Despite numerous investigations and studies, the resilience of Madoff's scheme from at least the 1970s until its collapse in 2008 is poorly understood. This study applies social network analysis (SNA) to the Madoff Investment Scheme in order to identify key factors which support resilience in networks that are engaged in a sophisticated criminal enterprise. The SNA identified four clusters of individuals who performed vital functions within the network: a core leadership group, a compliance group, a capital group and a facilitators group. The study then examined the network's response to exogenous and endogenous shocks, finding that the Madoff network had been resilient to both exogenous shocks, such as Securities and Exchange Commission examinations, and endogenous shocks, such as significant investor withdrawals, prior to its collapse in 2008. These findings suggest that monitoring network responses to exogenous and endogenous shocks could assist investigators in identifying Ponzi schemes in the future.

The Madoff Investment Scheme was a long-term and large-scale fraud which involved both an affinity fraud and a Ponzi scheme. Numerous studies have examined financial and legal aspects of the case, but relatively few have explored the case from a criminological perspective. This study applies crime script analysis (CSA) to the Madoff case in order to conceptualise the procedural elements of complex fraud offences and to identify crime prevention opportunities for investigators and regulatory bodies. CSA identifies 12 steps in the offence, occurring in three phases which create a relationship between earlier and later victims, with earlier victims providing credibility to the scheme and later victims generating the resources to sustain it. The study finds that crime prevention techniques which harden targets and extend guardianship could reduce criminal opportunities for offenders and techniques which strengthen formal surveillance and assist natural surveillance could control the capabilities required to perpetrate similar offences.

The objective of this study was to examine the role of athletes' support networks in doping in sport from a crime prevention perspective. To achieve this objective, the researchers conducted an in-depth script analysis of documents related to investigations in 2012 by the United States Anti-Doping Agency and in 2015 by the Cycling Independent Reform Commission of the doping programme carried out by the US Postal Service cycling team between 1996 and 2012. The results suggest that athletes' support networks-such as team doctors, sports scientists, team directors and family members-play a critical role as social facilitators in doping in sport by encouraging, supporting and protecting both the doping programmes and the athletes who participate in them. This paper argues that a greater proportion of prevention measures must focus beyond the athlete themselves and on the activities of individuals within an athlete's support network. The paper proposes several situational prevention strategies specifically targeting the activities of social facilitators.

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of betting-motivated corruption in Australian sport by exploring key stakeholders’ perceptions. More specifically, it aims to discover the nature and perceived risks of betting-motivated corruption from the experiences of those within sporting organisations, and the effectiveness of anti-corruption strategies currently in place within Australian sport. Through a qualitative case study approach of three sites (sports) in Australia—rugby league, swimming and water polo—insight into the perspectives of 22 participants, namely athletes and non-athletes (coaches, support staff, administrators and referees) was gained through semi-structured interviews. Using the thematic analysis technique, patterns of themes were identified across the interview transcripts. The findings indicate that athletes and non-athletes view betting-motivated corruption and the involvement of transnational organised crime as non-existent within their sport. There were also mixed perceptions surrounding the effectiveness of current anti-corruption strategies in each sport. The paper provides a platform for future research and highlights the need for improvement in the anti-corruption strategies in place to prevent the threat of betting-motivated corruption on the integrity of Australian sport.

ABSTRACT This research examines the shifting momentum of right-wing extremism (RWE) in Australia. The study provides an in-depth assessment of eight of the most active RWE groups in Australia, through their online presence where they espouse their ideological narrative and propaganda statements. The phenomenon of new radical right (NRR) groups is explored through a three-pronged mixed method research design: Firstly, a content analysis of core narrative themes contained on websites of RWE groups; secondly, a thematic analysis of RWE ‘online’ discussion forums; and thirdly, a critical analysis of Google Trends data on the shifting patterns of popularity of various extremism-related search terms amongst the general population. A problem–solution mapping tool that was developed for this research that quantifies the ‘ideological space’ occupied by different ‘new’ RR groups compared with ‘old’ RWE groups is presented. The overall findings are that NRR groups pose political and community challenges to the nature of Australian Society. Moreover, there is evidence of a contest for ideological dominance between ‘old-style’ RWE groups and ‘new-style’ Radical (Far) Right Extremism groups in Australia. The ‘online’ forum data and Google trends data confirm this finding. The practical implications of these challenges and the future directions of this research as well as its limitations are discussed.

With the continual rise of gambling methods there is a need to better understand sports betting-motivated corruption in the Australian context. This literature review highlights seven predominant themes: the Australian gambling culture, betting opportunities available, the threat of sports betting to the integrity of sport, corruption in sport, involvement of transnational organized crime groups in sports corruption, the theoretical perspectives used in sports corruption research, and anti-corruption strategies which are important in the prevention and law enforcement of this criminal behavior. The review identifies significant gaps in existing knowledge surrounding sports betting-motivated corruption, highlighting the need for further research in this area.Keywords: corruption, sports betting, gambling, law enforcement, sports integrity

While doping in professional sport is not new, this analysis of professional cyclist Lance Armstrong and his US Postal Service (USPS) Team and associates provides additional insight into the key attributes of a sophisticated and resilient doping network. Using network analysis software the entities, events and activities of this network are examined in detail. The paper discusses the similarities between criminal networks and sophisticated sports doping networks within the context of the Tour de France. It highlights the critical elements of this resilient dark network and the strategies it employed to facilitate illicit activities and avoid detection and prosecution for more than a decade. By examining doping-related sports activities from a network perspective, this research provides insight into the resilience, vulnerabilities and indicators of such networks.

