Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Hybrid Index and Number Modulation (OFDM-HINM) is a newly proposed multicarrier transmission technique by combining both Index Modulation (IM) as well as Subcarrier Number Modulation (SNM). This leads to significant improvement in spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). It effectively transmits the additional data by changing the both indices and the number of active subcarriers. Hence it creates an additional degree of freedom in both inphase as well as quadrature phase of the modulated signal. Due to this, a significant improvement in data rate is achieved. Hence, it is suitable for next generation wireless communication systems. In this paper, the performance of the HINM is evaluated using computer simulations and compared with the existing OFDM-IM and OFDM-SNM as well as classical OFDM systems under Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. From simulation results, it can be concluded that HINM achieves a lower bit error rate (BER) and higher throughput in contrast to the existing OFDM, OFDM-IM, and SNM systems.

Ash, a by-product obtained from the ignition of coal, is predominantly produced from thermal power plants based on coal. Disposal of the ash in land can be minimized by using the ash in various geotechnical, structural, and transportation engineering works. When ash is to be used in these works, properties of the pond ash under dynamic conditions must be ascertained to find its liquefaction potential under cyclic loading. The cyclic loading procedures to determine dynamic properties of ash commonly used in laboratory are simple shear, cyclic triaxial, and resonant column. In the current study, a series of strain-controlled tests were performed at various relative densities and effective confining pressures in cyclic-traxial apparatus to find the liquefaction potential of pond ash in the dyke. Finite element analysis was carried out using the GeoStudio software to find the factor of safety against slope stability. The factor-of-safety values were found to be more than 1.5 under both static and dynamic loading conditions. The bearing capacity of soil at first stage of ash dyke loading and pond ash at higher stages was found to be adequate.

This paper presents a microgrid consisting of different distributed generation (DG) units that are connected to the distribution grid. An energy-management algorithm is implemented to coordinate the operations of the different DG units in the microgrid for gridconnected and islanded operations. The proposed microgrid consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array which functions as the primary generation unit of the microgrid and a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell to supplement the variability in the power generated by the PV array. A lithium-ion storage battery is incorporated into the microgrid to mitigate peak demands during grid-connected operation and to compensate for any shortage in the generated power during islanded operation. The control design for the DG inverters employs a new model predictive control algorithm which enables faster computational time for large power systems by optimizing the steady-state and the transient control problems separately. The design concept is verified through various test scenarios to demonstrate the operational capability of the proposed microgrid, and the obtained results are discussed. I.INTRODUCTION Microgrid is a new concept which plays a very important role in the future distribution network System. This project gives a centralized control nothing but coordinated control and energy management between the distributed generation inverters in a micro grid under various operating conditions like grid connected mode and islanded mode. Grid connected mode means the distribution grid is coupled with the considered micro grid and the islanded mode means the distribution grid is disconnected with the micro grid under such condition there is a mutual control between the distributed generation inverters in order to meet the particular demand. Renewable energy generations such as wind, solar panels, PV systems, fuel cells and storage devices may act as distributed generations where the proposed system consisting of a PV array, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and a lithium-ion storage battery (SB) these all connected to the distribution grid. These three renewable energy generations act as distribution generation units in the micro grid. The DG units interfaced with the power electronic inverters called as distributed generation inverters. To control this DG inverters we employed a new concept called model predictive control (MPC). This MPC control reduces the computational time very greatly by analyzing both the steady state as well as transient problems separately. The PV array and the PEMFC both are acting as the main DG unit in which the PEMFC act as a backup generator unit if there is any problem in the PV array because of its intermittent nature. The lithium-ion storage battery in the microgrid is implemented for both peak shaving and islanded condition, in the grid connected operation it mitigates the peak demands and in the islanded operation it act to compensate for any shortage in the generated power. Energy storage elements such as storage batteries and some capacitors called ultra capacitors needed to compensate for the variations in the renewable generations where PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell. In the microgrid generally there are problems divided into steady state as well as transient problems these are studied separately and optimally by the MPC controller to reduce the time required for its computation. If the controller other than MPC gives more computational time which is not desired in the microgrid conditions, like PI, PD, PID controllers they reduce the steady state error and improves the damping of the system they need more time for analyzing the problems. There is a concept of demand side management and demand response management is also involved in this project there is a energy management algorithm is designed for the microgrid to coordinate the dispatching of power between different distribution generation units. II.DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MICROGRID A part of power system which distributes the electrical power for local use is known as “Distribution system”. It lies between the substation fed by the transmission system and the consumer meters. Fig.1 Simple model of Electrical Distribution system © 2018 IJNRD | Volume 3, Issue 5 May 2018 | ISSN: 2456-4184 IJNRD1805006 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (www.ijnrd.org) 29 Typical diagram of distribution system is shown in fig.1 the transmission system is distinctly different from the distribution system. Distributed generation takes place on two-levels: the local level and the end-point level. Local level power generation plants often include renewable energy technologies that are site specific, such as solar systems (photovoltaic and combustion), fuel cells and wind turbines. III.PHOTOVOLTAIC & FUEL CELL SYSTEM Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion systems are getting more and more observation in the last decade, mainly due to cost reduction of PV modules and government incentive, which has made this power source and technology ambitious among other power sources. Photovoltaic’s is the field of technology and research related to the devices which directly convert daylight into electricity utilize semiconductors that display the PV effect. Photovoltaic effect involves the creation of voltage in a material upon exposure to electromagnetic

