The need for new and environmentally friendly 3D printer filament options is rising continuously. Reusing and recycling post-consumer plastic products is a promising path that can help save energy and the environment. The best appropriate material for fused deposition is determined by comparing virgin and reprocessed versions of Polypropylene (PP), High-density Polyethylene (HDPE), and Low-density Polyethylene (LDPE). Tensile strength, tensile modulus, and strain at break are among the mechanical characteristics that are assessed in comparison to standard 3D filament parameters. The results show that virgin and recycled HDPE and PP grades have good engineering qualities and are economically feasible, indicating that they can be used as substitute materials for 3D printing. These findings highlight the potential of recovered plastics to support environmentally friendly additive manufacturing procedures while solving plastic waste-related issues.

This study investigates the prediction and optimization of fracture toughness parameters of carbon fabric/epoxy composites enhanced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The composites were fabricated by hand layup method, and the effects of filler addition, crack length/specimen width ratio (a/W), and temperature were examined. Taguchi’s method was used for experimental optimization, while Random Forest was applied as the predictive modelling technique. Results revealed that fracture toughness improved with CNT addition, reaching optimum performance at 0.5 wt.% CNT, a/W ratio of 0.55, and room temperature (25 °C). The Taguchi analysis confirmed filler addition as the most influential factor, followed by temperature and a/W ratio. ANOVA indicated filler addition had the maximum influence, followed by temperature and a/W ratio. Comparative performance showed that Random Forest outperformed Taguchi’s method, with a lower mean squared error (MSE = 1.156 vs. 3.009), highlighting the superior predictive capability of machine learning. The results contribute to develop the composite materials with better fracture toughness for industrial and structural applications.

The assessment of the mechanical properties and wear behavior of 3D-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) and carbon fibre (CF)-reinforced composite was established at different applied load and sliding speed. The present study investigates the individual effect of carbon fiber reinforcement on tensile, flexural, impact, hardness and wear test. Thermoplastic PETG reinforced with carbon fibers exhibits remarkable enhancement in terms of mechanical characteristics. This includes an amazing increase of 50

There is a need for sustainable diesel alternatives addressing fuel depletion, price instability, and environmental impact. A nanofuel is developed by blending Nahar Biodiesel with a concentration of 150 ppm of TiO2 nanoparticles. The nanofuel, named NBD-TNP, is tested for increased fuel injection pressure (FIP) and variable engine loads (EL). The prepared nanofuel is tested in a 3.5 kW diesel engine. Five FIPs (200-280 bar with 20 bar increments after each set of experiments) and five ELs (20-100 % with 20 % increment after each set of experiments) are used to display the results. NBD-TNP nanofuel showed positive outcomes with an increased FIP of 260 bar. The maximum exergetic efficiency of 40.11 %, the maximum value of BTE of 29.22 %, and the maximum NHRR is 67.86 J/degrees CA for the FIP of 260 bar for NBD-TNP nano fuel at 100 % engine load. The lowest CO and HC emission for the NBD-TNP nanofuel at FIP is 260 bar for all ELs. The statistically optimized value obtained from RSM analysis is 47.95 % of EL and 263.45 bar of FIP for optimum values of response variables. The study concludes that the NBD-TNP nanofuel is a promising alternative for diesel fuel at an FIP of 260 bar.

The amount of fossil fuel usage in compression ignition (CI) engines is greatly reduced when biodiesel is used. The primary disadvantage of using biodiesel is that, due to its high viscosity, which causes fuels to remain unburned during the premixed combustion stage, leads to lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Gaseous fuels predominantly reducing emissions in CI engines due to its complete burning without leaving any carbon traces. Fuel injection pressure (FIP) is one of the factors which is influencing the combustion phase because they are used to optimize fuel particle atomization. The current study examines engine parameters for a dual fuel engine that runs on biodiesel blends made from 20 % methyl ester of chlorella protothecoides micro algae (B20MEOA) and acetylene gas under variable Fuel injection pressure (FIP) ranging from 200 bar to 240 bar with 10-bar steps. According to the experimental results, when 3 LPM of acetylene gas is supplied along with the intake air and B20MEOA supplied at a FIP of 240 bar, the emissions such as smoke opacity, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) are reduced by 16.9 %, 8.3 %, and 15.4 %, respectively, whereas the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) increases by approximately 7 % when compared to B20MEOA alone operation.

