OBJECTIVES:Adequate maternal nutrition is of paramount importance in pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester when fetal development is crucial. It has been reported that heavier women are most likely to fear weight gain associated with pregnancy. Few studies have, however, investigated associations between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and nutrient intakes in the first trimester of gestation using detailed, prospective methodologies. The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between prepregnancy BMI and nutrient intakes in the first trimester of gestation.DESIGN:Seventy-two Caucasian, primiparous nonsmokers of mean age 33.1 years (SD 4.6) were recruited from three London teaching hospitals and they completed a background information questionnaire and a 4- to 7-day weighed inventory food diary during the first trimester of pregnancy. Prepregnancy anthropometric data were extracted from General Practitioner records.RESULTS:Prepregnancy BMI was inversely associated with dietary energy (P = 0.04), Southgate and Englyst fibre (P < 0.01), and iron and folate (P < 0.01). After excluding under-reporters [individual energy intake:basal metabolic rate (estimated) ratio < 1.2], prepregnancy BMI was inversely associated with folate intake (P =0.04). Dietary intakes of Englyst fibre (P = 0.03) were statistically significantly lower than average dietary recommendations in this group.CONCLUSIONS:This study identified that women with a high prepregnancy BMI are more likely to under-report nutrient intakes. The finding that folate intake was significantly lower in heavier women accurately reporting dietary intake is of particular concern.

Alginate, an algal polysaccharide, is widely used in the food industry as a stabilizer, or as a thickening or emulsifying agent. As an indigestible polysaccharide, alginate may also be viewed as a source of dietary fiber. Previous work has suggested that dietary fibres may protect against the onset and continuation of a number of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. This article aims to examine what is currently understood about the fiber-like activities of alginate, particularly its effects on intestinal absorption and the colon, and therefore aims to gauge the potential use of alginate as a dietary supplement for the maintenance of normal health, or the alleviation of certain cardiovascular or gastrointestinal diseases.

Nach der von Fick postulierten Verschiebungshypothese entstehen die dichromatischen Systeme aus dem normaltrichromatischen System dadurch, daß die spektrale Erregbarkeitskurve einer der Komponenten mit der einer anderen identisch geworden ist, daß aber die betreffende Komponente mit ihren spezifischen Sinnesempfindungen an sich erhalten ist. Die anomalen Farbensysteme ergeben sich nach dieser Hypothese daraus, daß die Verlagerung der spektralen Erregbarkeitskurve einer Komponente nur in Richtung zu der benachbarten hin erfolgt, nicht aber mit dieser identisch wird.

This paper presents a pilot study on the differences in evoked EEG coherence measures (computed as zero-lagged cross-correlation, "EC") between chess experts and novices while solving chess problems. One of out earlier investigations (Volke, 1999) had shown that both location and direction of EC changes in task processing (compared with a resting condition) depend on the degree of task performance. As a result we postulated that when solving the same tasks experts and novices would show different EC. The results of the recent study confirmed this supposition. Chess tasks of varying difficulty were presented to 25 chess players of different performance levels. The EEG was recorded from 29 positions (enhanced 10 : 20-system). EC were computed for post-stimulus intervals of 1.6s. A special averaging procedure (considering Fisher's Z transformation) was applied for summarizing the single EC of each type of task. These subject- and task-related EC-values (29 x 28/2 = 406 values per frequency band) were subjected to a MANOVA after a two-staged principal component analysis. Significant differences between experts and novices, compared with the resting condition, were found in the delta frequency range. The relevant cortical areas of experts, defined by a topological analysis of the differentiating principal components, were located rather posterior and more in the light hemisphere, compared with those of the novices. Furthermore, the essential EC of the experts showed higher values in the task situation ("on-coupling"), compared with the resting condition, whereas those of the novices were lower ("off-coupling"). The results are interpreted as a higher task-related functional integration of the cortical areas in experts.

