The present study describes the computational analysis and optimization of lead-free build perovskite solar cells (PSC) using different hole transport layer materials (HTLM). The proposed new design explores the environmentally friendly tin based perovskite structure i.e., Glass/FTO/PCBM/CH3NH3SnI3/HTL/Au. The focus of this paper is to boost the efficacy of lead-free PSC by implementation of distinct HTLM. In addition, the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell has been exacerbated with the optimization of thickness of the absorber film, the defect concentration, interface defect concentration, the acceptor density of the perovskite film and the quantum efficiency. The results have shown that with the use of Cu2O as a HTLM showed a remarkable efficiency of 28.57% compared to other hole transport layer materials. Finally, the results obtained make Cu2O as a potential candidate for the Tin based PSC.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis and exploration of a novel design approach for Perovskite Solar cells (PVKSC) that incorporates two absorber layers, with a specific focus on their potential applications in energy generation. This research employs a computational modeling approach to conduct a thorough examination of PVKSCs based on FASnI3/CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3. The primary objective of this study is to examine and choose the appropriate materials for the hole transport layer material (HTLM) and the electron transport layer material (ETLM). Additionally, the research aims to identify the optimal parameters for the active thickness layer, trap concentration, energy bandgap, interface trap concentration, and acceptor concentration for PVKSC. Through the optimization of the device's parameters, notable improvements are observed. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) is enhanced to 33.16 %, while the current density (Jsc) experiences an increase to 31.218 mA/cm2. Additionally, the open circuit voltage rises to 1.185 V, and the fill factor demonstrates improvement, reaching 89.58 %. These advancements are achieved by employing Zn3P2 as the HTLM and SnS2 as the ETLM in the design. This research emphasizes the optimistic prospects of lead-free PVKSC and presents novel opportunities for their advancement and utilization in diverse solar contexts.

Lead-free perovskite solar cells (PVSC) are emerging as a very relevant research topic in the modern environment era, where toxicity and stability are the two most significant hurdles for lead-based PVSC design. Existing lead-free perovskites suffer from the same inefficiency problems. The focus of this research is the development and analysis via SCAPS-1D simulator of Pb-free design of CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3/FASnI3 based PVSC. A numerical modelling programming tool is used to examine the influence of many critical parameters on device efficacy. These parameters include the decision of the optimal hole transport layer (HTL), optimal electron transport layer (ETL), doping density, the optimized thickness of both absorber layers, defect density, and interface defect density between numerous films. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 31.58%, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 29.239 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.202 V, and fill factor (FF) of 89.55% are all achieved by the optimized device architecture with MoS2 as the HTL and IGZO as the ETL. This demonstrates that high-performance lead-free PVSC can be achieved experimentally by further optimization of the device characteristics.

The current study examines the influence of different hole transport layers (HTL) and electron transport layers (ETL) on an environmentally friendly CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3 based perovskite solar cell. The numerical analysis of a novel heterojunction structure of FTO/WS2/CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3/Zn3P2/Pt was done using SCAPS software. Initially, a suitable HTL (i.e. Zn3P2) and ETL (WS2) were chosen after analyzing various inorganic HTL and ETL materials. The optimized thickness values of the perovskite film and HTL layer were also measured. Different physical parameters of layers were also measured, such as defect concentration, radiative recombination, energy bandgap of the absorber layer, interface defect concentration, and series and shunt resistances. These analyses revealed that optimizing these parameters improves the electrical rendition of the Tin-Ge-based perovskite solar cell. The photovoltaic cell’s energy conversion efficiency (ECE) value increased to 26.22%, current density (Jsc) to 27.182 mA/cm2, and open-circuit voltage (Voc) to 1.116 V, and fill factor (FF) to 86.40%.

This article discusses the numerical analysis of heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on cadmium telluride (CdTe) using the SCAPS‐1D software. A novel glass/FTO/SnO2/CdS/interdiffusion/CdTe/SnS2/Se photovoltaic cell design is proposed for investigation. Additionally, the effect of thickness variation in the p‐type CdTe film, thickness variation in the interdiffusion layer, defect density in the CdTe film, defect density in the interdiffusion layer, and acceptor concentration in the CdTe layer is studied in order to improve the photovoltaic cell's efficiency. The study determines an optimal thickness of 1 and 0.6 μm for the CdTe and interdiffusion layers, respectively, a defect density of 1 × 1014 cm−3 for the CdTe film and interdiffusion region, an interface defect density of 1 × 1010 cm−3 between CdTe/interdiffusion, SnS2/CdTe, and CdS/interdiffusion, and an acceptor concentration value of 8.5 × 1015 cm−3. The optimized CdTe photovoltaic cell structure with current density (Jsc) = 30.003 mA cm−2, open‐circuit voltage (Voc) = 1.061 V, and fill factor (FF) = 88.10% achieves a 28.07% efficiency, compared to the baseline CdTe photovoltaic cell structure with a 23.01% efficiency.

