This study aimed to prepare and characterize the zinc alginate complexes using SEM-EDAX, XRD, FTIR and evaluate their zinc retention percentage in cockerels. Three complexes were prepared using zinc sulfate (Zn-Alg- CM1), zinc carbonate (Zn-Alg-CM2), and zinc nitrate (Zn-Alg-CM3). Zn-Alg-CM3 was amorphous with smooth surfaces and showed a shifted absorption spectrum, indicating strong zinc binding compared to Zn-Alg-CM1 and Zn- Alg-CM2. Although Zn-Alg-CM2 had higher zinc composition, Zn-Alg-CM3 at 45 ppm significantly improved the digestibility of crude protein, crude fibre and zinc retention compared to Zn-Alg-CM1, Zn-Alg-CM2, and the control with zinc oxide in cockerels. Zn-Alg-CM3 exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, Salmonella and S. aureus. Therefore, Zn-Alg-CM3 showed promising potential as a novel feed supplement in cockerels and further research is essential to fully understand its impact on growth performance, antioxidant activity, and intestinal health in poultry.

Background: Effective management strategies and feeding practices are essential for mitigating the challenges presented by the extreme temperatures of the summer season and the increased humidity and disease risk during the wet season. Adapting to these seasonal variations is crucial for maintaining a successful and profitable layer chicken farming. Methods: Influence of seasons (summer, rainy and winter) on production performance of layer chickens in different production cycles (Phase I, II, III and IV) was studied. The commercial layer chicken farms from southern Telangana region were selected with bird capacities ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 lakhs, rearing BV-300 breeds, aged 19-83 weeks, housed in elevated cage systems were randomly chosen. The data was collected from farm records, pre-structured questionnaires and personal interviews. Result: Summer (Phase I: 19-30 weeks) showed decreased egg production (70.57%), increased broken eggs (1.50%) and lower livability (99.95%). Egg production showed improved performance during the winter (90.22%) and rainy seasons (89.40%) in Phase II (31-50 weeks), highlighting the importance of seasonal adjustments for enhancing productivity. Phase III (51-72 weeks) also demonstrated rainy and winter seasons consistently yielding better results, with rainy season notably excelling in higher egg production (89.70%). Phase IV (72 weeks and above) highlighted winter’s superiority in egg production (79.70%) and reduced broken eggs (0.57%), emphasizing the importance of adapting poultry farming practices to mitigate the climatic variability.

A biological trial was carried out with 256 numbers of sex-separated day-old broiler chicks distributed to four experimental groups with eight replicates, each replicate consisting of eight chicks. The experimental basal diet supplemented with zinc oxide (T1) at 80 ppm and three levels of zinc alginate complex at 56,45 and 34 ppm were designated as dietary treatments (T2, T3 and T4). At the end of 35 days T4, T3 and T2 groups had significantly (P < 0.01) higher body weight and FCR compared to the zinc oxide group and average daily feed intake (g/bird) was comparable among the zinc alginate complex groups and the zinc oxide-supplemented group. The tibial zinc was significantly (P < 0.01) increased with a low level of inclusion of zinc alginate complex compared to the zinc oxide group. However, serum zinc was not statistically significant, but the lower inclusion of zinc alginate complex at 34 ppm had numerically higher serum zinc concentration than the zinc oxide group. The zinc alginate complex at 34 ppm and 56 ppm significantly (P < 0.05) increased the dry matter digestibility and crude protein digestibility. At 34 ppm and 45 ppm significantly (P > 0.05) increased tibial bone length. The ileal villi height and ileal villi height to crypt depth ratio (VH: CD) were significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the zinc alginate complex. Overall, these findings underscore the potential benefits of zinc alginate complex in enhancing nutrient utilization, and growth performance in poultry farming.

An experimental investigation has been carried out to study the characteristics of underexpanded three-stream sonic jets delivered from three coaxial convergent nozzles at Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR) 2, 3, 4 and 5. Annular gaps of 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm were given for the secondary and tertiary nozzles, respectively. Centerline pressure measurement and shadowgraph visualization were used to analyze the characteristics of jet with and without coflow. In the absence of coflows, the core length of core sonic jet was found to increase with increasing NPR. With sonic secondary coflow, the core length of the jet gets elongated at each NPR. The jet core is further elongated in the presence of both sonic secondary and tertiary coflows. Though the core of the central sonic jet gets elongated, in the presence of coflow, the elongated core possesses weaker waves than the core without coflow. The weakening of waves by two coflows was better than one coflow. The weakening of waves by coflows can be deemed as an advantage from aeroacoustics point of view. The maximum elongation in core length due to sonic secondary and tertiary coflows of 40% and 55%, respectively, at NPR 3.