METHODS:We assessed the staging accuracy of endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (eMRI) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for localized prostate cancer. 54 patients with biopsy proven prostate cancer underwent TRUS and eMRI prior to radical retropubic prostatectomy. The MR images were prospectively interpreted by two radiologists. These findings were compared with the histopathological results.RESULTS:Overall accuracy of eMRI in defining local tumor stage was 93% by radiologist A and 56% by radiologist B. Overall accuracy by TRUS was 63%. Analysis of interobserver agreement showed a poor correlation regarding MRI studies. Endorectal MRI was more sensitive than TRUS for detecting capsular penetration and seminal vesicle involvement. TRUS revealed a relatively high specificity and was superior to eMRI in this regard.CONCLUSION:This series shows the current limited value of TRUS and eMRI for planning treatment in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.

Methodik. Um die Bedeutung von endorektaler MRT (eMRT) und transrektalem Ultraschall (TRUS) für Therapieentscheidungen beim lokalisierten Prostatakarzinom zu beurteilen, führten wir beide Untersuchungen bei 54 Patienten vor radikaler Prostatektomie durch und verglichen die Befunde mit den histologischen Ergebnissen. Die eMRT wurde doppelblind von 2 in der MRT-Diagnostik der Prostata erfahrenen Radiologen ausgewertet.

OBJECTIVE:To examine the role of endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (eMRI) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for clinically localized prostate cancer and to assess interobserver agreement in interpreting MRI studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Fifty-four patients with biopsy-confirmed prostate cancer underwent TRUS and eMRI before radical retropubic prostatectomy. The MR images were prospectively interpreted by two radiologists with special expertise in this field. The criteria evaluated prospectively in each patient were extracapsular extension (ECE) and seminal vesicle invasion (SVI). The results were correlated with the histopathological findings after radical prostatectomy. RESULTS:At pathology, 27 patients had stage pT2, 15 had stage pT3a and 12 had stage pT3b lesions. The overall accuracy of eMRI in defining local tumour stage was 93% by radiologist A and 56% by radiologist B; the overall accuracy by TRUS was 63%. There was a poor correlation for the MRI studies between observers. The eMRI was more sensitive than TRUS for detecting ECE and SVI in organ-confined prostate cancer. TRUS had a relatively high specificity for ECE and SVI, and was better than eMRI in this regard. CONCLUSION:Whereas MRI tended to over-stage, TRUS under-staged prostate cancer. This series shows the current limited value of TRUS and eMRI for planning treatment in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Treatment decisions should not be altered based on TRUS or eMRI findings alone.

Conference Article| May 01 1997 Effects of Helicobacter pylori colonisation on the adherent gastric mucus barrier LINDSEY OLIVER; LINDSEY OLIVER 1Department of Physiological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar JULIA L NEWTON; JULIA L NEWTON 1Department of Physiological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar NICOLA JORDAN; NICOLA JORDAN 1Department of Physiological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar PAUL GODDARD; PAUL GODDARD *Reckitt and Colman Products Ltd., Dansom Lane, Hull, HU8 7DS, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar PETER DETTMAR; PETER DETTMAR *Reckitt and Colman Products Ltd., Dansom Lane, Hull, HU8 7DS, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar JEFFREY P PEARSON; JEFFREY P PEARSON 1Department of Physiological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ADRIAN ALLEN ADRIAN ALLEN 1Department of Physiological Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1997) 25 (2): 372S. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst025372s Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation LINDSEY OLIVER, JULIA L NEWTON, NICOLA JORDAN, PAUL GODDARD, PETER DETTMAR, JEFFREY P PEARSON, ADRIAN ALLEN; Effects of Helicobacter pylori colonisation on the adherent gastric mucus barrier. Biochem Soc Trans 1 May 1997; 25 (2): 372S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst025372s Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1997 Biochemical Society1997 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The in part one [42] introduced method of evoked coherences was used in search for independent signs of the levels of processing effects on memory performance. 9 subjects in a visual pilot study and 16 subjects in the acoustic main experiments were presented 30 words each in a perceptive, semantic and metacognitive orientation condition. A 16-channel-EEG was recorded and stimulus-related time-variant spectral components (δ, ϑ, α, β) were calculated for analysis of evoked coherence. In order to differentiate between task processing and general functional state of the brain in the main study one series of experimental conditions was carried out in the state of deep relaxation (trance). The evoked coherences were tested with multi-factorial ANOVA and contrasted by Sche/fe-test. As expected, the variation in the state of the consciousness was related with strong but diffuse changes in power and coherence spectra. In contrast to this, differences in level of processing were accompanied by specific focal patterns of evoked coherence with nearly no changes in power. Especially in the lower frequency bands there appeared differentiating coherences between posterior regions and single points of the frontal and left-temporal regions of the cortex. The data also supported the interpretation that „deeper processing” is characterized by a functional de-coupling of activity in progressively more anteriory located regions and within lower frequency band, particularly 5.

