A hybrid wiggler for synchrotron radiation research program at the VEPP-4 was created in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia. The wiggler consists of ordinary poles with coils, which generate a spatially periodic magnetic field equal to 1.75 T. Also, permanent magnets are insertion between the poles for increasing magnet field up to 1.9 T. In this paper, we present the design, calculations, and magnetic measurements for the hybrid wiggler.

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear $e^+e^-$ collider under development at CERN. Following the CLIC conceptual design published in 2012, this report provides an overview of the CLIC project, its current status, and future developments. It presents the CLIC physics potential and reports on design, technology, and implementation aspects of the accelerator and the detector. CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. CLIC uses a two-beam acceleration scheme, in which 12 GHz accelerating structures are powered via a high-current drive beam. For the first stage, an alternative with X-band klystron powering is also considered. CLIC accelerator optimisation, technical developments and system tests have resulted in an increased energy efficiency (power around 170 MW) for the 380 GeV stage, together with a reduced cost estimate at the level of 6 billion CHF. The detector concept has been refined using improved software tools. Significant progress has been made on detector technology developments for the tracking and calorimetry systems. A wide range of CLIC physics studies has been conducted, both through full detector simulations and parametric studies, together providing a broad overview of the CLIC physics potential. Each of the three energy stages adds cornerstones of the full CLIC physics programme, such as Higgs width and couplings, top-quark properties, Higgs self-coupling, direct searches, and many precision electroweak measurements. The interpretation of the combined results gives crucial and accurate insight into new physics, largely complementary to LHC and HL-LHC. The construction of the first CLIC energy stage could start by 2026. First beams would be available by 2035, marking the beginning of a broad CLIC physics programme spanning 25-30 years.

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high-luminosity linear e+e- collider under development. For an optimal exploitation of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in a staged approach with three centre-of-mass energy stages ranging from a few hundred GeV up to 3 TeV. The first stage will focus on precision Standard Model physics, in particular Higgs and top-quark measurements. Subsequent stages will focus on measurements of rare Higgs processes, as well as searches for new physics processes and precision measurements of new states, e.g. states previously discovered at LHC or at CLIC itself. In the 2012 CLIC Conceptual Design Report, a fully optimised 3 TeV collider was presented, while the proposed lower energy stages were not studied to the same level of detail. This report presents an updated baseline staging scenario for CLIC. The scenario is the result of a comprehensive study addressing the performance, cost and power of the CLIC accelerator complex as a function of centre-of-mass energy and it targets optimal physics output based on the current physics landscape. The optimised staging scenario foresees three main centre-of-mass energy stages at 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV for a full CLIC programme spanning 22 years. For the first stage, an alternative to the CLIC drive beam scheme is presented in which the main linac power is produced using X-band klystrons.

The tandem accelerator with vacuum insulation has been proposed and developed in Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. Negative hydrogen ions are accelerated by the positive 1MV potential of the high-voltage electrode, converted into protons in the gas stripping target inside the electrode, and then protons are accelerated again by the same potential. A stationary proton beam with 2 MeV energy, 1.6 mA current, 0.1% energy monochromaticity, and 0.5% current stability is obtained now. To conduct Boron Neutron Capture Therapy it is planned to increase the proton beam current to at least 3 mA. The paper presents the results of experimental studies clarifying the reasons for limiting the current, and gives suggestions for modifying the gas stripping target in order to increase the proton beam current along with the stability of the accelerator.