In this paper, a time domain pulse shaping operation is presented. The proposed operation transforms the given time limited, positive amplitude, finite energy and even-symmetric pulse into a pulse that has an increased duration for its constant maximum amplitude while maintaining the same time spacing between instants of zero amplitude levels as the original pulse. If the given pulse amplitude decreases monotonically, the transformed pulse is characterized by an increase in the duration for the maximum constant amplitude portion and an increase in the duration of monotonically decreasing amplitude portion. The proposed operation involves multiplying the given pulse with a positive dc shifted version of the mirror image of the pulse, the image being taken around time axis and the amount of shift being equal to twice the peak amplitude of the pulse under consideration. The proposed operation is applied to Gaussian pulse, triangular pulse, raised cosine pulse and pulses derived from error functions and Gaussian pulses. When the proposed operation is applied recursively, the given pulse, irrespective of its original shape, transforms into a rectangular pulse. With each application of the said operation, the pulse energy increases reaching a value that is equal to that of a rectangular pulse.

High growth in multimedia based applications has increased the need for high data rates and bandwidth efficiency. Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is best choice in this regard which supports high data rates and bandwidth efficiency. As the number of subcarriers used in OFDM systems increases the data rates supported by it also increases at the cost of high Peak to average power ratio. The high PAPR leads to non-linearities in the system which is unwanted. Upcoming OFDM systems may drive the number of subcarriers used to meet the thrust of data rate demands. So it is required to alleviate the high PAPR that appear. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is a technique for reduction in PAPR among other techniques. In this paper a method which combines both PTS and Adaptive Peak Power Reduction techniques (APPR). APPR uses an adaptive algorithm to maintain the peak level of modulated signal. In simulations this method shows the better reduction in PAPR and BER performance too.

Orthogonal Frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique that offers immunity to multipath propagation effects. However, it suffers from high peak to average power ratio that arises when the subcarrier signal phases are same. The literature survey shows that partial transmit sequence (PTS) is best among the multiple signaling and probabilistic techniques for PAPR reduction. However, the circuit complexity increases with the increase in the number of sub-blocks. Under signal distortion methods of PAPR reduction, mu-Law companding offers better performance. In this paper, a scheme that performs mu-LAW companding operation on partial transmit sequence (PTS) signal is proposed to achieve low circuit complexity while offering better PAPR reduction. The proposed scheme provides better PAPR reduction compared to PTS with four blocks, nearly the same BER performance as PTS with two blocks, least circuit complexity when compared to PTS with four blocks. The performance of the proposed scheme is better than mu-law companding, conventional PTS, SLM and combined versions of SLM, PTS.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a novel scheme for generating a phase modulated (PM) continuous wave carrier of constant envelope and the corresponding demodulation scheme. The modulator is based on the principle of the quadrature carrier multiplexing (QCM) wherein the sine wave carrier is multiplied by the message signal, m(t), and the cosine wave carrier is multiplied by the modified signal, √ (1–m2(t)), with the constraint that │m(t)│<1. The demodulator includes an amplitude limiter, a bandpass filter, and a coherent detector. The proposed scheme introduces a maximum linear phase shift of about ±20° when the message signal amplitude is 0.9 V. The phase shift introduced into the carrier is linear to the tune of ±360° as the message signal amplitude is reduced. The proposed scheme allows for the use of high-frequency stable quadrature oscillators in the modulator and offers better noise immunity like the conventional PM carrier. Furthermore, this paper presents a view point that the existing analogue modulation schemes can be viewed as special cases of the QCM principle.

