Applying the response surface methodology, this work aims to examine the flexural characteristics of bio composites composed of polypropylene (PP)/sisal fiber (Sisal)/polypropylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PMA). To predict the modulus behavior and flexural strength of the natural fiber bio-composite, mathematical models have been developed as a function of Sisal load, PMA, and fiber length compatibilizer content. These models are based on a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD), a subset of the response surface methodology (RSM). Sisal fiber (15–35 wt

Introduction: This paper highlights the representative patents related to the application of maskless electrochemical micromachining (EMM) using microtextured tools and developed cells under electrolysis conditions for the generation of high-quality complex patterns, i.e., cascade micropattern on stainless steel. background: Electrochemical Microtextured Cell Method: To acquire high accuracy level, the workpiece and tools are fixtured properly in the developed microtextured cell, and a developed vertical cross-flow system is utilized for the generation of a precise cascade micropattern. An electrochemical microtextured cell is designed and developed inexpensively for the fabrication of high-quality complex micropatterns. The eco-friendly combined electrolyte of NaNO3 and NaCl is employed for precise micro texturing. Result: The consequence of predominant input factors, i.e., IEG, voltage, and flow rate, are explored on machining rate, precision, depth, and surface finish during complex micro-texturing using developed microtextured cells. The complex microtextured tool is fixtured in tool holding device in a developed microtextured cell and fabricates nineteen precise complex micropatterns. Conclusion: An effort has been made to find suitable input factors for the generation of precise complex micropatterns.

Groundwater is essential to human well-being and sustains a variety of aquatic ecosystems in both urban and rural settings. Yet, it is commonly overlooked in these contexts. As a result, groundwater may be very important to the development and well-being of many nations if it is properly evaluated and utilized. Although the possibility for sustainable groundwater resource development is still debated in the literature, these issues still lack quantitative understanding. In order to assess groundwater potential in two different urbanized regions of "Northern Kerala, Southern India," this research uses the "Enhanced Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (E-Fuzzy AHP) based Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)-Geospatial Framework employing Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO)". The study area is a coastal region that is quickly becoming urbanized and relies on groundwater resources to meet its basic needs. By incorporating both spatial and non-spatial data into the Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, a groundwater potential zone map with an accurate integer value was created, known as the "groundwater potential index (GWPI)". The very excellent potential zone occupies 35% and 11%, respectively, of the "urban and peri-urban zones," according to the final groundwater potential map, which employed the quantile technique to split the research territory into four zones. The statistical effectiveness and dependability of results in the overall decision-making phase were examined in the validation study using the data on mean water depth level, and it was found that the reliability was well within the tolerance threshold.

As a result of its remarkable resistance to corrosion, strong wear resistance, high strength, and low weight, aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMC’s) have garnered tremendous widespread recognition for structural and aeronautical applications. Several mechanical properties of aluminum alloy (AA5083) are examined in this experimental study, which focuses on the impact of reinforcing particles (alumina and titanium carbide). The stir casting method was used to manufacture AMMC. Fabrication was carried out using the less difficult ex-situ approach. Reinforcement particle weight percentages ranging from 4 to 12

This study aims to optimize the mechanical characteristics of Sisal-polypropylene composites by investigating the impact of varying the compounding factors on these qualities. These parameters include fiber feeding location, barrel temperature, and fiber content. A capillary rheometer was used to track the changes in viscosity of the mixed compounds in relation to shear rate and temperature. Blends were tested at predetermined shear rates using a Couette shear rate theory–based extruder screw speed chart. In order to determine how each processing variable affected the mechanical characteristics of the composites, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, and experimental designs were based on Taguchi’s optimization method. The optimization study revealed that, in addition to barrel temperature, the mechanical characteristics of the specimens were highly influenced by fiber content and feeding position inside the extruder. Compounds containing 40 wt