A study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding different crude protein (CP) levels with isocaloric metabolizable energy (ME) diets on growth performance, carcass traits, and myostatin (MSTN) gene expression of Aseel chicken during 0 to 16 weeks of age. A total of two hundred and ten day-old Aseel chickens were randomly allotted to seven dietary treatment groups. Each group had thirty chicks distributed into three replicates of ten chicks in each. Experimental diets were formulated to have varying levels of CP, viz. 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, 20.0, 20.5, 21.0, and 21.5%, with isocaloric energy of 2800 kcal ME/kg diets of mash feed fed to birds in a completely randomized design. Different CP levels had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the body weight gain (BWG) of Aseel chicken. At the end of 16 weeks of age, the group fed 21% CP gained 223.53 g more than the lowest CP (18.5%)-fed group. The different CP levels did not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced the feed intake of all treatment groups, but numerically highest feed intake was observed in the lowest CP (18.5%)-fed group. However, significant differences in feed efficiency (FE) appeared from the 13th week only with the 21.0% CP-fed group showing the best FE until the 16th week (3.86 to 4.06). The maximum dressing % (70.61) was observed by the 21% CP-fed group. The CP 21% diet down-regulated the MSTN gene expression in breast muscle tissue to 0.07 folds when compared to the diet of CP 20%. The best economical coordinates for maximum performance for Aseel chicken appeared to be CP of 21% and ME of 2800 kcal/kg to achieve the best FE of 3.86 at the earliest age of 13 weeks. In conclusion, 21% CP in an isocaloric diet of 2800 kcal ME/kg, in Aseel chickens, would be optimum to improve the growth performance at maximum in terms of BWG and FE up to 16 weeks of age.

Blood biochemical parameters in Kangayam cows would provide a baseline data for future infertility diagnostic reference. Apparently healthy Kangayam cows were subjected to estrus induction protocols and fixed time artificial insemination to correlate with the follicular (day of artificial insemination) and luteal (10 days post insemination) phases of the estrous cycle. Non pregnant, pluriparous Kangayam cow (n=70) were equally allotted to control, and different treatment protocols based on the transdermal (PNC based groups) and transvaginal application of progesterone (CIDR based group) with a shot of PGF2α one day preceding the day of progesterone removal. Ovulation was induced either using estradiol benzoate or buserelin acetate. Haematological and biochemical profiles were analysed on the day of progesterone application (APP), removal (REM), AI and 10 days post insemination (10 DPAI). Results indicated that most of the biochemical parameters were high on 10 DPAI than the day of AI. Hence, it was concluded that the changes between the treatment days could be related to the requirement of energy and protein during the follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle in Kangayam cows.

Background: For the successful reproduction in Kangayam cows, adequate nutrition containing sufficient quantum of minerals is necessary. Minerals are important cofactors in majority of the metabolic and immune reactions and hormone synthesis that could affect reproduction. Present study was planned to analyse whether mineral levels change in different treatment days following estrus induction and corresponding changes in stages of the estrous cycle. Methods: Non pregnant, pluriparous Kangayam cow (n=70) were allotted to control and different treatment protocols (each consist of 10 cows) based on the transdermal (PNC based groups) and transvaginal application of progesterone (CIDR based group) with a shot of PGF2α one day preceding the day of progesterone removal. Ovulation was induced either using estradiol benzoate or buserelin acetate. Mineral profiles were analysed on the day of progesterone application (APP), removal (REM), AI and 10 days post insemination (10 DPAI). Result: It indicated that changes in the mineral levels between the treatment days especially on the day of AI and 10DAPAI could be correlated with the corresponding follicle and luteal phases and it could be concluded that there were significant changes especially in selenium, manganese, zinc and copper levels between the treatment days in each group which could be extrapolated to have specific roles in stages of estrous cycle. Among these minerals copper levels could be correlated to affect the steroid concentration by altering its metabolism thereby its clearance in Bos indicus breed ie Kangayam breed of Tamil Nadu.

NASA's SR3 8-bladed rotor with a rotational speed of 6350 rpm, an advance ratio of 3.6, and a transonic Mach Number of 0.8 is utilized to evaluate the aerodynamic and rotor effectiveness predictive ability of a CFD simulation using the Ansys commercial software. The experimentally tested model [1] included eight 45° swept blades that were tested at a design operating altitude of 10.68 km (35,000 ft.) and it is the one with the most data in the public domain. In the model, blade sweep and the distinct contour of the spinner and nacelle design were implemented to reduce compressibility losses. The primary goal of this research is to compare performance predictions with the experimental results for power coefficient and efficiency evaluation. Analyses are carried out on a single rotating zone separated by a sliding mesh boundary. We also look at the accuracy of recording downward velocities and swirling angles in the propeller's wake, with the goal to use the RANS technique to investigate how these wake parameters react with aerodynamic surface and the results are compared with the experimental results. Initial computational findings demonstrate increased correlation with wind tunnel measurements at 63.3° degrees pitch.

