Spontaneous desiccation of microvolumes of tear from a healthy subject on flat glass surfaces produces highly reproducible supramolecular structures called tear microdesiccate. In the process, non-aqueous tear components organize four main radially distributed morphological domains (zones I, II, III, and transition band or TB) through non-well understood mechanisms. Tear lipids have been located in the outermost domains (ZI, TB), thus suggesting that tear components in microdesiccate are partitioned according to electric polarities. Using a combination of dark-field and contrast phase transmitted-light microscopy, we have now studied the impact on preformed tear microdesiccate of a series of six small-sized monohydric alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol, 2-propanol; C1 through I-C3) ranked according to polarity index (P.I. 0.762–0.546). Water (P.I. 1.000) served as control. The study aimed to assess the influence of the electric polarity of the alcohols on the organization of the microdesiccate domains.The study revealed self-assembly as a mechanism underlying formation of the entire microdesiccate as shown by the fully disruptive effect of water on preformed tear microdesiccate and their reorganization following a new desiccation cycle. Devastating effects of the most polar alcohol in the assay (methanol) were observed particularly on the centermost domain (zone III), and secondarily on zone II. Contrarily, the less polar alcohols (C2 to C5) showed both fixative effects on crystalloids of ZII and ZIII and differential unveiling of filamentous structures in ZI and TB probably due to selective extraction of lipid-like components from these latter two domains. Those effects on microdesiccate from different subjects were highly reproducible, thus supporting the view that these tear specimens bear a common design.Microdesiccates from normal tears produced on flat glass surfaces are self-assembled structures based on a design including a radial gradient of charge polarities spanning from the lipid-rich outermost hydrophobic domain (ZI) to the centermost hydrophilic fern-like crystalloid-rich domain (ZIII).

El avance de la neurociencia ha repercutido en diferentes áreas de conocimiento y la Educación ha sido una de ellas. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo comparar la prevalencia de los neuromitos y el nivel de conocimiento general del funcionamiento cerebral en profesores en formación de educación física con otras carreras de pedagogías en una universidad privada de Santiago de Chile. Metodología: el trabajo tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 404 estudiantes de diversas carreras de pedagogías de una Facultad de Educación. Resultados: los ítems con mayor porcentaje de respuestas incorrectas fueron el ítem 21. Los entornos que son ricos en estímulos mejoran el cerebro de los niños en edad preescolar con un 93,1% y el ítem 15. Los individuos aprenden mejor cuando reciben información según su estilo de aprendizaje preferido (por ej. auditivo, visual, kinestésico) con un 81,4%. En cuanto a las comparaciones por pedagogías el estudiantado de educación física se posiciona en tercer lugar sobre los conocimientos generales sobre el cerebro (13.1) y es la carrera con la media más baja en la creencia de neuromitos (2.9). Conclusiones: es relevante aplicar los avances de las neurociencias a todas las aulas con el objetivo de mejorar el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Palabras claves: pedagogías, educación física, neurociencia, aprendizaje. Abstract. The advancement of neuroscience has impacted various areas of knowledge, and Education has been one of them. The present study aimed to compare the prevalence of neuromyths and the general level of knowledge about brain function among physical education teacher trainees with other pedagogy programs at a private university in Santiago, Chile. Methodology: The study adopted a quantitative, non-experimental cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 404 students from various pedagogy programs at a School of Education. Results: The items with the highest percentage of incorrect answers were item 21. Stimulus-rich environments improve the brains of preschool-aged children, with 93.1%, and item 15. Individuals learn best when they receive information according to their preferred learning style (e.g., auditory, visual, kinesthetic), with 81.4%. Regarding the comparison between pedagogy courses, physical education students ranked third in general knowledge about the brain (13.1) and had the lowest average belief in neuromyths (2.9). Conclusions: It is essential to apply neuroscience advancements to all classrooms to improve the teaching and learning process. Keywords: pedagogy, teacher trainees, neuroscience, learning.

