Data transmission is crucial in nuclear physics experiments. As the size of detectors and measurement data increases, traditional Ethernet protocols have become insufficient for performance requirements. To address this, a prototype data transfer system based on Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is proposed. This system allows for direct data transfer between host memory devices, reducing resource consumption and improving throughput. It utilizes the RoCE v2 protocol to establish a stable RDMA session and incorporates Quality of Service (QoS) and priority-based scheduling tailored for nuclear physics applications, ensuring timely and reliable data transmission. Performance evaluations focus on latency, throughput, and CPU utilization at the External Target Facility (ETF). Results indicate that this solution outperforms TCP-based methods for large-scale data transfers, achieving a 96.3 % reduction in average latency, a 95.1 % improvement in throughput, and an 85.6 % decrease in CPU utilization, showcasing its superior performance and reliability.

The CSR External-Target Experiment(CEE) facility, as China's first large-scale general-purpose nuclear physics experiment operating in the GeV energy region, relies on a slow control system built on the EPICS architecture to monitor hundreds of devices and process substantial data volumes. With increasing system complexity, manual operational efficiency decreases, making it difficult to maintain environmental consistency and ensure deployment reliability. To address these challenges, this study introduces a DevOps-based approach by integrating GitLab, Jenkins, Harbor, Kubernetes, and Ceph into an automated pipeline, leading to the design and implementation of the CEE Slow Control System (SCS) DevOps Platform. The main contributions include: (1) a continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD) pipeline customized for Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS)-based control systems, (2) container image-based deployment and rollback strategies, and (3) operational security mechanisms covering log management, vulnerability scanning, and permission control. Test results demonstrate that the platform improves software delivery efficiency, ensures environmental consistency, and enhances operational reliability. This work offers a practical solution for developing and maintaining various control systems in large-scale scientific facilities.

The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) serves as the central detector of the Cooling Storage Ring External-target Experiment (CEE) spectrometer, designed to precisely measure dE/dx, momentum information, and charged particle trajectories of large-angle reaction products in nuclear experiments conducted at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). To achieve accurate tracking of charged particles in the large-angle region and enable particle identification in conjunction with other detectors, real-time monitoring and control of the detector system are essential. For this purpose, a Slow Control System (SCS) was developed and implemented using the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) software toolkit. This system monitors and controls the TPC's operational parameters, including gas flow, laser system performance, front-end electronics, and environmental conditions, while also overseeing auxiliary devices in real time. Such comprehensive monitoring ensures high-precision position and time measurements with the detector. This paper presents the design, components, commissioning, operation, and performance evaluation of the TPC SCS.

The Cooling Storage Ring (CSR) External-target Experiment (CEE) at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) began its construction in 2020. It will be the first large-scale experiment in China's Giga electron-volt (GeV) energy range. As one of its 12 subsystems, the Slow Control System (SCS) has been designed and implemented using the framework of the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). The monitoring, control, alarming and archiving of all slow control devices and the front-end electronics (FEE) in the 12 subsystems are developed on this open-source platform. Uniform multiuser interfaces were developed using CSS and web browser. A local database based on MySQL was created to store all the process variables (PVs) of the SCS. This paper describes the SCS tasks, architecture design and implementation, as well as some valuable monitoring and maintenance applications.

A dedicated slow control system has been designed and implemented at the Cooling Storage Ring External-target Experiment (CEE) spectrometer, providing low-latency monitoring and control capabilities, along with robust data storage and archival functions. To meet the increasing requirements for high-throughput and high-frequency low-latency data processing, we have adopted a hybrid database architecture that effectively combines relational (MySQL) and non-relational (MongoDB) systems enable optimized, differentiated data storage solutions. A web-based visualization system employing frontend-backend separation has been implemented, utilizing Vue framework for frontend development and Spring Boot for backend implementation. The platform enables researchers to systematically manage experimental devices and process variables, supporting both historical data analysis low-latency experimental monitoring. Additionally, a complementary WeChat mini-program been developed to extend remote data monitoring and reception capabilities. Through systematic architectural integration, this solution significantly enhances experimental workflow efficiency data accessibility, delivering robust technical support for CEE facility operations. System validation and field tests with beam have confirmed significant improvements in research productivity while ensuring data integrity and operational stability.

Current CMOS chip technology is becoming increasingly advanced, and more remote sensing small satellites are utilizing planar array CMOS cameras to achieve staring imaging of multiple targets. The selection of imaging paths and the accuracy of imaging time control for satellite staring imaging of numerous targets are influenced by the satellite's relative position to the observation targets and its maneuvering capabilities. In this paper, we establish a satellite attitude dynamics model and design an adaptive controller for target staring control. We also present a path selection strategy for multi-target planning, which incorporates the constraints of satellite imaging. Additionally, we propose an intelligent control approach based on deep reinforcement learning to optimize control parameters and imaging paths, enhancing multi-target staring imaging time and stability for optimal benefits. Our solution offers an intelligent method for practical engineering applications involving multi-target staring imaging. Finally, the mathematical simulation results show that this method can improve control stability and best imagine time.