Abstract In present research the fracture behavior of carbon fabric‐epoxy composites (CE composites) was evaluated with the addition of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.75 weight percentages of carbon nano tubes (CNTs) at different temperatures. The CE composites with different wt.% of CNT were fabricated using land layup method and cured by hot pressing. The fracture toughness of fabricated composites was evaluated in mode–I condition at different temperature. From the results it was shown that the highest fracture toughness was observed at 0.75 wt.% of reinforcement of CNT functional fillers. The fracture toughness of 0.75 wt.% CNT filled CE composites was increased by 19.73% compared to unfilled CE composites. The fracture toughness of CNT filled CE composites diminishes with increase in temperature and the composite filled with 0.75 wt.% CNT exhibits better fracture toughness than the unfilled CE composite at all the temperatures. The fracture toughness was improved by 57.76% and 71.65% at 40 and 60°C, respectively, at 0.75 wt.% reinforcement of CNT fillers. The fractured surfaces of composites were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to study the filler contribution to enhance the fracture toughness and failure mechanism of composites.

Automotive safety encompasses various measures, including seat belts, airbags, and advanced driver assistance systems, to minimise the risk of accidents and protect vehicle occupants. Seat belts play a crucial role in restraining occupants during collisions, reducing the likelihood of serious injuries. A part of a vehicle’s seat belt system is commonly referred to as a “retractor spindle”. The seat belt webbing’s movement and tension are managed by the seat belt retractor spindle. The selection of spindle material is crucial for seat belt retraction and extraction, with aluminium alloy being favoured due to its light weight and high strength, ensuring efficient and reliable performance in automotive safety systems. In this regard, an attempt was made to create a simulation material model for AlSi9Cu3, which in turn led to a spindle break load simulation. For a specimen and a spindle made of the same material, experimental and finite element analyses were conducted. Specimen-level tests were carried out, and behaviour was studied using the MAT_ADD_EROSION damage model and the MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION material model in LS-Dyna. The obtained ultimate strain value was used create the material card. Spindle analysis was carried out with the same control cards and material cards. From the experimental tests and finite element analysis, we conclude that the proposed simulation material model for AlSi9Cu3 predicts the spindle breaking load and failure modes to acceptable levels.

Developing a wound strength measuring device for experimental animals involves a multidisciplinary approach that combines engineering, biology, and veterinary medicine. Such a device would help researchers assess the healing progress and strength of wounds in animals, enabling a better understanding of tissue regeneration and wound healing mechanisms. In this paper, We designed a mice holder along with a full experimental setup to apply load and measure the displacement automatically. Also, we carried out an experiment to measure load versus displacement.

The present investigation consists of wear characterization of epoxy composites reinforced with nickel-coated short carbon fiber (NCEp) filled with Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nano particles. The NCEp composites were prepared using open mold technology with 60

The primary goal of this research is to examine an impact of micro and nano boron carbide (B4C) particles addition on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Al7075 alloy composites. Composites were made by adding varying amounts (4 wt