The physics programme and the design are described of a new collider for particle and nuclear physics, the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC), in which a newly built electron beam of 60 GeV, to possibly 140 GeV, energy collides with the intense hadron beams of the LHC. Compared to the first ep collider, HERA, the kinematic range covered is extended by a factor of twenty in the negative four-momentum squared, Q2 , and in the inverse Bjorken x, while with the design luminosity of 1033 cm-2 s-1 the LHeC is projected to exceed the integrated HERA luminosity by two orders of magnitude. The physics programme is devoted to an exploration of the energy frontier, complementing the LHC and its discovery potential for physics beyond the Standard Model with high precision deep inelastic scattering measurements. These are designed to investigate a variety of fundamental questions in strong and electroweak interactions. The LHeC thus continues the path of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) into unknown areas of physics and kinematics. The physics programme also includes electron-deuteron and electron-ion scattering in a (Q 21/x) range extended by four orders of magnitude as compared to previous lepton-nucleus DIS experiments for novel investigations of neutron's and nuclear structure, the initial conditions of Quark-Gluon Plasma formation and further quantum chromodynamic phenomena. The LHeC may be realised either as a ring-ring or as a linac-ring collider. Optics and beam dynamics studies are presented for both versions, along with technical design considerations on the interaction region, magnets including new dipole prototypes, cryogenics, RF, and further components. A design study is also presented of a detector suitable to perform high precision DIS measurements in a wide range of acceptance using state-of-the art detector technology, which is modular and of limited size enabling its fast installation. The detector includes tagging devices for electron, photon, proton and neutron detection near to the beam pipe. Civil engineering and installation studies are presented for the accelerator and the detector. The LHeC can be built within a decade and thus be operated while the LHC runs in its high-luminosity phase. It so represents a major opportunity for progress in particle physics exploiting the investment made in the LHC.

The SuperB international team continues to optimize the design of an electron-positron collider, which will allow the enhanced study of the origins of flavor physics. The project combines the best features of a linear collider (high single-collision luminosity) and a storage-ring collider (high repetition rate), bringing together all accelerator physics aspects to make a very high luminosity of 10^36 cm^-2 sec^-1. This asymmetric-energy collider with a polarized electron beam will produce hundreds of millions of B-mesons at the Υ(4S) resonance. The present design is based on extremely low emittance beams colliding at a large Piwinski angle to allow very low β_y^⋆ without the need for ultra short bunches. Use of crab-waist sextupoles will enhance the luminosity, suppressing dangerous resonances and allowing for a higher beam-beam parameter. The project has flexible beam parameters, improved dynamic aperture, and spin-rotators in the Low Energy Ring for longitudinal polarization of the electron beam at the Interaction Point. Optimized for best colliding-beam performance, the facility may also provide high-brightness photon beams for synchrotron radiation applications.

Optics design optimisation studies have been undertaken for the CLIC damping ring (DR) lattice. Main parameters such as the ring energy and output longitudinal emittance were reconsidered in order to reduce the detrimental effect of collective instabilities. In this respect, the low emittance arc cell length was rationalized taking into account space and magnet design requirements. The straight section cell filled with super-conducting wigglers was modified to accommodate a robust absorption scheme. Several low emittance rings were considered and compared with respect to their dynamic aperture and the intra beam scattering (IBS) dominated output emittances.

Novosibirsk energy recovery linac (ERL) facility is planned to use the same RF system and electron gun to run three different FELs. First FEL, installed on the ERL orbit, which lies in the vertical plane, is in operation since 2003. It provides average power up to 500 W in the wavelength range 110 – 240 micron and since 2004 works for users. Four orbits in the horizontal plane were added this year. It is planned to have two additional FELs at the second (20 MeV) and fourth (40 MeV) tracks of ERL. The operation mode with one of three FELs may be chosen by switching of some magnets. Recently the twoorbit mode of ERL (for the second FEL operation) was commissioned successfully. The beam passed four times through the accelerating RF cavities and was absorbed in the beam dump. Thus, the first in the world two-orbit ERL is in operation now. Some details of design, status of the facility and plans are discussed. INTRODUCTION A source of terahertz radiation was commissioned in Novosibirskin 2003 [1]. It is CW FEL based on an accelerator–recuperator, or an energy recovery linac (ERL). It differs from other ERL-based FELs [2, 3] in the low frequency non-superconducting RF cavities and longer wavelength operation range. Full-scale Novosibirsk free electron laser facility is to be based on the four-orbit 40 MeV electron accelerator-recuperator (see Fig. 1). It is to generate radiation in the range from 5 micrometer to 0.24 mm [4, 5]. Figure 1: Scheme of the accelerator-recuperator based FEL. 1 injector, 2 accelerating RF structure, 3 180degree bends, 4 – undulator, 5 – beam dump, 6 – mirrors of the optical resonator. THE FIRST STAGE OF NOVOSIBIRSK ERL The first stage of the Novosibirsk free electron laser (Fig. 2.), based on the energy-recovery linac, generates coherent radiation tunable in the range 110-240 micron as a continuous train of 40-100 ps pulses at the repetition rate of 2.8-22.5 MHz. Maximum average output power is 500 W, the peak power is more than 1 MW [6,7].