Stud-shaped Cu2S nanowire arrays (arrays arranged with nanowires that exhibit a sudden reduction in diameter from their tops) were synthesized in situ on copper substrates deposited with a copper film through a simple one-step solid–gas reaction method. By controlling the gas ratio in the solid–gas reaction, Cu2S nanowire arrays with different morphologies were obtained. It was found that with the increase of oxygen ratio in the mixed gas, the diameter of the nanowire’s top gradually decreases, and the composition of the top is mainly Cu31S16. This finding revealed the growth mechanism of the Cu2S nanowire arrays in solid–gas reaction. The stud-shaped Cu2S nanowire arrays exhibited excellent light absorption performance over a wide range of wavelength from 240 nm to 700 nm. When the gas ratio of H2S to O2 was 1:0.8, the average light absorption value reached to 90

An Electron Beam Probe (EBP) is preferable to provide a non-interceptive measurement of the transverse distribution of a dense bunched ion beam. During EBP operation, it was observed that the electron beam spot subjects to expansion when scanned across the ion beam due to the strong space charge field of the ion bunch, leading to significant degradation of spatial resolution. To mitigate this effect, a small electron beam spot is beneficial as demonstrated in previous research. This paper presents design details of a low-emittance, small-spot, and long-work-distance electron gun. Geometry optimization of the gun and focus lens is conducted using a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) interfaced with space charge simulation codes to maintain normalized thermal emittance within an acceptable increase and achieve a small spot at a long work distance. The emittance is measured using a slit-screen technique, resulting in a norm. rms emittance of 0.046(+-0.005) um*rad under low beam current conditions (50 nA). In high-resolution mode, a beam spot size of 0.6 mm (rms) is achieved at a work distance of 1.2 m with the combination of Einzel lens and solenoid. The gun has been successfully operated as part of EBP experiments for accurate and high-resolution measurement of ion beam width, demonstrating excellent agreement with wire scanner measurements with relative deviation not exceeding 1%.

Beam position measurement system can not only provide the beam position monitoring, but also be used for global orbit correction to reduce beam loss risk and maximize acceptance. The Beam Position Monitors (BPM) are installed along the synchrotron to acquire beam position with the front-end electronics and data acquisition system (DAQ). To realize high precision orbit measurement in the main heavy ion synchrotron and cooling storage ring of heavy-ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSRm), a series of alignment and calibration work has been implemented on the BPM and its DAQ system. This paper analyzed the tests performed in the laboratory as well as with beam based on the developed algorithms and hardware. Several filtering algorithms were designed and implemented on the acquired BPM raw data, then the beam position and resolution were calculated and analyzed. The results show that the position precision was significantly improved from more than 100 μm to about 50 μm by implementing the new designed filtering algorithm. According to the analyzation of the measurement results and upcoming physical requirements, further upgrade scheme for the BPM DAQ system of CSRm based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology was proposed and discussed.

A novel Cr coating with uniformly dispersed yttrium-based nano-oxides (i.e., ODS-Cr coating) was synthesized. Structural analyses show that, after heat treatments, the grain coarsening was not detected, and mechanical properties remained almost intact in ODS-Cr coatings while the grain size increased six times and mechanical properties degraded remarkably for pure Cr coatings. Irradiation-induced cavities in ODS-Cr coatings were also greatly suppressed compared with those in pure Cr coating. These results indicate that the ODS-Cr coating has a better mechanical properties and irradiation resistance than traditional pure Cr, and highlight its potential application as protective coatings for ATF solutions.

Residual stress is believed to greatly influence wear behavior of physical vapor deposition coatings, especially for those deposited at low substrate temperatures. Here, comparison and evaluation were performed on friction wear behavior of the V-Al-N coatings that were deposited with the <200 degrees C substrate temperature. The hardness and the compressive stress of coatings varied from 14.1 GPa to 35.5 GPa and 0.06 GPa-3.83 GPa, when the substrate bias increased from 0 to-20 V. Low wear rates (similar to 10(-16) m(3)/N m) were achieved in the V0.43Al0.57N coatings with medium compressive stress (similar to 3 GPa). By contrast, the specific wear rate increased by two orders of magnitude (similar to 2.8 x 10(-14) m(3)/N m) when the compressive stress increased to-3.83 +/- 0.24 GPa. Therefore, it could be concluded that the highly strained coatings were generally subjected to fractured-dominated wear, which should be avoided in developing low-wear transition nitride hard coatings.

The Booster Ring is further designed to store and accelerate protons up to 2 × 1012 particles per pulse in the High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility project, which was originally designed to accelerate high-intensity heavy ion beams. To minimize the uncontrolled proton beam halo loss around the ring in operation, a two-stage collimation system is proposed to provide a well-shielded dump for localizing the proton beam halo loss. In this paper, the simulation is carried out to evaluate the collimation system which shows a 92.93

Silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiCf/ SiC) composites have become the preferred candidate for structural applications in advanced nuclear energy systems, because of their low neutron toxicity, neutron irradiation tolerance and high-temperature oxidation resistance. In recent years, both academia and industry either domestic or abroad have carried out a lot of researches on SiCf/SiC composites for nuclear application, and numerous important achievements have been made. This paper summarized and analysed some critical directions of SiCf/SiC composites for nuclear applications, including nuclear-grade SiC fibers, fibre/matrix interfaces, composite processing, modeling and simulation, corrosion behavior and surface protection, joining technology, as well as radiation damage. The key issues and potential solutions of SiCf/SiC composites for nuclear applications have been pointed out in account to the requirements, anticipating to be beneficial to promoting further researches and final applications.