In the current study, a two-stage stir cast process wasused toproduce Al6082 reinforced with sized graphite particulates, and thematerial's mechanical and tribological properties were analyzed.The graphite content in the Al6082 alloy was increased from 2 to 6%in steps of 2 wt %. The impact of graphite addition to Al6082 wasevaluated using microstructural micrographs, hardness test, tensiletest, and wear test outcomes. The matrix alloy's microstructureand particle distribution were analyzed using scanning electron microscopyand energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The microstructure of Al6082 showsthat the reinforcement particles are evenly distributed throughoutthe matrix. Although the hardness of metal-matrix compositeswas slightly reduced when graphite was added at concentrations ofup to 6 wt %, the material's tensile strength and wear resistancewere significantly improved. Micrographs taken by a microscope wereused to examine the fractured surfaces of tensile test specimens.Wear experiments were performed using a conventional pin-on-disc tribometerto examine the tribological properties of both unreinforced matrixand graphite composites. With the addition of 2, 4, and 6 wt % ofgraphite particles, the composites' wear resistance was significantlyimproved. Wear of alloys and their composites was analyzed to determinehow load and sliding speed impacted wear loss.

The addition of fillers to polymer composites induces a positive influence on the mechanical and tribological properties of the hybrid composites. These properties can be validated for possible uses such as automobile, construction, shipping, aerospace, sports equipment, electronics, and biomedical domains. In the present research, epoxy matrix reinforced with nylon-6 fibers and glass fibers were prepared using the solution blend technique. Alumina nanoparticles are added as fillers to enhance the properties of epoxy hybrid composites. The large surface area of interaction of nanofillers exhibits better adhesion between matrix and fibers of composites, and it significantly affects the various properties of composites. The tribological characteristics of fabricated epoxy hybrid composites were evaluated under various parameters and conditions. The results revealed that the addition of nanofiller significantly reduces the wear loss of epoxy hybrid nanocomposites. The wear resistance of epoxy hybrid composites increased with increase in addition of nanofiller up to 1.0%, and it slightly decreased with the further addition of filler. The Taguchi analysis was carried out for the least coefficient of friction and specific wear rate. The analysis found that the specific wear rate and coefficient of friction mainly depend on load, followed by speed and nanofiller. The fractured and worn surface of Al2O3-filled epoxy hybrid composites was analysed using SEM.

As the engineering polymers are initiated to use in most of the critical structural applications analysis of fracture toughness behaviour of polymeric materials has become important in recent years. This review article gives an insight about effect of various parameter on fracture toughness polymer composites. It comprises the various test methods of fracture toughness and describes the utmost important parameters effect on fracture toughness of polymer matrix composites. Fracture toughness of polymer matrix composites mainly depends on type of constituents used as matrix and reinforcement. Addition of fillers modifies the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of polymer matrix composites. In addition to material parameters, operating temperature, thickness also plays the crucial role on fracture toughness of polymer composites. This article gives the comprehensive review on parameters which effects the fracture toughness of polymer composites.

Polymer systems like epoxies are seldom used in the manufacturing of structures on their own since their mechanical properties are not very high. The matrix system of materials is availed by the process of thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer and the corresponding filler material or reinforcement used are of ceramic, metal, carbon, particulates or fibres. In this work hybrid fibre reinforced epoxy composites are fabricated and tested with the intention of improving the mechanical properties of the composites for use in various applications like automobiles, aerospace, civil engineering, military, motorsports etc. Samples of epoxy composites, reinforced with various combinations of carbon, glass, and nylon fibres have been prepared by varying the amount of one of the fibres, using hand layup technique. This technique involves placing layers of composite fibre in a sequence layup using epoxy matrix and hardener, then subjecting to uniform pressure under room temperature. The composite materials so produced are tested for their mechanical properties according to ASTM standards. With varying fibre contents, a notable variation in mechanical properties was observed. The samples fabricated by combining various quantities of different fibres, exhibited the best mechanical properties. The effect of hybridization and fibre content on the mechanical properties results in improved strength and stiffness for glass fibre and nylon fibre but reduces the impact strength, which can be improved by the addition of nylon fibre.