In this paper a novel receiver window function, for the reduction of Inter carrier Interference(ICI) in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, is proposed. The performance of the proposed window has been compared with raised-cosine (RC) window, better than raised-cosine (BTRC) window, rectangular window, and the modified bartlet hanning(MBH) window with reference to ICI and SIR. It has been observed that ICI power of the proposed window is 17.74 dB better than that of BTRC and 7.3 dB better than that of MBH window function at a normalized frequency offset of 0.05.

This paper presents generation and detection of two-channel bipolar multiplexed pulse width modulated signal. The positive half cycles of a polar triangular wave of frequency fc are modulated in amplitude by one message signal and the negative half cycles are modulated in amplitude by another message signal. The two modulated polar triangular waves, each carrying a distinct message signal, are added to generate a carrier whose positive envelope resembles one message signal while negative envelope resembles second message signal. This is a bipolar division multiplexed (BDM) signal in which the initial carrier considered is polar triangular wave. The BDM signal is passed simultaneously through positive and negative clipper circuits. The clippers output unipolar trapezoidal waveforms of opposite polarity. Each polar trapezoidal waveform is differentiated to generate a sequence of positive and negative pulses. Positive pulses alone are considered from the pulse train obtained by differentiating positive trapezoidal signal while negative pulses alone are considered from the pulse train obtained by differentiating the negative trapezoidal signal. The two sets of pulses are added to form Bipolar multiplexed pulse width modulated signal. The message signal recovery involves demultiplexing the pulse trains, clipping their amplitude levels to avoid the effect of additive noise followed by low pass filtering. The proposed scheme offers multiplexing feature with inherent synchronizing gap resulting in no requirement for synchronizing pulses. The proposed scheme requires more bandwidth and hence better noise performance when compared to conventional multiplexed PWM scheme. The proposed scheme is better suited when the dynamic range of the message signal is in the order of a few tens of millivolts.

A hybrid phase shifted full bridge (PSFB) and LLC half bridge (HB) dc-dcconverter for low-voltage and highcurrent output applications is proposed in this paper. The PSFB shares its lagging leg with the LLC-HB and their outputs are parallel connected. When the output current is small, the energy of LLC network in combination with the energy stored in the leakage inductor of PSFB’s transformer can help the lagging leg switches to realize ZVS turn on, which can reduce voltage stress and avoid annoying voltage spikes over switches. For the power distribution at rated load, the PSFB converter undergoes most of the power while the LLC-HB converter working as an auxiliary part converts only a small portion of the total power. To improve the conversion efficiency, synchronous rectification technique for the PSFB dc-dc converter is implemented. Proper gating signals can ensure the synchronous rectifiers to behave as diodes and thus prevent the power flow from moving backwards. The design principle is given in view of ZVS for lagging leg switches and low trans-conductance of LLC converter. The validity and feasibility of the proposed converter have been verified by simulation and experimental results of a 2.5kW prototype.

In this paper, a few mathematical operations involving error function are presented. The outcome of these operations include the definition of signum function, synthesis of error function in time domain through convolution of signum and gaussian function, an alternative approach to compute Hilbert transform of a signal and generation of a narrow pulse. The comparison of the proposed approach with the traditional approach for computing Hilbert transform of a signal is brought out.