A Secondary Electrons Profile Monitor (SEPM) is developed as part of the beam dose delivery system in a clinical gantry of the Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM). With the purpose of less disturbance to the beam, a thin foil with a thickness of 0.7μm and an accelerating grid with a diameter of 15μm are employed to produce and accelerate the secondary electrons, and two microchannel plates (MCPs) are used to multiply the electrons. Providing the real-time information of beam size, position, flatness, and symmetry in front of the scanning magnet, the beam monitor features an active area of 989 mm2, beam intensities between 1.0 × 103 to 1.0 × 108 particles per pulse (ppp) and a wide range of beam energies. A prototype is tested at the horizontal treatment room of the HIMM. Using different beam positions, sizes, and energies of 12C6+ beams, test experiments show that the beam monitor maintains good consistency with a Multi-Strip Ionization Chamber (MSIC). Compared to the MSIC, the SEPM shows a better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and higher sensitivity to the variation of the beam.

Non-interceptive diagnostic techniques are essential for high beam power accelerators. An Electron Beam Probe (EBP) is preferable to measure the beam distribution of a dense beam bunch in which a low-intensity and low-energy electron beam sweeps across the ion beam and the deflection angle exerted on each electron by the space charge field of ion beam reflecting the local density distribution of the ion beam. In this paper, the design and setup of an EBP system, together with preliminary beam experiment result, are presented. A dedicated multi-particle simulation algorithm is developed which reproduces the expansion effect of electron beam spot in a dense ion bunch as observed by several Labs, and a theoretical interpretation is given with a preliminary solution being proposed. In the future, an improved version of EBP will supply non-interceptive diagnostics for Booster Ring (BRing) of the High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF), of which a fast scanning system will be implemented with the parallel electron beam optics configured.

Phase diagrams, also known as equilibrium phase diagrams, serve as a road map for materials design. However, preparation process of coatings (such as Physical Vapor Deposition, PVD) is generally far from equilibrium and results in metastable phases. Thus, the CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams) approach faces a challenge in calculating the metastable phase diagrams for PVD coating materials. Here we summarized the development of the modeling methodology for the metastable phase diagrams, where the model with critical surface diffusion distance established in recent years were highlighted. The CALPHAD approach, first-principles calculations coupled with high-throughput magnetron sputtering experiments were used to model the atomic surface diffusion, while only one key combinatorial experiment was performed to obtain the basic data for the computation, and the calculated metastable phase diagrams were confirmed by further experiments. Therefore, the database of the stable and metastable phase diagrams can be established, which will be used to guide the design of the ceramic coating materials by the relationship of composition, processing, microstructure, and performance. This model can also help to achieve the goal to shorten the time and reduce the costs of materials research and development.

Root-associated bacteria communities are influential to plant growth and stress tolerance. Epigenetic regulation plays important roles in many plant biological processes, but its potential impacts on the assembly of root microbiota remain unclear. Here we report that dysfunction of the histone demethylase IBM1 in Arabidopsis substantially alters root-associated soil bacteria community. We compared two alleles of ibm1 mutant ( ibm1-1 and ibm1-4 ) with wild type Arabidopsis regarding the root-associated bacteria community by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The constrained principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the ibm1 mutants are both clearly separated from Col-0 along the major coordinates. Among the 29 families which have a relative abundance more than 0.5% in at least one sample, 10 and 11 families were commonly affected by ibm1-1 and ibm1-4 alleles in the rhizosphere and the endosphere compartment, respectively. Notably, the ACMs (Abundant Community members) belonging Pseudomonadaceae showed increased relative abundance in the ibm1 mutant alleles compared to Col-0 in both the rhizosphere and the endosphere compartments. The ACMs belonging to Oxalobacteraceae mostly showed decreased relative abundance in ibm1 mutants compared to Col-0 in endosphere compartment. These findings demonstrate an influential function of IBM1-mediated epigenetic regulation in shaping the root-associated microbiota.

The transverse emittance of the extracted beam from the heavy ion medical machine cyclotron is measured and then optimized for injection into the synchrotron. For the purposes of cross-validation, three methods, i.e., slit–grid, Q-scan, and 3-grid, are used to measure the emittance. In the slit–grid technique, an automatic selection of the region of interest is adopted to isolate the major noise from the beam phase space, which is an improvement over the traditional technique. After iterating over the contour level, an unbiased measurement of the emittance can be obtained. An improvement in the thin lens technique is implemented in the Q-scan method. The results of these measurements are presented.