Breast cancer remains among the most prevalent malignancies affecting women globally. Current treatment approaches, including mastectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, often fail to prevent cancer recurrence and can result in substantial tissue damage, esthetic concerns, and diminished quality of life. Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting, stem cell‐based technologies, and MXene nanomaterials show promise in tissue repair and cancer treatment. However, there is a lack of strategies that can offer multiple effects, preventing both breast tissue regeneration and tumor recurrence. In this study, we developed 3D hydrogel scaffolds incorporating stem cells and MXene quantum dots (MQDs) for in vivo application in a mouse model of breast cancer. We compared cellular, acellular, cellular MQD, and acellular MQD scaffolds transplanted into mouse after tumor resection and mastectomy. Notably, the acellular MQD group showed no tumor recurrence by day 14. It demonstrated superior tissue regeneration, confirmed by histological and immunostaining analyses. As a result, we offer a nanotechnological 3D scaffold based on hydrogel with dual functionality in preventing tumor recurrence and facilitating tissue regeneration. This innovative approach has the potential to revolutionize breast cancer treatment by reducing dependence on chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, it offers a promising alternative for improving patient treatment outcomes.

Exosomes, nanoscale extracellular vesicles, have emerged as promising carriers in drug delivery due to their ability to bypass biological barriers, low toxicity, high stability, and intrinsic targeting capabilities. Mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes (EXOMSC), with their natural tropism toward the tumor microenvironment, offer an ideal platform for enhancing therapeutic cargo delivery. In this study, we demonstrate an approach where red-emission chlorophyll-based carbon dots (Chl-CDs) were encapsulated within EXOMSC through a cell-driven uptake mechanism, creating CD@EXOMSC. These exosomes achieved superior photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy, requiring 40 times less nanomaterial compared to freestanding Chl-CDs. Mechanistic insights from glioblastoma cell miRNA profiling revealed that the enhanced efficacy was mediated by the regulation of efflux transporter genes, oxidative stress responses, and endocytosis pathways. This work highlights the synergistic potential of combining photosensitizers and miRNA-rich exosomes to achieve targeted and sustained therapeutic delivery, paving the way for a multifaceted approach in cancer therapy.

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of bee venom on the proliferation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells and wound healing. For this purpose, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from canine adipose tissue and bee venom samples were collected from Apis mellifera anatoliaca in Muğla province of Türkiye. Cell viability test was performed on mesenchymal stem cells exposed to various concentrations (40 ppm, 20 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 2.5 ppm, 1.25 ppm, 0.625 ppm and 0.312 ppm) of bee venom. And wound healing test was performed on cells treated with the doses (5 ppm, 2.5 ppm, 1.25 ppm, 0.625 ppm) and imaged every two hours for 16 hours. According to the results of our study's cell proliferation assay and wound healing test, bee venom had no proliferative effect on mesenchymal stem cells within the defined dose range. The study's outcomes may be enhanced by investigating the effect of bee venom on mesenchymal stem cells in combination with other substances or by improving the bee venom's purification process. Even while we have a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of bee venom components, there are still a lot of unanswered questions on the subject. It is believed that figuring out how bee venom affects wound healing may be useful for advancing wound care in both veterinary and human medicine.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the toxic effects of biocidal and nano silver-containing disinfectants, which were used in beekeeping, on bees. Biocidal and nano-silver-containing preparations used in disinfection of hives were obtained from commercial companies. Syrup (1/1 sucrose-water) was given to the control group (Group 1; n = 10). Biocidal preparation (Group 2; n = 10) and nano-silver containing preparation (Group 3; n = 10) were given to one of the experimental groups via an automatic pipette, orally 2 µl per bee. 24 hours after the application, the bees that died in all groups were counted and the midgut tissues of the bees that survived in the groups were taken for histomorphological analysis. No application was performed in the control group (Group 1). Different disinfection solution was used in the group 2 (biocidal ingredient) and Group 3 (nano silver contents). The preparations were applied to the groups by spraying and bee deaths were recorded. Two disinfectants applied to the hives under field conditions, were found to cause more bee deaths than the control group. The highest bee death was in the nano silver group. In laboratory trials, the nano-silver-containing preparation was observed to cause high number of bee deaths and serious damage to the midgut epithelium in histomorphological examinations. The results of the study showed that direct application of disinfectant substances on bees caused serious deaths in the colony. Biocidal and chemical based preparations and hive disinfection should be applied in the empty beehives.