High-performance mechanical properties and environmental benefits are demonstrated by natural fiber (NF)-reinforced polymer composites. The study created Jute fiber (JF) and Kenaf fiber (KF) reinforced polyester hybrid composites using hot compression molding. The composites were analyzed and studied for their physical, mechanical, and tribological properties and water absorption rate. The study aimed to identify a significant hybrid of NF reinforced polymer composites suitable for commercial applications in engineering. Analyzed several mechanical properties including tensile strength, flexural strength, compression strength, impact strength and hardness. The fractured areas of the tensile sample were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The water absorption properties were assessed by submerging the composite samples in distilled water and determining the percentage of water penetration. The tribological behavior was assessed using a pin-on-disc (POD) tribometer to estimate the coefficient of friction (COF) and Specific wear rate (SWR). The study concluded that hybrid composites outperformed single-fiber composites in all forms. The hybrid composite consisting of 25

In this experiment, high-temperature polyethylene terephthalate (PT) was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) that had been thinned with acetone. Sisal fibers were coated with the resulting product. Composites of Coated treated sisal fibre-reinforced PT (CTSF-PT) were made using a constant fiber loading of 10 wt

Mechanical and thermal properties of composites reinforced with Banana fibre (BF) and Sisal fibre (SF) were investigated in this study. Benzoylation therapy was effective for Banana fibre /Sisal. The hybridised bio-composites (PP/BF/SF) with a total 10 weight percentage were produced using three different fibres ratios between Banana fibre - and Sisal-treated. The thermal stability experiments are performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and diffraction scanning calorimetry (DSC). According to flammability test results, the treated hybrid composite (BF / PP /SF) burned at the slowest rate (only 28 mm/min) and the stiffness damping factor (Tan δ). The loss modulus (E "the ideal (PP/BF/SF) hybrid composite, T-BF5SF5, has a damping factor of 0.058 and a modulus of 86.2 (MPa). Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) was also used to effectively record the dimensional coefficient (m) versus temperature studies, with T-BF5SF5 achieving the highest dimensional coefficient (m) of 30.11 at 110°C. Keywords: Sisal; biocomposites; Banana fibre ; dynamic mechanical analysis; thermal; benzoylation.

Natural fiber composites have garnered considerable interest in recent years as sustainable substitutes for synthetic materials, owing to their environmental advantages, including renewability, biodegradability, and costeffectiveness. Notwithstanding these benefits, there is a vital need to improve the mechanical and tribological characteristics of these composites for applications involving significant wear. This work used compression molding to make hybrid composites with natural fibers (NFs) and nano silicon dioxide (nSiO2) 2 ) filler. The matrix material was epoxy, and the natural reinforcements were Enset ventricosum (EV) and Terminalia arjuna (TA) fibers. Tensile (TS), flexural (FS), and impact (IS) characteristics improved using 1:1 SiO2 2 filler and EV/TA fiber reinforcement. The combination of 6 wt% SiO2 2 and 45 wt% EV/TA improved mechanical performance. A high SiO2 2 filler (6 wt%) in polymer-based composites decreased Specific Wear Rate (SWR), according to Taguchi optimization. A better fiber-matrix interaction improves the mechanical characteristics of materials with fillers. This study optimized several responses using the new combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) method. Multi- criteria decision making is used here. This study introduces Method based on the Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC) to determine objective criteria weights. Conclusions from experiments show ideal results. CoCoSo's optimization study showed that Enset ventricosum and Terminalia arjuna fiber (EV/TA) hybridization affected composites' tribological behavior.This hybrid fiber combination carried the most influence, followed by fillers. The optimal results were obtained with 6 wt% SiO2/25 2 /25 wt% EV/TA Hybrid fiber, 1000 m Sliding distance (SD), 2 m/s Sliding speed (SS), and 10 N axial load (AL).

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is one of the most important processes of joining two metals or materials because of its high efficiency and low time requirement. This work studied the tensile strength of SMAW dissimilar mild steel (MS) and medium carbon steel (CS) with various process variables such as Welding Current (WC), Electrode Angle (EA), and Root Face (RF). The chosen variable ranges are WC of 140,180 and 200Amp, EA of 30,45 and 60 degrees and RF of 1,2 and 3 mm respectively to identify the important variables on Tensile strength (TS). Design of experiments (DOE) is executed as per Taguchi L9 OA for recognizing the optimal level of variables to accomplish maximum tensile strength. The experimental result is witnessed that the highest TS (201.38 MPa) is attained at sample-8 when WC -140 Amp, EA-45 degree and RF-1mm are maintained whereas the lowest TS (41.61 MPa) is obtained at sample-9 due to increment of the electrode angle (60 degree) and root face (2 mm), Analysis of variance result is revealed that Electrode Angle is the most important variable (73.97%) which improves TS of the SMAW joints, followed by Root face (6.24%) and Welding current (5.12%).