This paper presents the Gaussian pulse amplitude modulated with a periodic function of time as an alternative to sine function. The periodic function of time is derived by multiplying several cosine functions whose periods are multiples of integer powers of two and fundamental period. The fundamental period is a function of the first zero crossing expected for a sine function. In time domain, the proposed pulse has higher roll off rate than the sine pulse. The proposed pulse is compared with the Gaussian pulse amplitude modulated with sine function, parametric linear and parametric double jump pulses with reference to intersymbol interference (ISI) in the event of symbol timing errors. It has been observed that while the proposed pulse offers less ISI than that offered by the Gaussian pulse amplitude modulated with sine function for all values of time, it offers less ISI than parametric linear and parametric double jump pulses for large values of time.Keywords: Baseband data transmissionPulse shapingIntersymbol interference Additional informationNotes on contributorsP. Hari Krishna PrasadP. Hari Krishna Prasad received his B. Tech. degree in Electronics & Communication engineering in 1985 from JNT University and M. Tech. degree in Electronic Instrumentation & Communication Systems in 1987from SV University. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in the department of ECE, National Institute of Technology, Warangal. His areas of interest include modulation schemes and pulse shaping. He is a Fellow of IETE.

This paper presents a bi-directional dc-dc converter for use in high powerapplications implementing dual operation of full bridge dc-dc converter. The proposed topology has two single phase full bridge converters on either side of the isolation transformer considering EDLC as energy storage device. Typical applications of this scheme are auxiliary power supply in fuel cell vehicles and battery charging/dis-charging systems providing high efficiency, high power density and galvanic isolation. The overall efficiency from dc input to dc output terminals is accurately measured and loss analysis is carried out to estimate effectiveness of power switching devices. Moreover, the dc-dc converter can charge the capacitor bank from zero to rated voltage without any external pre-charging circuit. I. INTRODUCTION Generally, electric power generated by renewable en- ergysources is unstable in nature, thus producing a bad effecton the utility grid. This fact spurs research on en- ergy storagesystems to smooth out active-power flow on the utility grid. Fig. 1 shows a simplified existing energy storage systememploying a line-frequency (50- or 60-Hz) transformer, a PWMconverter, a bidirectional chopper, and an energy storage devicesuch as electric double layer ca- pacitors (EDLCs) or lithium-ionbatteries. The transformer is indispensable for some applicationsthat require voltage matching and/or galvanic isolation betweenthe utility grid and the energy storage device. Replacingthe line-frequen- cy transformer with a high-frequency isolateddc-dc con- verter would make the energy storage system morecom- pact and flexible. Various bidirectional isolated dc-dc converters have been proposedas the interface to energy storage devices with focus onautomotive or fuel cell applications. Most of the presented dc-dcconverters have asymmetrical circuit con- figurations to couplethe two dc links having largely different voltages, several tensvolts and several hundred volts.

The paper proposes a new concept in developing outline and asses strategic business and technology aspects of cloud computing. Theoretical background and overview is presented on the basic underlying principles, autonomic and utility computing, Service oriented Architecture. Their relation to cloud computing is explored and a case for scaling out vs. scaling up is made and scaling out of relational databases in traditional application is stressed a bottleneck. The rapid progress in information technology and availability of services at low cost has broadened the use of internet for multiple applications. By evaluating strategic issues and weighting in business adoption pros and cons. Cloud computing is expected to be an economically visible alternative to conventional methodology for implementation of projects without compromising the quality of services. I specifically point out cost efficiency, vendor lock in effects leading to operational risks to be prevailing for the majority of larger business customers that could potentially mandate their IT and computing needs from the cloud. Leading Current cloud architectures are compared in software industry. I explore that the process of cloud business deployment will be gradual, but also that government regulations and legal aspects are also likely to business development process further. Ultimately, I conclude with an outlook and recommendations for companies and cloud providers.

Power converters are becoming increasingly commonplace in the electrical industry. Product manufacturers and suppliers of electrical equipment are demanding ever-increasing functionality (i.e., lower input and output voltages, higher currents, faster transient response) from their power supply systems. SR improves efficiency, thermal performance, power density, manufacturability, and reliability, and decreases the overall system cost of power supply systems. This paper will examine the advantages of SR and discuss the challenges encountered in its implementation.