In this work, SiC particles were partially replaced with agro-based Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PKSA) in Al6063-SiC-based composites and the impact of two mould types on their tensile and corrosion properties was investigated. Tensile, corrosion and microscopic tests were carried out on the stir cast produced composites. The composite produced with metal mould had the highest UTS and elongation at 193.55 MPa and 19.15%, respectively. The lowest corrosion penetration rate and current density were achieved with the composite produced using metal mould at 0.000739 mm/yr and 6.36E-08 A/cm2, respectively. The presence of agglomerated particles in microstructures of Al6063-SiC-PKSA composites produced with sand mould can be attributed to their general lower tensile and corrosion properties in comparison with the composites produced with metal mould. This study showed that the use of metal mould is better than sand mould for production of Al6063-SiC-PKSA composites with enhanced tensile and corrosion properties.

The main objective here is to save our environment from the plastics. The plastic disposal is the biggest crisis for mankind all over the world. The 'SWACH BHARATH' mission is almost incomplete till we find a way for the disposal of waste plastic. Generally, when we talk about waste, it is always 90% plastic. By keeping this as the main motto, we must look into reuse of plastics instead of their disposal. Since plastic is not digestible in nature for prolonged years, reuse is the only solution. In this project we are going to develop p Waste Plastic and Waste Paper Composites (WPWPC). This will effectively utilize waste plastics and convert them into useful products. The Lapox-L12 is used as resin and K-6 as hardener for the combination. The tensile compression, bending and water absorption test will be conducted to check its compatibility.

It is found that farmers cultivate small landholdings by traditional method. Further, the total holding of land is not located in one place, rather, it is scattered as split plots in several places. This often restricts power operated tilling, seeding and harvesting machines to perform at optimal efficiency. Even two wheel tractors, reapers and combines face tremendous problems of frequent turnings in such fragmented lands. On the other hand, most of the rural people are poor and hardly can buy a costly machine individually. They use these machines in their own lands and also operate them on hiring basis in others' lands and earn a substantial return. But, the number of such farmers is limited. Providing efficient and improved small machineries to the present day farmers is the need of the hour. In order to achieve the maximum returns, these small gadgets need to be designed and developed efficiently and tested thoroughly to ascertain their field performance before they reach to the farmers. The proposed idea implements the Vehicle to perform the functions such as tilling, transplanting, harvesting, water pumping, transportation, mud levelling and seed drilling. These functions can be integrated into a single vehicle with multi attachments run with the help of power take off. This project report describes the conceptual design of multipurpose power tiller with tilling, transplanting and harvesting attachment. Simplified transmission system gear box has been designed and analysed based on the region specific requirement on the tiller. Further it details the calculation of required speed ratio and structure of all 1st, 2nd, 3rd, reverse gear and power take off systems designed using CREO-parametric and solid works software. Theoretical stress analysis of the gears is calculated by Lewis bending equation (bending stress), Hertz theory of contact stress and Ansys software to find out the overall robustness of the gear system.

In the present research work, mechanical and wear behavior of Al2014 reinforced with micro-sized titanium carbide (TiC) particulates were fabricated by using two-stage stir cast process; mechanical and wear properties were investigated. The amount of TiC in the composite was added from 4 percent (%) to 8% in 4 weight percent increments. The different types of Al2014-TiC specimens were prepared for conduction of mechanical and wear characteristics in accordance with ASTM standards. Microstructural micrographs, hardness test, tensile test and wear test results were used to evaluate the effect of TiC addition to Al 2014. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDS) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were used to examine the microstructure and distribution of particulates in the matrix alloy. In the Al2014 matrix, microstructure analysis indicates a consistent distribution of reinforcing micro-particles. The attributes of the MMCs, including hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance, were improved by adding up to 8 wt% of TiC. Fractured surfaces of tensile test specimens were studied using SEM micrographs. The standard pin-on-disc tribometer device was used to conduct the wear experiments; the wear characteristics of unreinforced matrix and TiC-reinforced composites were investigated. The composites wear resistance was increased by adding 4 and 8 wt% of TiC particles. Impact of load and sliding speed on volumetric wear loss was studied, and both affected the wear of alloy and its composites. Wear behavior is optimized by the Taguchi technique. Wear surface morphology and wear debris analysis were carried out to know various wear mechanisms.