Sexism corresponds to a set of beliefs of the characteristics that men and women possess that produce inequalities, gener-ally towards women. The objectives of this study were to know the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Ambivalent Sexism in a sample of Physical Education students in Chile and to study the differences in sexism according to sex and year of study. The sample consisted of 265 physical education students from two Chilean universities. Of the total, 106 were women (40.0%). The results show that the inventory has adequate levels of validity and reliability in the sample studied. Benevolent and hostile sexism has higher scores in men (p=.000) and in first and second year courses compared to fourth and fifth (p=.000). It is concluded that the instrument is valid and reliable to be applied to this type of samples and that men who study physical education and the first two years of the career present the highest levels of sexism.

espanolDiversos estudios relacionan variables como la edad, sexo, nivel socioeconomico, religion, etc. con los niveles de homofobia y transfobia. El objetivo de la presente investigacion fue determinar la incidencia de algunas variables sociodemograficas y de los conocimientos biologicos sobre la homosexualidad y transexualidad sobre los niveles de homofobia y transfobia en estudiantes de Educacion Fisica de Chile. Metodo: se aplico una encuesta sociodemografica, la escala de homofobia EHF-10, la escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans y el cuestionario de conocimientos biologicos de la homosexualidad y transexualidad a 463 estudiantes de Pedagogia en Educacion Fisica de seis universidades de Chile. Resultados: los niveles de homofobia y transfobia son bajos en la muestra, siendo la convivencia con amigos/as o conocidos/as homosexuales, bisexuales y trans, y las creencias religiosas los factores que mas inciden en dichas actitudes negativas. Se observo una relacion negativa y baja entre conocimientos biologicos de homosexualidad y transexualidad y los niveles de homofobia y transfobia. Conclusion: la muestra presenta bajos niveles de homofobia y transfobia. Tambien se observan bajos valores de conocimientos biologicos de la homosexualidad y transexualidad, con una relacion baja y negativa entre dichos conocimientos y las actitudes negativas hacia personas homosexuales y trans. EnglishVarious studies relate variables such as age, sex, socioeconomic level, religion, etc. with levels of homophobia and transphobia. The aim of this research is to determine the incidence of some sociodemographic variables and biological knowledge about homosexuality and transsexuality on the levels of homophobia and transphobia in physical education students in Chile. Method: a sociodemographic survey was applied, the scale of homophobia EHF-10, the scale of negative attitudes towards trans people and the questionnaire of biological knowledge of homosexuality and transsexuality to 463 students of Pedagogy in Physical Education from six universities in Chile. Results: The levels of homophobia and transphobia are low in the sample, being the coexistence with friends/ or known/ homosexual, bisexual and trans, and the religious beliefs the factors that most affect those negative attitudes. A negative and low relationship was observed between biological knowledge of homosexuality and transsexuality and levels of homophobia and transphobia. Conclusion: The sample has low levels of homophobia and transphobia. There are also low biological knowledge values of homosexuality and transsexuality, with a low and negative relationship between such knowledge and negative attitudes towards homosexuals and transgender people.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the health effects on mining workers of exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) at high- and very high-altitude mining compared with similar work at lower altitudes in Chile, and it also aims to constitute the baseline of a 5-year follow-up study. METHODS We designed a cross-sectional study to assess health conditions in 483 miners working at 2 levels of altitude exposure: 336 working at a very high or high altitude (HA; 247 above 3900-4400 m, and 89 at 3000-3900 m), and 147 below 2400 m. Subjects were randomly selected in two stages. First, a selection of mines from a census of mines in each altitude stratum was made. Secondly, workers with less than 2 years of employment at each of the selected mines were recruited. The main outcomes measured at the baseline were mountain sickness, sleep alterations, hypertension, body mass index, and neurocognitive functions. RESULTS Prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) was 28.4% in the very high-altitude stratum (P = 0.0001 compared with the low stratum), and 71.7% experienced sleep disturbance (P = 0.02). The adjusted odds ratio for AMS was 9.2 (95% confidence interval: 5.2-16.3) when compared with the very high- and low-altitude groups. Motor processing speed and spatial working memory score were lower for the high-altitude group. Hypertension was lower in the highest-altitude subjects, which may be attributed to preoccupational screening even though this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Despite longer periods of acclimatization to CIH, subjects continue to present AMS and sleep disturbance. Compromise of executive functions was detected, including working memory at HA. Further rigorous research is warranted to understand long-term health impacts of high-altitude mining, and to provide evidence-based policy recommendations.

Defining educational innovation is a challenge for universities due to its polisemic and contextual nature. In order to analyze how this concept is conceived at UNAM, we conducted a thematic analysis of the discussion that took place during the Encuentro de Innovacion Educativa: Vocacion por lo nuevo organized in February 2017 and identified five themes: the definition of educational innovation, the purposes that drive innovation, the process it involves, the conditions that favor and hinder innovation, and critical incidents that trigger educational transformation. The main findings were that members of the academic community are aware that defining educational innovation is a complex endeavor and consider many of the fundamental elements that are accounted for in the literature, such as novelty, change, improvement, efficacy, implementation. They also mention individual, organizational and collective factors among the conditions that drive, favor and inhibit innovation.