The in part one [42] introduced method of evoked coherences was used in search for independent signs of the levels of processing effects on memory performance. 9 subjects in a visual pilot study and 16 subjects in the acoustic main experiments were presented 30 words each in a perceptive, semantic and metacognitive orientation condition. A 16-channel-EEG was recorded and stimulus-related time-variant spectral components (delta, theta, alpha, beta) were calculated for analysis of evoked coherence. In order to differentiate between task processing and general functional state of the brain in the main study one series of experimental conditions was carried out in the state of deep relaxation (trance). The evoked coherences were tested with multi-factorial ANOVA and contrasted by Scheffe-test. As expected, the variation in the state of the consciousness was related with strong but diffuse changes in power and coherence spectra. In contrast to this, differences in level of processing were accompanied by specific focal patterns of evoked coherence with nearly no changes in power. Especially in the lower frequency bands there appeared differentiating coherences between posterior regions and single points of the frontal and left-temporal regions of the cortex. The data also supported the interpretation that "deeper processing" is characterized by a functional de-coupling of activity in progressively more anteriory located regions and within lower frequency band, particularely delta.

The effect of fenclofenac on the regeneration of white blood cells in Sprague - Dawley rats following total body irradiation was investigated. The lowest dose of total body irradiation that would suppress the peripheral blood lymphocyte count by at least 50% was found to be 1.0 Gray in a preliminary experiment. Fenclofenac in a dose of 150 mg/kg/day retarded the regeneration of lymphocytes following total body irradiation of 1 Gray: this effect was also seen in the CD4, CD8 and B-lymphocyte subsets. This suppressive effect in vivo may be due to interference with replicative growth of white blood cells since previous in vitro experiments have shown suppression of lymphocyte growth at a stage later than activation in the cell cycle.The suppressive effects on leucocyte regeneration in vivo suggest that fenclofenac may have promise as an immunosuppressive drug with fewer serious side effects than the currently available immunosuppressive drugs.

Application of ACh on the isolated perfused retina of the frog elicited spikes of the optic nerve. The extent of this spike activity depended on the amount of ACh applied. The retinal response to ACh was varied by prostigmine and atropine as expected by their pharmacological properties. From these experiments it cannot be concluded that ACh is acting on the synapses of the firing ganglion cells directly.

Von der isolierten umströmten menschlichen Netzhaut lässt sich ein ERG mit einem on-Effekt bis zu ca. 350 μV ableiten; entscheidend für die Höhe des Potentials ist die Geschwindigkeit der vorbeiströmenden Lösung. Die Höhe und Anstiegssteilheit der b-Welle ist intensitätsabhängig; der b-Welle folgt ein plateauartiges Potential; der off-Effekt vergrössert sich mit steigender Reizlichtintensität und ist helladaptiert vergleichsweise höher. Das Alternieren eines grösseren und kleineren Potentials bei intermittierender Lichtreizung tritt bei Fehlen der b-Welle nicht auf. Mit Mikroelektroden lassen sich die Potentialverläufe in verschiedenen Netzhauttiefen erfassen und daraus die zwischen zwei Tiefen hinzugekommene Spannung ermitteln.