This paper presents an alternative scheme for generation of single sideband (SSB) signal. The proposed scheme is a combination of frequency discrimination method and phase discrimination method with emphasis on simplifying the filter design. Modified version of the given message signal is created by selecting the portion of the frequency translated version of the original message signal (the spectrum is shifted by an amount equal to the sum of the lowest and highest frequency components present in the message signal) that lies within the bandwidth of the original message signal. The modified version of the signal is scaled and given a phase shift of 180° and translated in frequency by the desired amount (depends on which sideband is to be eliminated). This version is added to the frequency shifted (equal to carrier frequency) version of the given message signal thereby canceling the undesired sideband. However, filtering is needed to eliminate the other sideband associated with the frequency shifted modified version of the message signal. The filter design is simple as the ratio of the centre frequency to the frequency gap between desired sideband and undesired sideband is relatively larger. The proposed method requires 180° phase shifter and a bandpass filter whose designs are much simpler than those in the conventional case. The mathematical analysis of the proposed scheme along with simulation results has been proposed.

This paper presents a multiplexing scheme that uses a periodic sine like pulse and its orthogonal versions to multiplex analog low pass signals. The sine like pulse is derived by multiplying a few cosine waves whose frequencies are harmonically related. The highest frequency of the cosine wave is decided based on the time instant at which the first zero crossing of the periodic sine like pulse is expected. The lowest frequency of the cosine wave decides the period of the sine like pulse. The number of available phase quadrature versions or orthogonal versions for the periodic sine like pulse is given by 2n where ‘n’ is the number of cosine waves that are multiplied to generate the periodic sine like pulse. The multiplexed signal is generated by adding the double sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) modulated signals generated by multiplying message signals and quadrature versions of the periodic sine like pulse. At the receiver, the message signals are detected using coherent detection. The proposed system requires a bandwidth of 2(1.875W) per signal where W is the highest frequency of the message signals. The bandwidth required per signal in the proposed scheme is more than conventional QCM scheme. However, the proposed scheme allows multiplexing eight signals using three cosine carriers. In QCM, only six message signals can be multiplexed with three cosine carriers and their quadrature versions.

A constant voltage regulator, to supply constant power loads, is realized using a Switched-capacitor converter. Exhaustive studies have been carried out to find the suitability of available control schemes and finally one control scheme investigated with (i) operation of the converter at different crossover frequencies (ii) operation of the converter at different phase Margins. Various operating modes have been analyzed and then a mathematical model is formulated to carry out the dynamic performance and controller design studies. State-space averaging method is employed in the modeling stage. The switched capacitor converter mathematical analysis, modeling and controller design of the single loop control scheme are presented and closed loop simulation results of the switched capacitor dc-dc converter with this control scheme are obtained through PSIM simulator. In the first stage a simple voltage-mode, single-loop; controller is adopted for load voltage regulation. Four important open-loop system small-signal model transfer functions required for controller design are derived, using these transfer functions together with the K-factor design oriented method the controller is designed to meet the frequency response specifications, gain margin and phase margin, and to ensure stability of the system. Taking this designed controller the closed-loop converter system is simulated in the PSIM power electronics simulator and tested the controller regulation capability against source and load disturbances. To verify the simulation results, experimental investigations have been carried out and the measured results are closely matching with the simulated results

Rectifier reverse-recovery problems cause a significant efficiency reduction as well as severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) in continuous-current-mode (CCM) boost converters. To alleviate these problems, this paper presents a simple and effective solution that involves shifting the original rectifier current to a new branch, which consists of a rectifier and a coupled winding of the boost inductor. A high-efficiency clamped voltage dc–dc converter with reduced reverse-recovery current and switch-voltage stress. In the circuit topology, it is designed by way of the combination of inductor and transformer to increase the corresponding voltage gain. Moreover, one additional inductor provides the reverse-current path of the transformer to enhance the utility rate of magnetic core. In addition, the voltage-clamped technology is used to reduce the switch-voltage stress.

Multilevel voltage-fed inverters with space vector pulse width modulation strategy are gained importance in high power high performance industrial drive applications. Multi-phase machines and drives is a topic of growing relevance in recent years, and it presents many challenging issues that still need further research. Multilevel multiphase technology combines the benefits of both technologies. This paper proposes a new simplified space vector PWM method for a five-level five phase voltage source inverter. The five-level inverter has a large number of switching states compared to a two-level inverter. In the proposed scheme, five-level space vector PWM inverter is easily implemented using algorithm based on a displacement plus a two-level multiphase SVPWM modulator. Therefore, the proposed method can also be applied to multilevel inverters. In this paper, a five-level five phase inverter using space vector modulation strategy has been modeled and simulated. Simulation results are presented for operation conditions using R-L load.