Первые научные прогнозы о возможном влиянии электромагнитного поля (ЭМП) мобильных телефонов на здоровье человека были сделаны в 1996-2008 гг. Тогда прогнозировался рост числа случаев злокачественных новообразований и нераковых заболеваний нервной системы. В настоящее время национальная медицинская статистика показывает тенденции роста заболеваемости по отдельным классам болезней, которые ранее были включены в прогнозы. Данные о росте заболеваемости наиболее заметны в группе детей 15-17 лет. The first scientific predictions about the possible impact of the electromagnetic field of mobile phones on human health were made in 1996-2008. Then an increase in the number of cases of malignant neoplasms and non-cancerous diseases of the nervous system was predicted. Now the national medical statistics show trends in the growth of morbidity for certain classes of diseases that were included in the forecasts. Data on the increase in morbidity are most noticeable in the group of children aged 15-17 years.

Показано, что рост числа пользователей мобильными телефонами повышает вероятность влияния электромаг- нитного поля (ЭМП) на здоровье человека в масштабах населения страны. Обоснованы практические решения для снижения персонального риска здоровью при использовании мобильных телефонов и смартфонов. Предложены практические рекомендации по соблюдению элементарных гигиенических принципов при работе с мобильным телефоном, которые необходимо доводить до каждого пользователя, что поможет ему осознанно выбирать режим работы мобильных устройств. It is shown that an increase in the number of users of mobile phones increases the probability of the influence of the electromagnetic field on human health across the countrys population. Practical solutions to reducing personal risk to health when using mobile phones and smartphones are substantiated. Practical recommendations are offered for observing basic hygiene principles when working with a mobile phone, which must be brought to each user, which will help him to consciously choose the mode of use of mobile devices.

В статье приводятся новые сведения о семейно-профессиональных связях изобретателя радио А.С. Попова и первых исследователей биологических эффектов электромагнитного поля в Российской Империи. Впервые описана в совокупности и проанализирована структура семейно-профессиональных связей семьи А.С. Попова, включавшая докторов медицины, физиологов, электрофизиков, работавших совместно в области исследований биоэффектов «электромагнетизма» в конце XIX–начале XX веков. Эти связи способствовали защите первой в Российской Империи медико-биологической диссертации по непосредственному действию электромагнитного поля на человека (П.И. Ижевский, Императорская Военно-медицинская академия, 1900 г.) и к защите первой в Императорском Томском университете диссертации по медицине, посвященной физиологическим эффектам действия "электричества на расстоянии" (Н.С. Спасский, 1901 г.). Профессор Попов оказал непосредственное влияние на первые медико-биологические исследования электромагнитного поля в Российской Империи. Professor Aleksandr Popov, the principal inventor of the practical radio, had an influence on the first biomedical researches of the electromagnetic field in the Russian Empire. The results of analyses of Popov’s family structure and professional contacts, show group of doctors of medicine, physiologists, electrophysicists, who worked together in research on the bioeffects of "electromagnetism" in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Family and professional contacts were helpful for creating of the first dissertation in the Russian Empire on the research of the effect of an electromagnetic field on a persons (P.I. Izhevsky, Imperial Military Medical Academy, 1900) and for the first dissertation on medicine in the Imperial Tomsk University, devoted to the action of "the electricity at distance" on alive biological objects (N.S. Spassky, 1901).

Представлены результаты научно-исторической реконструкции первого эксперимента по исследованию биологических эффектов электромагнитного поля в Российской Империи. Оригинальная работа была выполнена профессором В.Я. Данилевским и приват-доцентом С.И. Костиным в 18871889 годах и с тех пор не повторялась, хотя результаты их работы стали фундаментом для формирования теории биоэффектов электромагнетизма. Проведен анализ схемы оригинального источника электромагнитного поля XIX века и качественно воспроизведены условия облучения изолированного нервно-мышечного препарат лягушки. Наши данные качественно и количественно соответствуют результатам ряда опытов Данилевского и Костина. Следовательно, мы адекватно понимаем содержание первых научных работ, выполненных сто двадцать лет назад. Подтверждена научная гипотеза о единстве физиологического механизма действия электричества и электричества на расстоянии в условиях опыта Данилевского и Костина. The results of the scientific-historical reconstruction of the first experiment for research of the biological effects of the electromagnetic field in the Russian Empire are presented. The original research was made by Professor V.Ya. Danilevsky and Associate Professor S.I. Kostin in 18871889 and has not been replicated since then, although the results of their research became the foundation for the theory of bio-effects of electromagnetism. The electrical scheme of the original source of the electromagnetic field of the 19th century was analyzed and the exposure conditions were reproduced for of the isolated neuromuscular preparation of the frogs. Our data qualitatively and quantitatively correspond to the results of the general experiments by Prof. Danilevsky and Dr. Kostin. Consequently, we are correctly understand the protocol and results of the first experimental research of bio-effects of electromagnetism. The scientific hypothesis about the unity of the physiological mechanism of the action of electricity and electricity at a distance in the conditions of the experiment of Prof. Danilevsky and Dr. Kostin is confirmed.