SmallVolume 16, Issue 10 2070051 Inside Front CoverFree Access Photodynamic Therapy: Photocatalytically Active Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Effective and Safe 2D Material for In Vitro and In Vivo Photodynamic Therapy (Small 10/2020) Hadiseh Taheri, Hadiseh Taheri Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06830 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorMehmet Altay Unal, Mehmet Altay Unal Department of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100 Turkey Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06520 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorMelike Sevim, Melike Sevim Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorCansu Gurcan, Cansu Gurcan Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06830 Turkey Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06520 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorOkan Ekim, Okan Ekim Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorAhmet Ceylan, Ahmet Ceylan Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorZois Syrgiannis, Zois Syrgiannis Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127 ItalySearch for more papers by this authorKonstantinos C. Christoforidis, Konstantinos C. Christoforidis Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, 67100 GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorSusanna Bosi, Susanna Bosi Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127 ItalySearch for more papers by this authorOzge Ozgenç, Ozge Ozgenç Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorManuel José Gómez, Manuel José Gómez Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, 28029 SpainSearch for more papers by this authorMine Turktas Erken, Mine Turktas Erken Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, 18100 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorÇigdem Soydal, Çigdem Soydal Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorZafer Eroğlu, Zafer Eroğlu Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorCeylan Verda Bitirim, Ceylan Verda Bitirim Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06520 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorUmut Cagin, Umut Cagin Genethon and INSERM U951, Evry, 91002 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorFikret Arı, Fikret Arı Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06830 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorAsuman Ozen, Asuman Ozen Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorOzlem Kuçuk, Ozlem Kuçuk Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590 Turkey Cancer Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorLucia Gemma Delogu, Lucia Gemma Delogu Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, 35122 Italy Institute of Pediatric Research, Città Della Speranza, Padua, 35129 ItalySearch for more papers by this authorMaurizio Prato, Maurizio Prato Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127 Italy Carbon Bionanotechnology Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón, 182, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20009 Spain Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, Bilbao, 48013 SpainSearch for more papers by this authorÖnder Metin, Önder Metin Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorAçelya Yilmazer, Açelya Yilmazer Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06830 Turkey Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06520 TurkeySearch for more papers by this author Hadiseh Taheri, Hadiseh Taheri Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06830 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorMehmet Altay Unal, Mehmet Altay Unal Department of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100 Turkey Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06520 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorMelike Sevim, Melike Sevim Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorCansu Gurcan, Cansu Gurcan Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06830 Turkey Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06520 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorOkan Ekim, Okan Ekim Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorAhmet Ceylan, Ahmet Ceylan Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorZois Syrgiannis, Zois Syrgiannis Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127 ItalySearch for more papers by this authorKonstantinos C. Christoforidis, Konstantinos C. Christoforidis Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, 67100 GreeceSearch for more papers by this authorSusanna Bosi, Susanna Bosi Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127 ItalySearch for more papers by this authorOzge Ozgenç, Ozge Ozgenç Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorManuel José Gómez, Manuel José Gómez Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, 28029 SpainSearch for more papers by this authorMine Turktas Erken, Mine Turktas Erken Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, 18100 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorÇigdem Soydal, Çigdem Soydal Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorZafer Eroğlu, Zafer Eroğlu Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorCeylan Verda Bitirim, Ceylan Verda Bitirim Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06520 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorUmut Cagin, Umut Cagin Genethon and INSERM U951, Evry, 91002 FranceSearch for more papers by this authorFikret Arı, Fikret Arı Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06830 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorAsuman Ozen, Asuman Ozen Department of Histology Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ankara University, Ankara, 06110 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorOzlem Kuçuk, Ozlem Kuçuk Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590 Turkey Cancer Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06590 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorLucia Gemma Delogu, Lucia Gemma Delogu Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, 35122 Italy Institute of Pediatric Research, Città Della Speranza, Padua, 35129 ItalySearch for more papers by this authorMaurizio Prato, Maurizio Prato Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127 Italy Carbon Bionanotechnology Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón, 182, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20009 Spain Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, Bilbao, 48013 SpainSearch for more papers by this authorÖnder Metin, Önder Metin Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450 TurkeySearch for more papers by this authorAçelya Yilmazer, Açelya Yilmazer Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06830 Turkey Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, 06520 TurkeySearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 March 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202070051Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract In article number 1904619, Maurizio Prato, Önder Metin, Açelya Yilmazer, and co-workers show that light exposure of g-C3N4 results in the formation of reactive oxygen species, causing death of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, as evident by classical methods as well as omics approaches. They suggest that photo-excitation of g-C3N4 could be used effectively in a photodynamic therapy protocol for cancer therapy without using any other nanocarrier, additional photosensitizer or a chemotherapeutic drug. Citing Literature Volume16, Issue10March 12, 20202070051 RelatedInformation