Chapter 2 provides an important discussion of the history of the OMCGs and their development as local, national and international organizations. However, where other authors have discussed the rise of the outlaw motorcycle clubs and gangs, what is often missing from this is an examination of the social context at the time, and how this may have impacted individual behaviour and decisions. In this way, it is possible to also consider the implication of labelling these groups as deviant and outlaw, and how that grew from meaning non-conforming, into (organized) criminal groups. This helps to set the scene for each of the chapters to come, considering the social, the political, the policing and the membership of these groups.

This chapter is an introduction to the book. It raises the fundamental issue of a lack of publications addressing theory and the OMCGs. The chapter begins with a short outline of the nature of 'One Percenter' OMCGs and their position in society. It also considers whether these clubs can be characterized as criminal organizations. Finally, the chapter provides an outline of the chapters to follow.

This chapter concludes the analysis of the Australian national jurisdiction presenting the final case study - that of the Australian Federal Police (AFP). It explores the AFP's application of strategic transnational organized crime (TOC) intelligence through a detailed analysis of its corporate documents, organizational doctrine and intelligence reports, as well as data collected through semi-structured, in-depth, qualitative interviews. In doing so it provides a detailed analysis of the AFP's conception and application of intelligence and its relationship with TOC decision-making, revealing that the strategic intelligence theories currently contained within the literature do not adequately address the complexities of strategic TOC intelligence and decision-making processes within the AFP.

In today's complex and ever-changing criminal environment, law enforcement agencies have become increasingly aware that their capabilities have been substantially surpassed by the number of criminal acts and rapid expansion of globalized crime. However, despite the growing impact of transnational organized crime (TOC), our understanding of the role of strategic intelligence in combating such crimes remains limited. This chapter reviews the current literature, exploring the definitional issues that plague academics and practitioners alike. Touching on the structures of TOC, the chapter identifies TOC's increasingly networked structure and the impact this has on law enforcement responses. The authors discuss current issues surrounding the use of strategic TOC intelligence, particularly within intelligence-led policing methodologies. TOC is presented as providing an excellent context to explore the use of strategic intelligence in law enforcement given its complex nature and interaction with national and transnational policing.

Presenting the second of the two international case studies, this chapter presents an analysis of the United Kingdom's Serious and Organised Crime Agency's (SOCA) application of strategic intelligence against transnational organized crime (TOC). As with the CISC case study, the research presented is derived from multi-stage qualitative analysis (using content and discourse analysis techniques) of corporate documents and intelligence products. The chapter presents an explorative, analytical narrative of SOCA's operating context and its application of strategic TOC intelligence, touching briefly on SOCA's successor, the National Crime Agency. The chapter demonstrates that the need for intelligence and strategic TOC intelligence in law enforcement appears to exist regardless of the structure or management model for high-policing and the supporting intelligence processes.

Chapter 3 explores intelligence studies (the field of research) and its domination by the 'national security paradigm'. In particular it discusses the historical background of intelligence studies research, identifying different approaches to strategic intelligence in law enforcement, specifically those related to intelligence-led policing, intelligence processes and the call for an 'anticipative approach' to help decision-makers prepare future capabilities and strategy development. A review of the literature highlights that the debate about the inclusion of covert collection, crime analysis and information collation in intelligence definitions prevents a clear understanding of intelligence being developed in law enforcement. The literature review supports the need for further research into the role and impact of strategic intelligence in law enforcement, particularly in complex decision-making settings such as TOC, and for a strategic intelligence framework to ensure adequate support for strategic decision-makers to detect, disrupt, prevent and investigate TOC.

Chapter 6 begins the analysis of the Australian national jurisdiction, presenting the first of two Australian case studies - the Australian Crime Commission's (ACC) application of strategic intelligence within the context of transnational organized crime (TOC). Findings are based on multi-stage qualitative analysis (using content and discourse analysis techniques) of ACC corporate documents and reports, as well as data derived from a series of semi-structured interviews with key informants within the ACC. Comparing and contrasting the ACC's application of strategic TOC intelligence with contemporary academic theories and the two international case studies, the chapter reveals that while there are significant differences between the ACC's strategic intelligence model and that of CISC and SOCA the three organizations share a number of organizational, cultural, methodological and theoretical factors that inhibit the effectiveness of strategic intelligence.

This chapter looks at the theories of organized crime to determine whether OMCGs can be characterized as organized crime groups. It runs through the definitions of organized crime then compares them to the arguments by policing agencies that claim these groups are organized crime. The fundamental question is again whether there are criminal organizations or organizations that have criminals within them. The chapter then covers alternative explanations for the clubs' activity. Finally, it looks at the case study of the methamphetamine market to demonstrate the nature of organized crime and the role of OMCG members in that market. It concludes that OMCGs are a varied group and that individual chapters may represent a range of activity from criminal organizations to clubs that contain criminals.

This chapter questions whether the responses by various governments to the perceived OMCG threat is valid. It sets the Italian legislative response to the threat of the Sicilian Mafia Whranghetta and Camorra as a benchmark. These groups pose a real threat to the social fabric of Italy and the response has been harsh. It is then posited that responses from other nations that equal the severity of the Italian legislation will be justified if they face a similar level of threat. Legislation from Canada, Australia and the United States are examined. Australia is the only nation with laws approaching the Italian model but the OMCG in that nation do not pose the same threat, and thus these laws are hard to justify.

This chapter reviews the current policing strategies that underpin both tactical and strategic responses to the threat posed by OMCGs in Australia, Canada and the United States. It shows that a whole-of-government approach is necessary in order to reduce the incidence of biker-related crime in our communities. Pivotal to any successful strategy is the ongoing need for timely and accurate intelligence-sharing amongst participating organizations. The chapter highlights the transnational and organized nature of OMCGs and their propensity for violence and the increasing need for national and international cooperation on the part of law enforcement agencies with various levels of government as well as the private sector.