The article contains the analysis of modern approaches to determining the limits of the electromagnetic field of radio frequencies. The international discussion about the safe limits of electromagnetic radiation has been going on for half a century. In the 21st century, the national policy of electromagnetic safety is determined by the socio-economic priorities of countries and national legal principles of evidence of harm to health to a greater extent, than scientific data. There are three main approaches to determining the limits of electromagnetic fields. The Anglo-Saxon approach is based on the principle of passive regulation, i.e. using the recommended values of the permissible level of the electromagnetic field. The Soviet-Russian approach is based on establishing the maximum permissible level of the electromagnetic field, which guarantees no harm to present and future generations. The term of the maximum permissible level is historically associated with the concept of the priority of the nervous system responses to the influence of the electromagnetic factor. The state assumes responsibility for the scientific justification of the limit levels and implements the control functions for their observance, which allows excluding any harm to health. The third approach is based on the precautionary principle, the concept of which was first introduced in German law. It is aimed at preventing harm, in the absence of unambiguous, reliable scientific data and, in fact, it is a socially-oriented approach that takes into account social consensus in the context of the development of new technologies. Respectively, this approach implies strict maximum permissible levels (technically achievable), as well as a system of formal restrictions on placement of the electromagnetic field sources in the “susceptible” territories. Separately from the above approaches, a method of managing the safety of the electromagnetic environment in China has been formed: since 2015, electromagnetism has been fully attributed to environmental factors and is controlled by the Ministry of environmental protection. China has abandoned the hygienic regulation of the anthropogenic electromagnetic field, and the system, for establishing and monitoring the electromagnetic environment indices, combines elements of all three mentioned above approaches.

Now electroshock devices are used as a civilian weapon for self-defense and as a non-lethal weapon in the police. Therefore, medical-biological safety testing of electroshock devices should be carried out. Development of hygienic regulations is relevant as well. The aim of our work is the study of the biological effects of pulsed current depending on the pulse frequency, pulse amplitude and exposure. Material and methods. We compared the biological effects with varying frequency of the current pulse (50, 400, and 600 Hz) with varying exposure (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 s.). Average pulse power in all cases was equal, and the pulse energy was different. Experiments were performed on rabbits. Biological effects of stun device were evaluated by clinical lesions, as well as electrophysiological parameters: ECG and electro-pneumogram. Results. Response was observed only in the current period (0.25 s, 0.5 s or 1 s) was disorientation, convulsing, dyspnea. The degree of severity of the reaction was determined by a combination of pulse repetition frequency and exposure. Immediately after switching off the current noted vocalization, decreased heart rate and breathing. Heart rate and respiration in 5 minutes back to the normal values. Conclusions. In the results of the research has got a comparative classification organism's response (based on a points system) as well as the characteristic of the biological response of the individual systems of the body on the parameters of the current pulse.

The federal law About Weapons permits the use of electroshock devices if they are safe for people. We developed requirements for the procedure medical-biological testing on the safety of electroshock devices. We did an experimental study assessing medical-biological safety of electroshock devices. The assessment is based on a point system, which use ranges of biological effects. The experiments were performed in rabbits. We used 13 electroshock devices with different characteristics. Electroshock devices were made in Russia. We found that the response of a biological object to inrush current included convulsions, respiratory and cardiac activity. We analyzed the biological effects of pulsed current electroshock device obtained in experimental conditions. It is concluded that the characteristic clinical and physiological response to the action of electric current is pulsepolyparametric and depending on a combination of characteristics and condition of the electric impulse influence object.

Uncertainties in the use of some terms in the dosimetry of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields are discussed. We have come to the conclusion that the term conventionally applied in the Russian literature to describe the absorbed energy is an incorrect translation of the international term "Specific Absorption Rate" (SAR). The main error in the Russian term is that the energy rather than the rate is absorbed. More precise Russian definition for this term is suggested by analogy with the dosimetry of ionizing radiation. In this case, the dimension of this parameter remains without any change.