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belonging to pattern recognition receptors are involved in maintaining testicular and epididymal immune homeostasis. The purpose of the current study was to investigate TLR4 expression in rat testis and epididymis throughout postnatal development. Weak staining was detected in peritubular myoid cells and immature Sertoli cells while no staining was observed in gonocytes during prepubertal period. However, TLR4 expression began to appear in spermatocytes in pubertal period and gradually increased in spermatids. An intense staining was observed in steps 5-19 spermatids in post pubertal and mature periods. Similarly, TLR4 expression in the testes steadily increased from pubertal period to mature period. Puberty also caused a significant increase in TLR4 expression in epididymis. TLR4 expression in cauda epididymis was lower as compared to those of other epididymal segments. The majority of epididymal epithelial cells exhibited apical TLR4 expression, whereas basal cells showed intense intracytoplasmic immunoreaction. We detected an intense staining in epididymal smooth muscle cells. The expression levels of TLR4 showed dynamic changes in both spermatogenic cells, and entire testicular and epididymal tissues during postnatal development. These results suggest that TLR4 expression contributes not only to inflammation but also to the development of spermatogenic cells.

Nosemosis, Nosema apis ve Nosema ceranae'nin neden olduğu ergin bal arılarının (Apis mellifera) ciddi bir paraziter hastalığıdır. Hastalık mide (orta bağırsak) mukozasında sindirim ve metabolik bozukluklara neden olan kritik değişikliklere yol açabilir. Bu çalışmada sağlıklı ve enfekte işçi arıların mide mukozasının histokimyasal özellikleri ile birlikte mukozanın ve peritrofik membranın yapısındaki değişikliklerin karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Doku örnekleri Kalecik/Ankara bölgesindeki kolonilerden toplanan sağlıklı ve enfekte işçi arılardan alındı. Doku örnekleri, % 10 nötr tamponlu formalin çözeltisi içinde tespit edildi, parafine gömüldü ve 5 µm kalınlığında kesitler alındı. Kesitler, genel morfolojik değişiklikleri ortaya çıkarmak için Mallory’in üçlü boyaması, nötr mukosubsansları, asit ve sülfat mukosubsanslarını tanınmlamak içinse periyodik asit-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue ve Toluidin blue (TB) ile boyandı. Mide epitelinin analizi, bazı hücrelerin çekirdeklerinin ortadan kaybolduğunu, bu hücrelerin sitoplazmasının çeşitli boyutlarda vakuollerle yoğun bir şekilde granüle edildiğini, hücre sınırlarının açıkça belirlenemediğini ve hücre zarlarının çoğunun parçalandığını gösterdi. Histokimyasal analiz, karboksilik gruplara sahip ve siyalik asit bakımından zengin mukosubtans üretiminde bir azalmayı ortaya koydu. Sonuçlarımız bu sekresyonun azalmasında hangi mekanizmaların yer aldığını açıklamak için yeterli değildi. Bununla birlikte, nosemosisin besin bloke edici etkisi ve enfekte epitel hücrelerinin ölümünün mukosubtans üretimini üzerine olumsuz etkileri olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Thanks to its photocatalytic property, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) is a promising candidate in various applications including nanomedicine. However, studies focusing on the suitability of g-C3 N4 for cancer therapy are very limited and possible underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that photoexcitation of g-C3 N4 can be used effectively in photodynamic therapy, without using any other carrier or additional photosensitizer. Upon light exposure, g-C3 N4 treatment kills cancer cells, without the need of any other nanosystem or chemotherapeutic drug. The material is efficiently taken up by tumor cells in vitro. The transcriptome and proteome of g-C3 N4 and light treated cells show activation in pathways related to both oxidative stress, cell death, and apoptosis which strongly suggests that only when combined with light exposure, g-C3 N4 is able to kill cancer cells. Systemic administration of the mesoporous form results in elimination from urinary bladder without any systemic toxicity. Administration of the material significantly decreases tumor volume when combined with local light treatment. This study paves the way for the future use of not only g-C3 N4 but also other 2D nanomaterials in cancer therapy.

