The population of Nilagiri breed of Sheep is threatened and required micro breeding strategy for conservation and genetic improvement. Data on 4,619 Nilagiri lambs born during the 28 years (1993-2021) at the Sheep Breeding Research Station (SBRS), Sandynallah of the Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu, India were utilized for this investigation. Data on birth weight of lamb along with dam’s body weight at the time of lambing were collected. Relationship between different body weights of dam was investigated in terms of lamb’s birth weight using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test for different dam body weight pairwise comparison. Heatmap was drawn for P values between different dam’s body weights aiding in visualization of the possible compatibility between body weights of dam. The birth weight of lambs positively correlated with that of dam’s body weight. Heat map visual analysis revealed five different clusters viz. less than 23.00 kg, 23.01-26.00 kg, 26.01-29.00 kg, 29.01-32.00 kg and greater than 32.01 kg sets of patterns. This was the first study in sheep breed for applying heatmap tool for growth trait analysis.

Ovarian follicular wave pattern studies provide the basis for applying reproductive intervention for improving fertility and improving the success of embryo transfer programmes in cattle. Four apparently healthy non-pregnant, pluriparous crossbred Jersey cows reared in a local farm located at Tirupur were utilized for this study. The evaluation was performed more than one plane, and all the measurable follicles (>3mm) were counted and recorded every other day. Various follicular dynamics related parameters were studied such as day of wave emergence, dominant follicle, static phase of dominant follicle, regressing phase of dominant follicle, day of maximum diameter, maximum size, duration of growth, growth rate, duration of atresia, rate of atresia and duration of detection. The Ultrasonographic evaluation was performed every other day throughout an estrous cycle starting from observed estrus (Day 0) to the subsequent standing estrus. A total of 10 normal estrous cycles were monitored for follicular wave pattern, in which 8 out of 10 (80 per cent) were two wave and 2 out of 10 (20 per cent) were three wave estrous cycles. The mean length of 2-wave estrous cycle was 19.25±0.41 days and 3-wave estrous cycle was 21.50±0.50 days. It was concluded that Jersey crossbred cows frequently had 2 wave estrous cycle with pre-ovulatory follicle size 12.62±0.94mm with the growth rate of 1.13±0.12mm/day and the size of pre-ovulatory follicle in 3-wave estrous cycle was lower (10.75±1.25mm) than 2-wave estrous cycle.

Blood biochemical parameters in Kangayam cows would provide a baseline data for future infertility diagnostic reference. Apparently healthy Kangayam cows were subjected to estrus induction protocols and fixed time artificial insemination to correlate with the follicular (day of artificial insemination) and luteal (10 days post insemination) phases of the estrous cycle. Non pregnant, pluriparous Kangayam cow (n=70) were equally allotted to control, and different treatment protocols based on the transdermal (PNC based groups) and transvaginal application of progesterone (CIDR based group) with a shot of PGF2α one day preceding the day of progesterone removal. Ovulation was induced either using estradiol benzoate or buserelin acetate. Haematological and biochemical profiles were analysed on the day of progesterone application (APP), removal (REM), AI and 10 days post insemination (10 DPAI). Results indicated that most of the biochemical parameters were high on 10 DPAI than the day of AI. Hence, it was concluded that the changes between the treatment days could be related to the requirement of energy and protein during the follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle in Kangayam cows.

Background: For the successful reproduction in Kangayam cows, adequate nutrition containing sufficient quantum of minerals is necessary. Minerals are important cofactors in majority of the metabolic and immune reactions and hormone synthesis that could affect reproduction. Present study was planned to analyse whether mineral levels change in different treatment days following estrus induction and corresponding changes in stages of the estrous cycle. Methods: Non pregnant, pluriparous Kangayam cow (n=70) were allotted to control and different treatment protocols (each consist of 10 cows) based on the transdermal (PNC based groups) and transvaginal application of progesterone (CIDR based group) with a shot of PGF2α one day preceding the day of progesterone removal. Ovulation was induced either using estradiol benzoate or buserelin acetate. Mineral profiles were analysed on the day of progesterone application (APP), removal (REM), AI and 10 days post insemination (10 DPAI). Result: It indicated that changes in the mineral levels between the treatment days especially on the day of AI and 10DAPAI could be correlated with the corresponding follicle and luteal phases and it could be concluded that there were significant changes especially in selenium, manganese, zinc and copper levels between the treatment days in each group which could be extrapolated to have specific roles in stages of estrous cycle. Among these minerals copper levels could be correlated to affect the steroid concentration by altering its metabolism thereby its clearance in Bos indicus breed ie Kangayam breed of Tamil Nadu.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease due to elevated level of blood glucose which can lead to complications in many parts of the body. International Diabetes Federation has estimated that DM patient numbers will increase to 123.5 million by 2040. Diabetes and its complications include blindness, nerve damage, heart attack and kidney failure and they depended on the biochemical and immunological parameters. The candidate genes were playing a vital role in the development of DM. The prime aim of the study was to examine the clinical, biochemical, chromosomal and micronuclei frequency in Diabetes Mellitus patients. In the present study, 120 experimental and 120 controls subjects were recruited, they were further divided in to two groups in accordance with the age and disease duration. Peripheral blood samples were used to analyze the clinical and cytogenetic parameters. Result of the study was analyzed based on various clinical parameters. It is found that the total cholesterol level and micronuclei frequency were significantly higher compared to the controls and insignificant levels of creatinine and chromosome damages were found in higher disease duration type of diabetic patients. The assessments of clinical, biochemical and chromosomal alterations indicate the risk of organ failure and the higher value was influenced by the duration of disease.