This document reports an experience of implementation of educational videogames in Six schools of Santiago. The objectives involved the evaluation of the educational aspects of self-regulated videogames developed on a low cost platform, oriented to foster language and math skills development in 1st and 2nd grade students. For this purpose, pre and post tests were carried out to assess the educational contents, and observation forms were used to make a follow-up of Other aspects related to the educational environment, as motivation, concentration, discipline and transversal educational objectives. Results indicate that the computational tool has important educational effects, mainly related to motivation, concentration and some transversal objectives,

Background Steinernema feltiae is an entomopathogenic nematode used in biological control programs with a global distribution. Populations of this species show phenotypic plasticity derived from local adaptation and vary in different traits, such as location and host penetration. The aim of this work was to describe a Chilean isolate of this nematode species, using integrative approaches. Methods Nematode morphological and morphometric studies were conducted along with molecular analysis of nuclear genes. The symbiotic bacterium was also identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Some ecological characteristics were described, including the temperature requirements for the nematode life cycle and the effect of soil water content for optimal reproduction. Results Morphometric characterization revealed a large intra-specific variability. The isolate identity was also corroborated with the analysis of nuclear genes. Based on the 16S gene, its symbiont bacteria, Xenorhabdus bovienii, was identified. The lowest, optimal and highest temperatures found to limit the infestation and reproduction on Galleria mellonella were 10, 20 and 30 °C, respectively; the emergence from the host larvae occurred approximately 10 days after inoculation. Differences were observed in offspring, and 120 infective juveniles (IJ)/larva was the most prolific dose at 20 °C. The soil water content did not affect the number of IJ invaders, penetration efficacy and IJ emergence time or offspring per larva, but it caused a delay in achieving full mortality at the permanent wilting point with respect to saturation and field capacity. Conclusions For the first time, a Chilean isolate of S. feltiae is described in detail considering morphological, molecular and ecological aspects. The isolate was shown to be efficient in soil containing water, with optimal temperatures ranging from 15 to 25 °C for host infestation and production of an abundant offspring; these characteristics would allow its potential use as control agents in a wide geographical area of the country. Graphical Abstract

Introducción: En Chile el primer caso de COVID-19 fue diagnosticado el tres de marzo del 2020 y el día dieciocho del mismo mes el presidente decreto estado de catástrofe, por lo que las clases a nivel escolar y universitario pasaron de la presencialidad a la virtualidad. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el nivel de satisfacción de las clases virtuales de los estudiantes de Educación Física. Metodología: Cuantitativa, no experimental, transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 542 alumnos de Educación Física de diferentes casas de estudio de Chile. Se adaptó y validó la escala Satisfacción clases online. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas comparando las asignaturas teóricas y prácticas, siendo mejor valoradas las cátedras teóricas. También se encontraron diferencias por sexo, donde los varones poseen una percepción más negativa sobre las clases virtuales y al comparar por curso, los alumnos de primer año poseen una percepción más positiva sobre las clases virtuales en relación con los cursos superiores. Conclusiones: existe una resistencia por parte de los alumnos a las clases virtuales en la Educación Física, pues, si bien se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las asignaturas teóricas y prácticas, los valores siempre estuvieron alrededor de 3 en una escala de 1 a 5. Se hacen necesarias futuras investigaciones con otras variables como actividad física, niveles de estrés y estrategias para la enseñanza de la Educación Física virtual. Abstract. Introduction: In Chile the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed on March 3, 2020 and on the eighteenth of the same month the president decreed state of catastrophe, so that classes at school and university level went from the presence to the virtuality. The present study aims to know the level of satisfaction of the virtual classes of the students of Physical Education. Methodology: Quantitative, non experimental, transversal. The sample consisted of 542 students of Physical Education from different study houses in Chile. The Satisfaction scale online classes was adapted and validated. Results: there are significant differences comparing theoretical and practical subjects, with theoretical chairs being better valued. Differences were also found by sex, where males have a more negative perception about virtual classes and when comparing by course, freshmen have a more positive perception about virtual classes in relation to higher courses. Conclusions: there is a resistance on the part of students to virtual classes in Physical Education, because, although significant differences were found between the theoretical and practical subjects, values were always around 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. Future research with other variables such as physical activity, stress levels and strategies for the teaching of Virtual Physical Education are necessary.