The magnetic calculations of the individual dipoles and dipoles in "undulator environment" were executed by means of Mermaid 3D Code and these results were confirmed by magnetic measurements of the individual dipoles and the assembled undulators. The magnetic parameters of all dipoles were estimated on basis of the mechanical measurement of the dipole characteristics (pole gap, yoke width, coil position) and the main dependences obtained from magnetic calculations and measurements. These parameters were used for optimal placing of the dipoles in undulators (sorting). The special Hall probe system was designed and manufactured for magnetic measurements of the undulators. It allowed us to observe the inner structure of the magnetic fields. At a magnetic field measurement accuracy of +/- 15 mu T the accuracy of the 1(st) integral calculated on the basis of the measured magnetic fields is similar to 50 mu Tm. All three undulators were magnetically measured at BINP and are being re-measured at Soleil after transportation.

Three elliptical undulators HU256 of electromagnetic type were produced, tested and magnetically measured by the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (Russia) for Synchrotron Soleil (France). The undulators have a new design of a Bx & Bz closed structure for insertion vacuum chamber. In the elliptical undulator HU256 with period of the magnetic fields of 256 mm, the vertical magnetic field (Bz(max)=0.44 T) formed by 27 Bz laminated dipole magnets is symmetric, and the horizontal magnetic field (Bx(max)-0.33 T) formed by 28 Bx laminated dipole magnets is asymmetric. The undulator can work in standard mode as well as in a quasi-periodical mode. The vertical magnetic field may be modulated by switching on the modulation coils placed on the Bz dipoles. Two power supply systems allow us to modulate the horizontal magnetic field, and change the radiation spectrum. The magnetic calculations of the individual dipoles and dipoles in "undulator" environment were executed by means of Mermaid 3D Code. The magnetic measurements of the individual dipoles had confirmed the magnetic calculations. On basis of semiempirical dependences from the mechanical characteristics the estimates of the magnetic parameters for all dipoles were calculated. Sorting of dipoles in the undulators have been done, and it has improved the magnetic parameters of the assembled undulators in comparison with the statistical estimations. The magnetic measurements of the undulators HU256 were carried out at Budker INP by Hall probes and at Soleil by Hall probes and Stretched Wire. Now the 1(st) undulator HU256 is installed at Soleil Storage Ring.

The paper describes the design, magnetic computations and measurements of the elliptical undulator HU256 for Synchrotron Soleil (France): the new technology for insertion vacuum chamber has permitted the design of a Bx & Bz dipole closed structure for an electromagnetic undulator. This magnetic design has been realized on the basis of the 2-D, 3-D modeling (Mermaid and RADIA codes), and dependence's of the magnetic field integrals from the main macroscopic parameters have been obtained. The undulator can work in standard and quasi-periodical modes. The single dipoles and the undulator HU256 were magnetically measured by a Hall probes system. The results of magnetic measurements and computations are compared and analyzed

After mid-2007, the present PETRA storage ring at DESY will be reconstructed towards a dedicated third generation light source operating at 6 GeV. An emittance reduction down to 1 nmmrad can be achieved by means of damping wigglers. 20 permanent magnet wigglers will be installed in two of the long straights of the machine. The wiggler segments are compact fixed gap devices surrounded by iron enclosures to reduce the leakage flux. Each device will provide a damping integral of 4 Tm per segment and generate a synchrotron radiation power of 42 kW. Every wiggler segment will be followed by an SR-absorber to protect all downstream components, the accumulated on-axis power of about 120 kW will be taken up by a final absorber at the damping section end. The wiggler’s magnetic design, field properties and correction schemes have previously been proven by a short prototype. At present, the first full length (4m) prototype wiggler has been assembled and characterized magnetically. Figure 1: Layout of a regular cell in the damping section.