CdTe-based optical junction solar cells with the highest efficiency of 22.1% are becoming more and more famous in the photovoltaic cell market. Typical CdTe photovoltaic cell structure suffers from a high hindrance height at the rear of the proximity layer which obstructs the photovoltaic cell to reach theoretical efficiency of nearly 32%. To overcome this problem, a buffer layer of V2O5/Cu2O/NiO can be introduced at the CdTe back structure so that the height of the valence band barrier can be reduced to form an ohmic and stable contact between the Cadmium telluride film and the metal electrode. This paper shows the numeric simulation and optimization of Glass/FTO/SnO2/CdS/CdTe/BSF/BC novel photovoltaic cell structure for thin-film heterojunction cell applications using SCAPS-1D software. Effect of variations in CdTe width, CdTe acceptor density, CdS layer and CdTe defect density with V2O5/Cu2O/NiO structure were also examined. Results divulged that with the optimising of the film, the electrical properties of the solar cell are tremendously improved. The efficiency (Eta) is increased to 29.17%, open circuit voltage is 1.183 V, current density is 27.535 mA/cm(2) and fill factor is 89.47% for V2O5 case. Additionally, the Standard Deviation, Variance, Coefficient of Variation and Standard Error of various CdTe/BSF structures is determined. Simulation findings show that the use of vanadium pentoxide material in the CdTe structure can be considered as a possible and flair source for the new design of CdTe solar cells.

Perovskite solar cell (PSC) may become the foundation of the photovoltaic industry in the future as it possesses unique photovoltaic properties that are not found in other solar cells. The primary impediment to the commercialization of lead‐based PSC devices is their toxicity and stability. In this scenario, the photovoltaic parameters of a nonpolluting methyl ammonium germanium halide (CH 3 NH 3 GeI 3 ) PSC device are investigated using numerical modelling. Herein, different hole transport layer materials (HTPLMs) and electron transport layer materials (ETPLMs) are compared for the structure of germanium perovskite photovoltaic cells, and a suitable novel design FTO/SnS 2 /CH 3 NH 3 GeI 3 /Zn 3 P 2 /Au is chosen. Evaluating factors like thickness, defect density of the CH 3 NH 3 GeI 3 , Zn 3 P 2 , and Zn 3 P 2 layer, interface defect density of HTPLM/perovskite and ETPLM/perovskite, and the consequence of series and shunt resistance are all evaluated, and the optimal value is calculated. The results show that perovskite photovoltaic cells based on the Germanium structure have a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.98%, open‐circuit voltage = 1.26 V, current density = 23.781 mA cm −2 , and a fill factor of 86.70%. Furthermore, the temperature study analysis shows that the device's PCE decreases to 23.72% at 390 K.

A thin film based Cadmium Telluride photovoltaic cell is becoming highly competitive in the electric power industry. The major problem with the CdTe photovoltaic cell is the large barrier height behind the rear contact surface that prevents the solar cell to reach notional efficiency of 32%. A buffer layer is added to get a better result in terms of efficiency by reducing the valence barrier height at the rear contact surface of the CdTe photovoltaic cell. This manuscript presents the numerical simulation and optimization of ITO/TiO2/CdS/CdTe/MoS2/Au original photovoltaic cell structure using SCAPS 1D software. Furthermore, the effect of CdTe thickness, defect density, and acceptor density of MoS2 layer is discussed. Simulation results show that with the optimization of layer and parameters of the photovoltaic cell, efficacy of the p hotovoltaic cell is quite improved. With optimized solar cell, efficiency is improved to 26.49%, Voc = 1.141 V, Jsc = 27.690 mA/cm2, FF = 83.80% as compared to basic CdTe model which has an efficiency of 21.69%.

Abstract A new method to improve the strength of permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is proposed in this manuscript. It utilizes the principal of space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) & proportional integral control (PI). The SVPWM allows the motor to have a high voltage with low harmonic distortion than the typical sinusoidal pulse width modulation. The control technique which is used in this paper is the voltage-frequency control process which depends on space vector pulse width modulation. The triggering pulses of space vector pulse width modulation inverter which is been given to the motor enables the motor to have a bigger torque at high speeds & elevated efficiency. It also increases the use of DC link voltage & low output harmonic distortion than the typical sine pulse width modulation inverter. The suggested permanent magnet synchronous machine module that involves a field-oriented control method not only links torque & flux, but also facilitates control allocation. Finally investigation of the suggested model is examined and its results are been validated by the simulation.

Methylammonium lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSC) were suggested to use organic or inorganic hole transport materials to minimize the resistance of the photovoltaic cell. The main objective here is to try an effective method to increase the solar cell performance of lead-based halide PSC using different organic-inorganic materials to transport holes. For this reason, the consequence of many parameters on the performance of solar cells, such as perovskite thickness, defect density, and temperature variation, was investigated. The simulation of the device showed that the optimized thickness of the perovskite absorber was found at 0.450μm. Lead-based PSC with Cu2O and CuI as hole transport material have shown remarkable efficiency of 21.77% and 19.63%, respectively. Cu2O content could be the replacement material for Spiro-OMeTAD. Our simulation findings support a feasible route for the design of highly efficient and stable, low-cost perovskite solar cells.