El objetivo de la presente investigacion fue conocer el nivel de satisfaccion de las clases online de los estudiantes de Pedagogia en Educacion Fisica de una Universidad privada de Santiago de Chile en el contexto de pandemia y comparar dichos niveles segun sexo y ano en curso de la carrera. Para ello se aplico una adaptacion del cuestionario de Satisfaccion de Recio y Cabero a 216 estudiantes (43,1% de damas y 56,9% de varones). Los resultados mostraron mayores porcentajes de satisfaccion en las asignaturas teoricas en comparacion con las asignaturas practicas. Al comparar por sexos solo se observaron diferencias significativas en un item relacionado con las fechas de entregas de trabajos en asignaturas teoricas, donde los varones mostraron mayores niveles de satisfaccion. Al comparar por cursos, los estudiantes de 4° y 5° ano presentaron niveles de satisfaccion mas bajos que los estudiantes de primer ano, situacion que se dan en las asignaturas teoricas y practicas. Se concluye que las asignaturas online practicas presentan niveles de satisfaccion menores que las teoricas y los estudiantes de primeros anos estan mas satisfechos con las clases online en relacion con los estudiantes de ultimos anos de la carrera.

Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate visual display terminal (VDT)-related digital eye strain (ES) and dry eye disease (DED) symptoms in subjects whose work was changed to teleworking (TW) during the coronavirus pandemic. Methods. A digital self-reported survey was conducted on subjects in TW, including demographics, medical history, VDT time and ES-related symptoms before and during the pandemic and DED (dry eye questionnaire 5 [DEQ-5] questionnaire). Results. A total of 1797 questionnaires were analyzed. Mean age was 40.5 (SD 11.1) years, and 69.9% were female. The mean number of TW weeks was 10.2 (SD 3.0). The total VDT total hours increased from 7.4 (SD 3.3) to 9.5 (SD 3.3) (p < 0.001). All ES symptoms presented a significant increase (p < 0.001). The mean DEQ-5 score was 8.3 (SD 4.9). The oldest group presented lower values, and women had a higher score (p < 0.001). Additionally, 28.6% of the subjects were classified with severe DED, and the variables associated with a logistic regression model were total VDT hours, female gender, refractive surgery, rosacea, depression, previous DED, keratoconus and blepharitis. Conclusions. The number of VDT hours seemed to be a relevant factor for increase in ES symptoms and a high prevalence of DED during the pandemic period.

Introduction: At this time there are still major questions about the characteristics of disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) in children as well as factors associated with the development of severe forms of the disease. Study design: Retrospective study including patients under 18 years of age admitted with SARSCoV-2 infection from March 1 to April 30, 2020. Infection was confirmed by realtime reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antibody testing. We describe the epidemiological and clinical data, laboratory and imaging findings, as well as treatment and outcome in these patients. In light of these findings, patients were classified into two severity groups and then compared. Results: Thirty-nine children were included, with a median age of 9 years (range 12 days 16 years); 23 were boys. Cases with uncomplicated disease course (24) mostly presented to the emergency department (ED) with fever and/or respiratory symptoms without significant alterations in laboratory findings. Of the 15 children with a complicated course, 12 developed shock. In addition to fever, they frequently presented altered appearance, extreme tachycardia, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and/or conjunctival hyperemia. They also showed greater lymphopenia (p = 0.001), elevated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.001), C-reactive protein (p < 0.001), procalcitonin (p = 0.001), D-dimer (p < 0.001), and ferritin (p < 0.001). Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection in admitted children presents with great clinical variability. When provided supportive care, patients with predominant respiratory symptoms without altered laboratory-test results generally have an uncomplicated course. Patients with complicated disease present mainly with fever and abdominal and/or mucocutaneous symptoms. Most develop shock. Elevation of inflammatory markers may allow for early detection and the final outcome is good. (C) 2020 Asociacion Espaola de Pediatra. Published by Elsevier Espaa, S.L.U.