The CLIC damping rings aim at unprecedented small normalized equilibrium emittances of 3.3 nm vertical and 550 nm horizontal, for a bunch charge of 2.6·10 9 particles and an energy of 2.4 GeV. In this parameter regime the dominant emittance growth mechanism is intra-beam scattering. Intense synchrotron radiation damping from wigglers is required to counteract its effect. Here the overall optimization of the wiggler parameters is described, taking into account state-of-the-art wiggler technologies, wiggler effects on dynamic aperture, and problems of wiggler radiation absorption. Two technical solutions, one based on superconducting magnet technology the other on permanent magnets are presented. Although dynamic aperture and tolerances of this ring design remain challenging, benefits are obtained from the strong damping. For optimized wigglers, only bunches for a single machine pulse may need to be stored, making injection/extraction particularly simple and limiting the synchrotron-radiation power. With a 365 m circumference the ring remains comparatively small.

Within the reconstruction of the PETRA booster ring at DESY towards a third generation light source after 2007, damping wigglers will be installed to reduce the emittance to a value of 1 nmrad. Two damping sections in the long straights of PETRA have been assigned to accommodate 20 wigglers in total. The wigglers will be permanent magnet devices with a fixed gap which are surrounded by an iron enclosure to reduce the leakage flux. Each wiggler will provide a damping integral of 4 T 2 m per segment and generate a synchrotron radiation power of 42 kW. A short one period long prototype has recently been built to prove the magnetic design and study the correction scheme for tuning the pole strength. The wiggler segments will be followed by an SR absorber protecting the downstream quadrupole and successive wiggler segment. The accumulated on-axis power of about 200 kW will be taken up by the final absorber at the damping section end.

In this paper we present current status of the Booster Synchrotron for the Duke FEL storage ring. The Booster which is recently under design, fabrication and construction, will provide full energy injection into the storage ring at energy from 0.3 to 1.2 GeV. The Duke storage ring FEL (SR FEL) operates in lasing mode with 193-700 run wavelength range. The geometry of the Duke SR FEL provides for interacting head-on collision of e-beam and FEL photons. This mode of operation is used to generate intense beams of gamma-rays from 2 MeV to about 200 MeV (currently from 2 MeV to 58 MeV). Generation of gamma-rays with energy exceeding 20 MeV causes the loss of electrons, which will be replaced by injection from the Booster operating in a top-off mode. The paper presents design and status for elements of magnetic system and vacuum system, as well as design and parameters of fast extraction kicker with 11 nS pulse duration. All these element are designed and will be fabricated by Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia.

At present at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics the non-superconducting three pole wiggler is developed. The wiggler provides 5 T magnetic field in 20 mm pole gap with using permanent magnets and coils. Magnet design of the wiggler, its effect on electron beam dynamics of storage ring VEPP-3 and spectra of synchrotron radiation are described in given paper.

Linearly and circularly polarized x-rays have been very successfully applied to the study of the properties of materials. Many applications can benefit from the availability of energy-tunable, high-brilliance x-ray beams with adjustable polarization properties. A helical undulator that can generate beams of variable (linear to circular) polarization has been designed and built by the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and the Advanced Photon Source. The first harmonic of this 12.8-cm-period device will cover the energy range from 0.4 keV to 3.5 keV. An important feature of this fully electromagnetic device is that it will allow us to generate 100% horizontally (Kx=0) or vertically (Ky=0) plane-polarized radiation, which will enable many experiments otherwise not technically feasible. With symmetric deflection parameters (Kx=Ky), the on-axis radiation will be circularly polarized, with a user-selectable handedness. The polarization can be changed at rates up to 10 Hz.

The method for measurement of the magnetic field of a system where the magnetic field integral is close to zero by the current strained wire method is described. This method is successfully applied to high accuracy compensation of a field in magnets required first and second integrals to be zero along a trajectory of an electron beam, such as strong field wigglers and shifters. Exact compensation of the integrals permits us to avoid orbit distortion which could appear after installation of such magnetic system on the storage ring. Experimental data of the presented method are in good agreement with a computer-designed model.

A new computer code MASTAC was developed for 3-D magnetic field calculations of different electromagnetic devices contained ferromagnetic, permanent magnet materials and current coils. The methods and algorithms developed in it allow to calculate magnetic field using a personal computer. The results of the calculations of a real magnet and the comparison them with the results of the magnetic measurements are presented