平均12.2分。单节段单侧椎间盘突出而对侧下肢出现症状和体征的患者3例；多节段突出而神经定位体征不能明确“责任椎间盘”的患者5例；单节段间盘影像学表现明显，但下肢神经症状体征不典型，不能明确为椎间盘突出所致的患者3例。采用选择性神经根封闭术进行“责任椎间盘”诊断，根据封闭结果决定手术与否及手术节段。结果：10例患者经选择性神经根封闭术后，能够明确责任椎间盘，之后对责任椎间盘进行微创手术治疗（术式为椎间盘镜或椎间孔镜下椎板开窗、髓核摘除，神经根松解）。术后1周JOA评分18~25分，平均24分，改善率70.2%。术后3个月随访JOA评分平均26.8分，改善率达87%。1例患者经神经根封闭术后，没有出现一过性症状改善，故仍不能明确责任椎间盘，考虑为脊柱关节炎性疼痛，予以非甾体类抗炎药物等保守治疗后症状好转。结论：选择性神经根封闭术能有效地甄别不典型椎间盘突出症的责任椎间盘，也避免了因责任节段不明确而不得已扩大手术减压范围，是一种值得深入探索和推广的辅助诊断方式。