As the expense of jet fuel rises, a series of studies on enhanced high-speed turboprops have been conducted. This research focuses on the practice of boosting energy effectiveness in civil engine technology by exploring propeller propulsion. The highly swept, eight bladed SR3 propeller designed by Hamilton Standard is used in the present study. The propeller model is based on the lifting-line technique and performs well when compared to the SR3 propeller experimental data. The computational model forecasts the performance of propeller with comparable airfoil and sweep distributions but varied specification point power coefficients and advance ratios. A variety of 8 blade Prop-Fan models with 45° swept blades were simulated as part of this project. At a cruise speed of transonic Mach 0.8 and at an altitude of 10.67 kilometers (35,000 feet), results show efficiency levels near 80%.

The sonic coflow effect on the core length of sonic primary jet was experimentally investigated in this research work. A circular convergent nozzle was used for both core and coflow jet studies. The 1mm annular gap was maintained between the coflow and core nozzles. The nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) was varied from 3 to 5, insteps of 1 for both the nozzles. For each primary NPR, the NPR of coflow was varied, and the shadowgraph flow visualization was carried out. From the shadowgraph visualization results it was observed that the sonic primary jet core length increases with increasing pressure ratio without coflow. With sonic coflow, the primary jet core length started to increase further with increasing coflow NPR. That is, the increase of sonic coflow NPR at each sonic primary jet NPR resulted in the elongation of core. Therefore, the introduction of coflow has resulted in core length elongation at all the levels of underexpansion. The primary jet core elongation due to the presence of coflow resulted in the weakening of shock strength in the primary jet core.

Domestic rabbit belongs to genus Oryctolagus cuniculus which has 38 important breeds and 77 varieties of European rabbits. The domestic rabbit is known to produce quality meat, fur and very fine quality animal fibre. Rabbit rearing has gained momentum in the recent years among the developing countries including India, owing to their small body size, rapid growth rate, high prolificacy, early maturity, shorter generation interval and ability to utilize forage and fibrous agricultural by-products. In India, there has been a rising awareness in recent years on the virtues of broiler rabbit production as an alternative means of alleviating food shortages. India is also one of the developing countries which are also facing meat shortage of 4.66 g/day against the recommended requirement of 87 g/day. In India, the total rabbit population has increased from 424 thousands in 2007 to 591.6 thousand in 2012 which is 39.55% increase in last 5 years.

Protein sources play a vital role in successful production in broiler as well as layer chicken. Feed sources are classified in to both conventional and unconventional sources. In Tamilnadu, during this current COVID 19 situation, the cost of raw materials has been increased, especially Soybean meal (SBM). This makes the entry of various unconventional protein sources. Protein nutrition has a high economic preference, since it is an expensive material rather than other raw materials. The optimum inclusion of protein should be needed in the poultry rationing to achieve maximum performance. Fortunately, access to these protease enzymes and synthetic amino acids has become available with the recent advancement of biotechnology.

A total of 10 commercial layer farms in the stage of phase-I laying period (25 to 40 weeks) reared in raised platform caged house with uniform management wereselected for the experiment. In each farm, 4000 birds will be selected and divided into two treatment groups of 2000 birds each. The feed formulation with reduced crude protein level (15 per cent) compared to standard level of 17 per cent will be formulated by balancing the digestible amino acids (Lysine, methionine+cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine, isoleucine and valine). Feed ingredients used in feed formulation were maize, cumbu, broken rice, soya bean meal, sun flower cake, deoiled ricebran, rapeseed meal, fish meal,etc. Based on the above study it could be concluded that crude protein reduction is one of the way to reduce feed cost in commercial layer chickens, but should be properly balanced with all the essential digestible amino acids rather than total amino acids basis. But the quality of feed ingredients, loss in body weight and egg weight is the area of concern.

A study was undertaken (February to August 2019) to assess the performance of Salem Black does fed on graded levels of concentrate feed in critical physiological stages viz., prior to and after breeding (21 d each), late gestation (last 28 d) and early lactation (up to 28 d). A total of 32 does of similar body weight (29 kg) and age (2 to 5 yr) were divided into four groups with eight each. The does under T, were allowed for grazing (6 h) alone, whereas the does under T2, T3, and T4 groups were offered concentrate feed daily @ 100, 200 and 300 g, respectively, besides grazing. The body weight gain after flushing were significantly higher (p<0.01) among the supplemented groups (T2, T3, and T4) whereas body weight loss was observed in T, group (−0.44±0.23 kg). Similarly, the body condition score of does after flushing and steaming up were 3.13 to 4.00 in supplemented groups (T2, T3, and T4) and 2.63 to 3.30 in T,. The number of services required per pregnancy ranged from 1.25 (T4) to 1.88 (T,) and did not differ significantly among the groups. The mean birth weight of kids was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T4 (2.3 2kg) than T, (1.98 kg), T2 (2.11 kg) and T3 (2.22 kg). The results indicated that the supplementation of concentrate feed @ 300 g to Salem Black goats improved body weight gain during flushing, pregnancy and birth weight of kids born as compared to non-supplemented group maintained on grazing only.