In this work, hybrid nanocomposites were successfully fabricated using a stir casting machine setup with a weight of 3

There are a lot of problems with the conventional fusion welding process, so ultrasonic welding has been used for about 20 years and has helped a lot of manufacturing industries, including aviation, medicine, and microelectronics. Ultrasonic welding takes less than one second, making it suitable for mass production. Poor weld quality and joint strength are common issues that industries encounter as a result of this process. Actually, the success and quality of the welding are determined by its control parameters. This research examines the impacts of weld time, vibrational amplitude, and weld pressure on the welding of 0.6 mm thick sheets of two different metals, specifically copper and aluminum (AA2024). Responses, including tensile shear stress, weld area, and T-peel stress, are acquired through experiments that follow a full factorial design including four replicas. The highest recorded tensile shear stress was 4.34 MPa, the maximum weld area measured was 63.6 mm2, and the peak T-peel stress reached 1.22 MPa. A second-order non-linear regression model was constructed using all of these data points, which related the responses to the predictors. Due to the importance of quality in the production sector, the process parameters were determined by the combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and fuzzy logic (FL) approaches. The impact of the weld zone temperature on various quality characteristics has been investigated through experiments. It has been noted from the confirmatory test that FL produces superior output outcomes compared to the genetic algorithm, with FL achieving a fuzzy multi-performance index of 0.94 compared to 0.61 for GA. By conducting microstructural analysis, weld quality levels, including “under-weld,” “good weld,” and “over-weld,” were established.

Enhancing the process parameters is crucial for dealing with aged AA2024 matrix composites as they affect various elements including mechanical properties, TWR, surface finish, and accuracy. AA2024 is selected as matrix in this study to enhance mechanical characteristics. Reinforcing material Silicon Carbide (SiC) was selected because of its exceptional mechanical qualities. So, SiC can enhance AA2024's mechanical properties. Easy fabrication, consistent reinforcement distribution, reduced oxidation and porosity susceptibility led to the stir cast method's selection for AA2024/SiC (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt.

The goal of this study is to increase material removal rate (Mrr), and minimize consumption of power (Pc) and surface integrity (Sr) while using the least amount of resources thereby addressing sustainable manufacturing and optimization in machining operation. Box Behnken Design (BBD) and Grey Regression Analysis (GRA) are systematically followed in the machining process on UNS T51603. The experimental runs were performed based on BBD followed by multi-objective optimization using GRA. The practical applicability and reliability of the optimized parameters is evaluated by confirmatory runs, and the optimal solution of single and multi-objective solution for Sr, Mrr, and Pc, is verified. The lowest Sr was achieved when Ss was maintained at 2000 rpm, with Dc at 0.6 mm, Fr at 750 mm/min, and Cfr 6 l/min. maximum Mrr was attained when Ss assigned at 1750 rpm, with Dc at 0.6 mm, Fr at 750 mm/min, and Cfr 8 l/min. When compared to confirmatory runs, the optimized set of parameters for BBD and GRA reveals a 10% variance, demonstrating the validity of the optimization strategies used. In terms of Pc the optimized parameters were found to be 1750 rpm, 0.2 mm, 500 mm/min, and 6 l/min.