Population lives under new electromagnetic conditions: constant round-the-clock compulsory chronic exposure of all groups of population to modulated wide spectrum of EMF RF during the work of base stations of mobile communication; daily and lifelong (from childhood) exposure of the brain to EMF RF of the mobile phone. Effects of exposure to EMF RF of low levels are presented. Results of research into chronic EMF RF exposure are absent. International recommendations and domestic guidelines do not take into account the changing conditions of EMF RF influence on the population: the brain has become a critical body, and children have been included in the risk group. Population actively continues to use mobile communication. In this situation estimation of the risks from mobile communication has become a social and ethical problem.

This paper presents the results of the study of the effects of long-term low-level exposure of rats to microwaves. Rats were exposed in far field to 2450 MHz continuous wave fields providing an incident power density at the cages of 500 microW/cm2 for 7 hours daily for a total of 30 days resulting in a whole-body SAR of 0.16 +/- 0.04 W/kg. Three groups (EMF-exposure, sham-exposure and cage-control) were formed, each consisting of 16 rats. Circulating antibodies (IgA, IgG and IgM) directed against 16 chemical substances were evaluated in coded serum from each group of rats by enzyme multiplied analysis (ELISA test). An increased amount of compounds resulting from interaction of amino acids with nitric oxide (NO) or its derivatives (NO2-Tyrosine, NO-Arginine, NO-Cysteine + NO-Bovine Serum Albumin, NJ-Methionine + NO-Asparagine + No-Histidine, NO-BTrypnohan + NJ-Tyrosin), fatty acids with small chains, hydroxylated fatty acids, palmitic/myristic/oleic acid, AZE (product of oxidation of fatty acids) was found in blood serum from EMF-exposed rats. As a rule, antibodies to conjugated antigens were seen for IgM, rarely seen for IgG and were completely absent for IgA. The levels of antibodies were higher on day 7 after the exposure compared to those on day 14 after the exposure.

In researches with participation of volunteers bioeffects of short-term non-thermal radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF) exposure were studied. The basic form of brain's reaction was the amplification of energy in a-range in electroencephalogram (EEG) spectra. Dependence of these changes, not only due to the changes of the exposure parameters, but also due to personal EEG typological features was shown. Moderate degree of the alpha frequencies domination in the background promoted development of reaction of a brain to the RF EMF exposure. To a lesser degree it was shown at hyperactivity of this range and, practically, was absent in the conditions of theta- or beta2-range domination in the EEG background with the open and closed eyes. The combination of RF EMF exposure and monotonous activity has authentically strengthened result, keeping the basic form of reaction (energy amplification in the alpha range of EEG spectrum) and dependence on EEG typological features.

This paper describes the conditions for handling and exposure of experimental animals (Wistar rats) and methods used in the study of immunological effects of long-term low-level (500 microW/cm2) exposure to radiofrequency (2450 MHz) electromagnetic fields, performed under auspices of the World Health Organization.

Mobile communications provides a new source of electromagnetic exposure for almost the whole population of the Russian Federation. For the first time in the history of civilization the brain of mobile phone users was exposed to localized radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). Population exposure from the base stations is also considered to be specific. However, existing standards for limiting the exposure do not account for this special EMF source and may not ensure the absence of health effects. There was a need for reliable information that would extend databases used for development of new standards. As recommended by the World Health Organization an additional experiment was performed under the supervision of foreign experts, which showed changes in autoimmune status in rats after long-term low-level RF EMF exposure with an incident power density of 500 microW/cm2.

This paper presents the results of the study of immunological effects of long-term low-level exposure of rats to microwaves. Rats were exposed in the far field to 2450 MHz continuous wave fields providing an incident power density at the cages of 500 microW/cm2 for 7 hours daily for a total of 30 days, resulting in a whole-body SAR of 0.16 +/- 0.04 W/kg. Effects of the exposure on immunological parameters in the brain and liver of rats were studied using Complement Fixation Test at low temperature (4 degrees C). Three groups ("EMF-exposure", "sham-exposure" and cage-control) were formed, each consisting of 16 rats. On the 14th day after the 30-day exposure, titers of antibodies against brain tissue were 0.69 +/- 0.08 in the cage-control group, 0.89 +/- 0.05 in the sham-exposed group and 1.19 +/- 0.07 in the EMF-exposed group. The appearance of antibodies against liver antigens was less. The increase in titres of antibodies against brain homogenates in the sham-exposed and EMF-exposed groups could be explained by the stress-reaction of the animals and autoimmunization of organism.