Objective: A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of sodium butyrate on the gut health in broiler chicken. Methods: The trial consisted of six experimental groups with 12 replicates, each containing 6 chicks with a total of 432 birds. The experimental groups consisted of a control group fed the diet without antibiotic (CON), another group fed the diet with antibiotic oxytetracycline (50 ppm; AB), and groups fed the diet with two levels each of coated-sodium butyrate (CSB) at 0.09 and 0.18%, and uncoated sodium butyrate (UCSB) at 0.03 and 0.06% without antibiotic. The trial was carried out in deep litter pen for 42 days. After 42 days, the birds were slaughtered for collection of jejunum and contents of ceacum for the study of villi morphology and microflora count respectively. Results: The caecal Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens count were reduced (P

A study was conducted to assess the viability of spray dried probiotics in crumble feed during storage. The Bacillus subtilis (T1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (T2), Bacillus coagulans (T3), Bacillus clausii (T4), Lactobacillus acidophilus (T5) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (T6) cultures were propagated using skim milk and spray dried by using spray drier. The spray dried probiotic powder was diluted with water and sprayed on broiler crumble feed. After spraying, crumble feed was stored in room temperature (25-33°C) for 0,7 and 14 days and the viability of probiotics was assessed before and after spray drying and during storage with crumble feed. B. clausii showed better yield after spray drying while B. subtilis showed highest survival rate (83%) among all probiotics studied. At the end of 14 days of storage, the survival rate was maximum in B. amyloliquefaciens among spore forming probiotics (95.61%) and among non-spore forming probiotics the B. bifidum (85.24%) evinced better survival.

New Pd(II) complex, trans-[PdCl2L2] (1) (L = N-carbamothioylthiophene-2-carboxamide), was prepared and characterized. Its heterogeneous counterpart, trans-[PdCl2(L-SNPs)2] (2) (L-SNPs = ligand immobilized on silica nanoparticles), was also prepared through covalent modification of the ligand using silica nanoparticles and characterized. Both 1 and 2 were exploited for their catalytic activity towards condensation of phenylacetylene with aryl halides. The complexes exhibited good activity when aryl halide bears I- or Br- group. Further, catalyst 2 can be reused for four cycles.

A study was conducted to estimate nitrate content in commonly used green fodder samples, Co-4, Co-3, Co-5 (Cumbu Napier Hybrid), Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) and maize (Zea mays), collected from the fields of different villages of salem (Tamil Nadu) and to evaluate the factors associated with nitrate accumulation in these green fodders. The nitrate was analyzed from collected green fodder samples by using score card method. The nitrate level analysis is estimated based on the reactions involving acetic acid and Bray’s indicator as the coupling agents. The nitrate level was determined from collected 1322 green fodder samples showed that 11.80% samples had 0-100 ppm, 21.70% samples had 101-200 ppm, 29.87% samples had 201-500 ppm, 29.27% samples had 501-1000 ppm, 7.03% samples had 1001-2000 ppm and 0.30% samples had above 2000 ppm. From the result analysis, it has been suggested that green fodder samples above 2000 ppm of nitrate fodders has to be wilted before feeding to the dairy animals. Hence, laboratory testing of green fodder is always recommended, so that to prevent the nitrate toxicity incidence in dairy animals.

An experiment was conducted to ascertain the efficacy of adding chelated zinc on milk production of lactating cows across various stages of lactation.Twelve cross-bred cows were selected from different locations of Alwar district of Rajasthan and randomly assigned to three groups for receiving either chelated or inorganic sources of zinc, organic zinc glutamate and inorganic zinc oxide (n=4).The experimental treatments include control, T 1 -zinc-citrate glutamate (organic mineral @ 9.26g/cow/day) and T 2 -zinc oxide (inorganic mineral @ 0.833g/cow/day).The cost effectiveness of zinc-citrate glutamate and zinc oxide supplements needed for producing 1 litre of milk was calculated using the data on total milk yield during the experimental period and cost of zinc supplements used.From the present study, it could be concluded that the group supplemented with organic zinc had better returns over other groups that feeding of organic zinc (zinccitrate glutamate) in dairy cows. K e y w o r d sZinc chelate, zinc oxide, milk yield and economics