Transdermal Progesterone therapy for the treatment of True and False anestrus was evaluated by using the product ProSync-nano fibre (NF) dermal patch. Eighteen (N = 18) randomly selected animals from different dairy farms during the farm visit by this centre were used for the study. The animals which were reported to be not exhibiting estrus signs even after prolonged postpartum period were designated into three groups. Group I (n = 7) had no palpable ovarian structures treated with ProSync-NF alone, Group II (n = 9) had corpus luteum, treated with ProSync-NF + PGF2 and Group III (n = 2) animals were diagnosed as having cyst were also treated with ProSync-NF + PGF2. Group III animals which were diagnosed with cystic condition did not respond to ProSync-NF therapy. Out of eighteen animals totally used in this study fifteen (83.3%) animals evinced estrus after the treatment with ProSync-NF. Out of fifteen, nine (60%) and six (40%) animals showed estrus around 3 days (72 h) and 5 days (120 h) after dermal patch removal. Overall, out of the 18 animals treated with ‘ProSync–NF’ dermal patch, ten cows (55.5%) conceived which indicates fertile estrus induction at the first service. Moreover, the clinical problem like vaginitis would not occur when using dermal route Progesterone therapy. Hence it could be concluded that ‘ProSync-NF’ dermal patch could be effectively used to induce estrus in anestrus cows.

The present study was carried out in Erode district of Tamil Nadu to find out the extent of adoption of improved dairy husbandry techniques.A random sample of 300 dairy animal owners were selected and extent of adoption of improved dairy husbandry techniques in six major aspects of housing, feeding, breeding, health care, milking and calf rearing management was studied.Proper orientation of animal shed and housing in separate located place were more adopted in housing techniques.Provide clean and fresh drinking water, feeding balance concentrate mixture on the basis of milk production was more adopted in feeding management.Keeping watch on oestrus cycle and heat symptoms, service/insemination after 12-16 hours since onset of heat and artificial insemination of animals were more adopted by the dairy animal owners.Timely and regularly vaccination and observing animals daily for signs of sickness were more adopted.Hygienic milking and calf rearing techniques were more adopted by the dairy animal owners.

Tannery effluents having the different kind’s chemical compounds are extensively used to the production of leather industries and it’s considered as rich potential of environmental pollutant.Earthworms are easily affecting the toxic chemical in environmentally and in this organism is good experimental animal for monitoring the soil pollution and terrestrial ecosystem. In this study, we taken from the industrial raw tannery effluents and the experimental animal in earthworm species of Eudrilus eugeniae (10 for each group) were introduced to 48 hrs for tannery effluent in five different concentrations like 10 ml, 20ml, 30ml, 40 ml, and 50 ml and to find out LC50 level. The LC50 was found at 35 ml concentration. The study was used to the LC50/2, LC50, 2XLC50 for 48 hrs. Then the genotoxicity level was evaluated in Eudrilus eugeniae species. After that we collect earthworm’s coelomocytes by using the micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay (CA) test. Result of the study, MN and CA level was significantly increased in both genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assays and the high concentration of effluent to promote the increased level of DNA damage and micronucleus in Eudrilus eugenie species.

This study was conducted to record the effect of Aswagantha (Withania somnifera) churnam supplementation in feed on production parameters, serum lipid and liver enzyme profile of desi fowl. The experiment was conducted for a period of 4 months in 150 desi fowl (Namakkal Chicken I). The chicks were divided into three treatment groups containing 2 replicates in each group except control group. The dietary treatments included Group 1 (Control) without any herbal supplementation, Group 2 - 1.0% and Group 3 with 0.5% ashwagandha churnam. Results showed that supplementation of 0.5 percent aswagantha churnum in the feed increased body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and majority of the lipid biochemical profile and higher concentration of aswagantha churnum (1 percent) increased the burden on liver function. So supplementing 0.5 percent aswagantha churnam is beneficial for the increasing body weight and to reduce the blood cholesterol and triglycerides in desi fowl.

