the original meaning of “areas peripheral to Pleistocene ice sheets and glaciers” (Lozinski 1909) to one which stresses the distinctive processes of freeze-thaw and permafrost formation. In spite of the comment by Worsley (2004) that the term periglacial has no universally accepted definition, there are really only two options that are in common use: a) an environment of frequent freeze-thaw cycles and deep seasonal freezing (encompassing about 35% of the earth’s continental surface and/or b) a permafrost environment (only 20%). The international journal Permafrost and Periglacial Processes implies the broader definition. We therefore conclude that the definition of periglacial is not contentious. Not only are we comfortable with the idea of periglacial processes, but equally there is agreement over the approximate extent of past and present periglacial environments, depending on whether the narrower or broader definition above is used. The situation is not so clear in the context of the terms “proglacial” and “paraglacial”, especially since the publication of a major paper on paraglacial geomorphology (Ballantyne 2002a). French (2007) has a nice discussion on this issue in which he notes that the proglacial environment, which refers specifically to ice-marginal conditions, is a periglacial environment in the original sense of Lozinski. Proglacial systems, sediment-landform associations and landform assemblages

Kovanen, D. J. & Slaymaker, O. 2005 (May): Fluctuations of the Deming Glacier and theoretical equilibrium line altitudes during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene on Mount Baker, Washington, USA. Boreas , Vol. 34, pp. 157–175. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483. The Deming Glacier is presently nourished by an ice-cap type accumulation area on Mount Baker (3285 m a.s.l.). The specific meso-scale (>10km) form and isolation of the Mount Baker stratovolcano seem to influence temperature and precipitation gradients (contemporary climate data). These data are used as a reference when calculating paleo-equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs). Six radiocarbon dates are reported, between 10 680 70 and 10 500 70 14 C yr BP (12 903–12 183 cal. yr BP) from detrital logs in drift that were buried during an advance of the Deming Glacier (altitude 3230–1158 m) during possibly the Younger Dryas interval. The calculated range of theoretical ELA depressions (ΔELA) relative to modern is 400–355 m using two different methods. Assuming no change in precipitation, ablation-season temperature would have been 2.5–2.2C cooler, which is consistent with other paleoclimatic reconstructions in this region. Alternatively, assuming that the modern reference climate is appropriate, and based on regressions of modern-day glacial conditions, the predicted mean winter precipitation necessary to support the former Deming Glacier was in the order of 200–150% (mean 175%) or 119–86% (mean 103%). This amount of precipitation could result from reinvigorated moisture transport into the North Cascades and increased seasonality at the end of the last glaciation.

Ecosystem management is an approach to natural resource planning that theoretically places environmental issues on an equal footing with the economic concerns that dominate resource use. This approach recognizes the importance of both a healthy environment and access to natural resources. Each of these factors is an implicit element of human security, a political concept that promotes the protection of human lives and livelihoods. Ecosystem management acknowledges the role of humans as an integral part of the ecosystem; however, it does not define the ways in which humans and the ecosystem interact. This lack of definition makes the practical application of ecosystem management difficult. In this paper, we examine the application of ecosystem management principles in British Columbia’s Clayoquot Sound. We propose that human security can act as an imperative for the expanded consideration of social networks and environmental pathways in the practice of ecosystem management. Theories from the social and natural sciences are supplied to support the science-based application of ecosystem management. These underpinnings enable managers to better define ecosystem boundaries and to integrate expanded social networks into management plans.

The glacial geomorphology of the Waterville Plateau (ca. 55 km(2)) provides information on the dynamics of the Okanogan Lobe, southern sector of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in north-central Washington. The Okanogan Lobe had a profound influence on the landscape. It diverted meltwater and floodwater along the ice front contributing to the Channeled Scabland features during the late Wisconsin (Fraser Glaciation). The glacial imprint may record surge behaviour of the former Okanogan Lobe based on a comparison with other glacial landsystems. Conditions that may have promoted instability include regional topographic constraints, ice marginal lakes and dynamics of the subglacial hydrological system, which probably included a subglacial reservoir. The ice-surface morphology and estimated driving stresses (17-26 kPa) implied from ice thickness and surface slope reconstructed in the terminal area also suggest fast basal flow characteristics. This work identifies the location of a fast flowing ice corridor and this probably affected the stability and mass balance of the south-central portion of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Evidence for fast ice flow is lacking in the main Okanogan River Valley, probably because it was destroyed during deglaciation by various glacial and fluvial processes. The only signature of fast ice flow left is the imprint on the Waterville Plateau. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Ecosystem management is an approach to natural resource planning that theoretically places environmental issues on an equal footing with the economic concerns that dominate resource use. This approach recognizes the importance of both a healthy environment and access to natural resources. Each of these factors is an implicit element of human security, a political concept that promotes the protection of human lives and livelihoods. Ecosystem management acknowledges the role of humans as an integral part of the ecosystem; however, it does not define the ways in which humans and the ecosystem interact. This lack of definition makes the practical application of ecosystem management difficult.In this paper, we examine the application of ecosystem management principles in British Columbia's Clayoquot Sound. We propose that human security can act as an imperative for the expanded consideration of social networks and environmental pathways in the practice of ecosystem management. Theories from the social and natural sciences are supplied to support the science-based application of ecosystem management. These underpinnings enable managers to better define ecosystem boundaries and to integrate expanded social networks into management plans.