Toll like reseptorler endojen veya mikrobiyal kompanentlerle aktive olan patern taniyan reseptorlerdir. Bu reseptorler arasinda, TLR2 intestinal inflamasyon, noromuskuler fonksiyon, enterik sinir sistemi yapisini ve norokimyasal kodlamayi duzenler. Bu calismada, prenatal donemde koyun ileumunda TLR2 ekspresyonunu immunohistokimyasal yontemle arastirmayi amacladik. Prenatal donemi 3 ayri bolumde inceledik (60-100, 100-125, 125-150). Intestinal ve folikulle iliskili epitelde moderate boyanma gozlenirken, bazi epitel hucrelerinde yogun intrasitoplazmik immun reaksiyon gozledik. Ayrica, folikullerdeki hucrelerin buyuk cogunlugunda pozitif reaksiyon belirlendi. Tunika muskularis, lamina muskularis ve damar duvarlarindaki duz kaslarda da pozitif reaksiyon gozlendi. Ayrica, submukozal ve myenterik pleksuslardaki gangliyon hucreleride pozitif boyanma gosterdi. Sonuc olarak, bu calisma prenatal gelisimde koyun ileumunda TLR2 ekspresyon profilini tanimlayan ilk arastirmadir. Ileumdaki TLR2 ontogenezisin dogum oncesi donemde basladigi gosterilmistir. Hemen hemen tum intestinal epitel hucreleri ve enterik noronlar TLR2 ekspresyonu gosterdi. Duz kaslarda TLR2 ekspresyonunun varligi, duz kaslarin kasilma gorevi disinda bagisiklik sistemi ile iliskili olabilecegini gostermektedir.

The Caucasian honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasia subspecies of Apis mellifera L.) is one of the most common and prominent honey bee breeds in Turkey. The morphometry of endemic honey bee breeds has been extensively studied, but little attention has been given to the microscopic morphology of these bees. The aim of the current study was to describe for the first time the histomorphology of the midgut and hindgut of the Caucasian honey bee in Turkey. A total of 20 local Caucasian adult honey bee workers were sampled for histomorphological and histochemical analysis. The midgut epithelium consisted of epithelial cells with different morphologies. Acidic, neutral, and mixed mucosubstances were found in the luminal surfaces of the cells and peritrophic membranes. The ileum mostly consisted of an epithelium containing columnar cells that usually had basal nuclei. The rectum of adult workers had a single-layered epithelium externally, involving a layer of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. There were 6 long hollow rectal pads in the median-anterior area of the rectum. These results contribute in detail to our understanding of the histomorphology of the Caucasian (A. m. caucasia) honey bee.