Smoking and smokeless tobacco consumption is a significant risk factor that provokes genetic alterations. The present investigation was to evaluate the biomarkers of genotoxicity including micronucleus (MN), chromosome aberrations (CA) and DNA strand breaks among tobacco consumers and control individuals residing in hilly areas of Western Ghats, Tamilnadu, South India. This study included 268 tobacco consumers with equal number of controls. The tobacco consumers were divided into Group I (<10 years of tobacco consumption with an age range from 15 to 35 years) and group II (>10 years consumption above 35 years of age). Chromosome aberration (CA) and comet assay were performed using blood and micronucleus assay from exfoliated buccal epithelial cells obtained from tobacco consumers and controls. Elevated levels of CA were found in group II (Chromatid type: 2.39 ± 1.13 and chromosome type: 1.44 ± 1.24) exposed subjects, high micronucleus and DNA damage (TL:4.48 ± 1.24 and TM:3.40 ± 1.58) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) observed in both smoking and smokeless tobacco consumers when comparison with group I and controls. This study also observed a lack of awareness among the tobacco consumers about the harmful health effects of tobacco. Tobacco consumption contributes to the significant alteration in genetic materials. In addition, a high rate of spontaneous abortion was also seen in the studied population.

Thevetia peruviana an evergreen shrub, belonging to Apocynanceae family, is a very poisonous shrub in nature and the kernels being the most toxic. This plant is native of central and South America, but now frequently grown throughout the tropical. The shrub or small tree that bears yellow or orange-yellow, trumpet like flowers and its fruit is deep red/black in color enhancing a large seed that bears some resemblance to a Chinese lucky nut . Leaves are covered in waxy coating to reduce water loss. The active principles in yellow oleander are cardiac glycosides. The physical properties of the fruit and kernel are unique and different from other tree borne oilseeds i.e. the storage, transport handling etc. Activities related to the fruits and kernels will require modifications in the processes and structures prevailing for other tree born oilseeds (Balusamy and Manrappan, 2007).

Over the last 67 years India has achieved a lot in terms of health improvement. Since the liberalization in 2000, the insurance industry in India has been growing considerably driven by multiple favorable economic and demographic factors. The Indian health insurance market grew at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 34.00per cent during the review period and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 23.51per cent over the forecast period to register the fastest growth among all the insurance sectors. The opening of the insurance sector has not only increased the number of people covered by health insurance but also increase capital flows into this sector for increased hospitals, better medical equipment etc. With all this, will also come intermediaries like service providers and other intermediaries like health management organizations, preferred provider organizations, third party administrators etc who would not only assist in increasing the coverage but also in improving the quality of overall medical services. The study aims to critically evaluate the customers’ perception towards health insurance services rendered by various public and private health insurance companies operating in India, with special reference to Coimbatore City. It was examined from the study that customers have highly appreciated the feature of risk cover offered by the various health insurance companies and there exist close association between overall satisfaction derived by the customers and customers’ level of satisfaction towards varies features of services offered by the health insurance company.

Layer chickens (180), 18-week-old were divided into 6 groups of 30 birds with 3 replicates and maintained up to 40 weeks of age. To study the effect of different n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) rich feed ingredients on n-3 FA content of the yolk, diets (diet-2 to 4) with n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio of 5: 1 and diet-5 with the ratio of 2.5: 1 were formulated with bajra (Pennisetum glaucum), linseed, rapeseed and fishmeal, and commercial layer diet (7: 1) as control (diet-1) were fed to birds. Inclusion of n-3 FA rich ingredients at different levels enhanced the n-3 FA content of the layer feeds by 29.83, 95.70, 111.89, 99.09 and 88.62% and decreased the n6: n3 ratio by 42.29, 51.17, 48.55, 60.40 and 58.26% in diets 2 to 6 respectively over the control. The n-3 FA rich diets significantly reduced the serum total cholesterol of layers in diet-6 fed group by 36.01% followed by diet 3 (29.95%), diet 4 (25.94%), diet 5 (24.30%) and diet 2 (14.22%) groups when compared to control. Egg yolk total cholesterol was significantly lowered by 27.04% in the diet-6 fed group. The n-3 fatty acids of the egg yolk were increased by 104.40, 80.70, 79.79, 45.25 and 39.99% for the diets-6, 5, 2, 4 and 3 respectively.The EPA content of egg yolk was not altered to any great extent, however, the DHA content of the egg yolk was significantly altered by the feeding of n-3 FA rich diets especially by diets 5, 6 and 2. The n-3 FA rich diets had little influence on linoleic acid content of egg yolk. The r(2) values were 0.897, 0.960, 0.572, 0.972, 0.877 and 0.852 for the diets 1 to 6 respectively, indicating that birds have better transfer efficiency of n-3 FA from feed to eggs. It can be concluded that addition of n-3 FA rich feed ingredients in diet would enrich the n-3 FA in egg yolk.