根据对柱样沉积物 21’ Pb定年及有机碳、硫和有机碳同位素含量分析,研究万泉河口沉积环境演变。硫和δ 13 C均自19世纪初期开始持续减少,硫从1.92％逐渐减少到0.36％,δ 13 C从-20.63‰减少到-23.64‰。C/S比在20世纪之前一直很稳定,处于0.47～0.80之间,有机碳与硫呈正相关;在此之后,C/S比急剧增加,至表层为3.94,硫的含量与有机碳的增加没有相关关系。结果表明在19世纪之前万泉河口尚为开阔的海湾,处于正常海洋环境,未形成被沙坝围封的泻湖,海水能够直接出入。19世纪初期开始,随着玉带滩沙坝向北发育,河口逐渐被围拦成泻湖型,进入的海水量逐渐减少;在19与20世纪之交,水体已开始明显淡化,发展成为今天近乎淡水的泻湖。

New geomorphic data from the Lake Terrell uplands along the western margin of the Fraser Lowland in Washington reveal moraines (and (or) a complex grounding zone) and raised marine terraces. A large ridge that almost encircles the upland is asymmetric, and its surface material consists of fine- to coarse-grained diamictons. These ridges are argued to have formed adjacent to an ice margin near the marine limit, where the depositional processes are variable (e.g., ice-rafted rainout, dumping, sediment gravity flow). Multiple crests and crosscutting relations suggest that at least two glacial resurgences occurred during deglaciation of this area. The presence of these features, and their probable extent and stratigraphic position, raise several questions about relative sea-level history and ice margin reconstructions for this area.

210Pb geochronology and sediment core profiles of organic carbon, total sulfur and organic carbon isotope (δ13C) values were used to reconstruct the local environmental history of the Shamei Lagoon, located in the Wanquan River Estuary, eastern Hainan Island, China. Total sulfur and δ13C values decreased upwards in the top 30 cm of a sediment core that spanned the last 200 years of deposition. Total sulfur concentration and δ13C values respectively decreased upward from 1.92% to 0.36%, and −20.63‰ to −23.64‰ The C/S ratio in the 19th century and earlier was relatively stable in the range of 0.47–0.80, and there was a positive correlation between organic carbon and total sulfur. Since around 1900 AD, the C/S ratio increased rapidly to a maximum of 3.94, but no simple correlation was found between organic carbon and total sulfur during this more recent period. These results indicated that before 1800 AD, the lagoon had a fully marine character, and the location of today’s Wanquan River Estuary was an open embayment. From 1800 to 1900, the salinity of Shamei Lagoon decreased noticeably. The amount of seawater which could enter the lagoon decreased gradually as the Yudai spit grew. Today, seawater scarcely affects the lagoon; it is essentially a freshwater basin.

Human society affects environmental change but is also vulnerable to these changes. This relation has generated a number of theories that either focus on how we affect the environment or how the environment affects us. Few theories explicitly focus on the interaction. This paper will establish the range of data required to give an assessment of how likely an ecosystem is to change (which we label environmental sensitivity) and the ability of communities to adapt (social resilience). These findings allow us to generate a new method for assessing the reflexive relation between society and the environment.

Canadian research contributions to quantity, quality and ecology of surface waters during 1995-1998 (182 items) are summarized under six headings: understanding the pristine hydrological system (49); climate variability and hydrological systems (23); streamflow data, modelling and simulation (23); regional, international and flood hydrology (31); land use effects on the hydrological system (35); and sustainability of hydrological systems (21). The most encouraging developments have occurred in increased understanding of the inter-connectedness of components of the hydrological cycle and, especially, of the links between biosphere and hydrosphere. Canadian hydrologists also have played a significant role in global environmental change research and in applied development research. The most discouraging development has been the collapse of the national water monitoring programme and the decay of integrated experimental research areas. The overall impression is that hydrology in Canada is a maturing discipline; the physical, chemical and biological components are becoming less isolated; and anthropogenic impacts on surface water are more frequently considered to fall within the purview of hydrological science. The role of hydrology in relation to sustainability is increasingly actively debated. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Although British Columbia experiences many natural hazards, there is as yet no unified policy to promote natural hazard management in the province. The problem is not in the quantity and quality of geoscience assessment of natural hazards, but instead, it is suggested, in the isolation of that work from broader risk perspectives and in the lack of clarity of division of responsibilities between various levels of government. The example of recent changes in perception of the terrain stability problem illustrates how natural hazard problems are driven by social and political priorities rather than by geoscience priorities.

Earth Surface Processes and LandformsVolume 22, Issue 8 p. 796-797 Book Review Book Review: Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster (second edition) by K. Smith, Routledge, London and New York, 1996. No. of pages: xxiii+389. Price: £17.99 (pb). ISBN 041512203 1, 041512204 x. O. Slaymaker, Corresponding Author O. Slaymaker Department of Geography, University of British ColumbiaDepartment of Geography, University of British ColumbiaSearch for more papers by this author O. Slaymaker, Corresponding Author O. Slaymaker Department of Geography, University of British ColumbiaDepartment of Geography, University of British ColumbiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 December 1998 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199708)22:8<796::AID-ESP771>3.0.CO;2-EAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume22, Issue8August 1997Pages 796-797 RelatedInformation