Background: The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III), an adaptation of the ACE cognitive screening test, has been demonstrated to have high sensitivity and specificity in detecting cognitive impairment in patients with dementia and other neurological and psychiatric disorders. Although the Spanish-language version of the ACE-III has already been validated in Spain, it is yet to be validated in Latin America. The aim of this study was to validate the ACE-III test in an Argentinean and Chilean population. Methods: ACE-III was administered to 70 patients with Alzheimer disease, 31 patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, and a control group of 139 healthy volunteers. Participants were recruited at centres in both countries. Results: The Spanish-language version of ACE-III was found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87). We found significant differences in total ACE-III scores between patients with Alzheimer disease and controls (p < .05) and between patients with Alzheimer disease and bvFTD (p < .05). With a cut-off point of 86, 98.6% of AD patients, 83.9% of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia patients, and 84.2% of controls were correctly classified. Conclusions: This study shows that the Spanish-language version of ACE-III continues to be an effective tool for detecting cognitive dysfunction in patients with dementia. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Espanola de Neurologia.

BACKGROUND:Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) is the most commonly used questionnaire worldwide to detect dry eye disease. Although it is massively used in clinical practice in Chile, its use has not been validated yet in the country. AIM:To develop a cultural adaptation and to validate the OSDI questionnaire for the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS:For cultural adaptation, a translation, retro-translation and an expert panel review was carried out. The resulting questionnaire was applied to a pilot group of twelve participants and their comments were considered for the final questionnaire version. The final questionnaire was applied to a non-random sample of 200 patients aged 53 ± 17 years (75% women). Internal consistency and construct validity were evaluated by Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis respectively. RESULTS:According to the OSDI score, 81% of respondents had dry eye (55% severe). Reliability was 0.91 and factor analysis resulted in three factors explaining 75.4% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS:The OSDI questionnaire version obtained in this study demonstrated excellent internal consistency values and adequate construct validity making it applicable to clinical practice and dry eye research.

Con la intención de apoyar a los profesores en la transición hacia la enseñanza remota de emergencia, algunos miembros de la Red de Innovación Educativa (rie360) hemos preparado una serie de recomendaciones relacionadas con aspectos instruccionales o didácticos en estos momentos en los que es crucial mantener una mirada innovadora en la preparación de la enseñanza debido a la pademia de covid-19. Seleccionamos aspectos puntuales de la educación en línea que han resultado clave para tener resultados favorables en esta transición hacia la educación remota de emergencia, abordamos pautas sobre planificar una clase utilizando el método de aula invertida, plantear objetivos de aprendizaje y definir estrategias dentro de un modelo de aprendizaje activo; así mismo se incluyen consideraciones para favorecer la participación de estudiantes con problemas de conectividad, el acompañamiento tutorial y se presentan sugerencias para lograr un aprendizaje –y una docencia– significativa.

Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) is the most commonly used questionnaire worldwide to detect dry eye disease. Although it is massively used in clinical practice in Chile, its use has not been validated yet in the country.To develop a cultural adaptation and to validate the OSDI questionnaire for the Chilean population.For cultural adaptation, a translation, retro-translation and an expert panel review was carried out. The resulting questionnaire was applied to a pilot group of twelve participants and their comments were considered for the final questionnaire version. The final questionnaire was applied to a non-random sample of 200 patients aged 53 ± 17 years (75% women). Internal consistency and construct validity were evaluated by Cronbach's alpha and exploratory factor analysis respectively.According to the OSDI score, 81% of respondents had dry eye (55% severe). Reliability was 0.91 and factor analysis resulted in three factors explaining 75.4% of the total variance.The OSDI questionnaire version obtained in this study demonstrated excellent internal consistency values and adequate construct validity making it applicable to clinical practice and dry eye research.

Este artículo describe el Repositorio de Innovación Educativa -una plataforma digital que da acceso a diversos recursos y productos sobre innovación educativa- como un mecanismo que busca facilitar la sistematización y visibilización de las innovaciones educativas que se realizan en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (unam). Además, se aborda la importancia de la innovación, y los retos y dificultades para implementarla en el contexto universitario. Por último, se exponen las fortalezas de innovar en colaboración y el papel que la Coordinación de Desarrollo Educativo e Innovación Curricular (codeic) de la unam asume en este fin.

doi: http://doi.org/10.22201/codeic.16076079e.2019.v20n4.a8 Entre marzo y junio de 2019, se realizó el concurso universitario de imágenes fijas “Espacios de aprendizaje y enseñanza de la comunidad unam”, con la intención de documentar la perspectiva de la comunidad universitaria sobre los espacios de enseñanza y aprendizaje que prefieren, incluyendo a los estudiantes y a los docentes. Se buscó reconocer esos lugares, promover la reflexión universitaria sobre sus prácticas de estudio y docencia, ampliar los ámbitos de expresión creativa y brindar información para el diseño de futuros espacios.