Galectins are a family of lectins-binding beta-galactosides involved in a variety of extracellular and intracellular processes, thereby contributing to homeostasis, cell adhesion, cellular turnover, and immunity. This study aimed to determine the localization and expression of galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the testis and epididymis of rats at postnatal [(prepubertal (day 5), pubertal (day 20), postpubertal (day 50) and mature (day 70)] periods by using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Gal-1 and Gal-3 were differentially expressed in different types of cells in the testis and epididymis during postnatal development. While we detected Gal-1 expression in some spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells in the testis, not in the epididymal epithelium, Gal-3 was expressed in Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, Leydig cells, smooth muscles and interstitial CD68-positive macrophages. Epithelial cells of the corpus and cauda epididymis showed an intense Gal-3 expression. Gal-1 expression was higher in the testis than in the epididymis on days 50 and 70. The expression of Gal-3 in the testis increased from the prepubertal to mature period. While the expression difference of Gal-3 was not statistically significant in the testis and epididymis until puberty, Gal-3 expression in the postpubertal and mature periods was higher in the epididymis. The expression of Gal-3 in the corpus and cauda epididymis was higher than that in the caput epididymis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that puberty has potential regulatory effect on the expression of galectins in testis and epididymis of rats. Gal-1 and 3 may play a role in the development of the reproductive system and the preservation of the immune-privileged environment in the testis, due to their pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions. The presence of intense expression of Gal-3 in the corpus and cauda epididymis may contribute to the maturation and storage of spermatozoa.

The object of this study was to describe the prenatal development and histochemical properties of mucins in the sheep gastrointestinal tract. To determine changes in the mucin profile, the sections were stained with specific histochemical stains for carbohydrates. While neutral and mixed mucins were observed in the superficial epithelial cells of the abomasal pyloric region, acidic mucins were detected in the secretory ducts and corpus of the glands. Acidic mucins consisted predominantly of sialomucins. In the duodenal villi, the number of goblet cells containing neutral mucins increased toward the end of gestation, whereas Brunner's glands contained acidic mucins until the 95th day of gestation and both acidic and neutral mucins thereafter. The jejunal goblet cells contained either acidic, neutral, or mixed mucins. Goblet cells containing acidic mucins, which were mainly localized to the ileal crypts and villi, mostly contained sulfated mucins. While villi were observed in the proximal colon until the 115th day of gestation, later the typical crypt structure emerged. During the period in which the villi were found in the proximal colon, the goblet cells containing sulphomucins were predominant, whereas the goblet cells containing sialomucins were predominant after the typical crypt structure was formed. In conclusion, gastrointestinal mucins may be involved in the formation of meconium during the prenatal period, and acidic mucins may contribute to the strength of the intestinal barrier against pathogens and digestive enzymes, as the barrier is not fully functional after birth.

Being multipotent progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells continue to attract attention as a promising tool for cell-based therapy and tissue engineering. However, research on the ultrastructure of these cells is rather scarce. This study was aimed at the investigation of the transmission electron microscopic ultrastructure and morphology of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the stroma of rat umbilical cord using the explant culture method. At the end of the third passage, some of the cells isolated from the stroma of the umbilical cord were harvested for electron microscopic examination. The remaining cells were induced for osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that mesenchymal stem cells derived from the stroma of the umbilical cord display morphological features similar to those of other types of mesenchymal stem cells and can be used as an alternative cell source in cell-based therapy owing to the advantages they offer.

Mesenchymal stem cells are being used increasingly in cell-based therapies. Adipose tissue is an important source of mesenchymal stem cells and is also routinely used in research on lipid metabolism and obesity. Their high expansion potential and the ease of isolation make these cells an attractive cell source for regenerative therapies. The objective of this review is to give detailed information about the isolation, expansion, and clinical use of these cells in veterinary medicine.