The growing urban population, increasing income per capita, and significant rise in the number of people living in cities are all placing a strain on the nation's water supply and calling for innovative methods of urban water management. Water stress, excessive resource consumption, nutrient discharge into aquatic ecosystems, and financially unstable utilities are all consequences of the traditional linear "take, make, waste" approach to water management. Many strategies are required to achieve economic, environmental, and social sustainability. More closed-loop urban wastewater and resource management systems can be developed and implemented with the help of a toolkit that includes stormwater management/rainwater harvesting, water conservation, water reclamation and reuse, energy management, nutrient recovery, and source separation. Water conservation, water reclamation, and wastewater reuse are becoming the norm in many water-poor regions. This shift is hastened by decentralization, made possible by dispersed stormwater management/rainwater collection and innovative high-performance treatment technologies. Similar changes are occurring in conventional methods of residual management due to the need for more energy recovery and nutrient recovery and reuse. Finding the most outstanding long-term solutions requires an economic study done well. The practice of stove-piping must be eradicated from urban wastewater and resource management. These novel techniques for managing urban wastewater and resources can produce more long-term, financially stable, resource-efficient, environmentally friendly, nutrient-sensitive, and sanitary outcomes.

The sepiolite and Al2O3-doped sepiolite contents in the as-received sepiolite/epoxy systems were maintained at 2 and 4wt %, respectively. The flame-retardant capabilities and combustion behavior of Al2O3-doped sepiolite in epoxy resin were meticulously evaluated through a series of tests including cone calorimetry (CC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Several features, including degradation kinetics, combustion characteristics, thermomechanical properties, flame retardancy, and thermal degradation were evaluated with the intention of drawing comparisons to standard sepiolite. The findings from the studies were positive. In contrast, Al2O3-doped sepiolite not only further improved the LOI values and char formation post-cone testing but also decreased the previously mentioned combustion-related parameters in the composites. A potential synergistic interaction between sepiolite and Al2O3 in augmenting the flame retardancy of the composite was suggested. The thermal degradation of composites was only little affected by addition of sepiolite, although Al2O3-doped sepiolite addition seemed to speed up the deterioration process. The epoxy composite’s glass transition temperature (Tg) was shown to increase when sepiolite or Al2O3-doped sepiolite was added, as determined by DMA. The findings presented in this research provided a practical approach to improving the fireproofing of polymers. Keywords: Al2O3-doped sepiolite; TGA, flame retardancy; DSC, epoxy; thermal properties.

Aluminum alloy is a widely utilized material in the modern automotive industry due to its lightweight properties and corrosion resistance. Unconventional machining processes, particularly electrochemical machining (ECM) offer effective means to work with such materials. This study focuses on assessing the influence of four specific parameter combinations on the machining of AA6082/ZrSiO4/SiC alloy. This work also analyzes the impact of critical ECM process parameters, including tool feed rate, applied voltage, electrolytic concentration, and electrode type on the output response variables. These variables encompass characteristics such as material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR), and their relationships are explored through the application of the Taguchi design of experiments methodology. The analyzed experimental data were employed to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model aimed at achieving more accurate predictions to increase the MRR and reduce SR. The ANN setup is a multilayer perceptron utilizing a feed forward architecture, denoted as (4–20–2). This notation indicates that there are 4 nodes in the input layer, twenty neurons in the hidden layers, and 2 nodes in the output layer. The ANN predictions yield an R2 value of 0.98003 and MSE within the range of 0.02413, specifically for the experiment dataset. The results of the regression study strongly indicate that the ANN model can effectively and reliably predict both MRR and SR with a high degree of precision. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of the surface also indicates an improved surface finish with brass tool as compared to graphite.

This paper discusses the fire and heat resistance of a polylactic acid/Hemp/Polypropylene hybrid laminated composite. Hybrid composites had their impacts analysed, specifically with regards to the fibre composition and stacking order. Using a hot press, the hybrid composites were created. In this work, Hemp/Polypropylene-reinforced polylactic hybrid composites with thermogravimetric, differential calorimetric, dynamic mechanical, and flamability properties were reported. Thermomechanical studies show that hybridization affects the laminate’s viscoelastic characteristics and thermal stability. Hybrid composites' burning rates were also evaluated for this flammability test. Most of the Hemp layers in sample C7 had the most char residue (10%), while sample C8 had the highest decomposition temperature (450°C). When it comes to hybrid composites, however, the C5 sample offers the best results, with a large char production and a low burning rate of just 36 mm/min. Also, viscoelastic properties like storage and loss modulus are best in class for the C5 sample, which is a hybrid composite. Keywords: Hemp; flammability Polypropylene; PLA; TGA; DSC.