Phytopathogenic bacteria represent a risk to global food production by impacting a variety of crops. The aim of this study was to characterize the contents of bioactive constituents in extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and fruits and test their activity against six phytopathogenic bacteria that affect horticultural crops. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC−MS) was used for the chemical profiling of the aqueous methanol extracts, and their bacteriostatic activity against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, and Xanthomonas vesicatoria (formerly Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) was determined in vitro through the agar dilution method. The protective effect of the leaf extract was tested in vivo against the most relevant bacterial pathogens based on their economic/scientific importance, i.e., C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and P. syringae pv. pisi, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants, respectively, under greenhouse conditions. The GC−MS characterization of G. biloba extracts revealed the presence of dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone, 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol, catechol, 3-O-methyl-D-fructose, 4,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-galactose, methyl 2-O-methyl-α-D-xylofuranoside, and 3-methyl mannoside. In vitro growth inhibition tests showed that, while the fruit extract had no activity, the leaf extract exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations between 500 and 1000 μg mL−1, which may be attributed to the presence of 2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanol and catechol. In vivo tests of the leaf extract demonstrated full protection in tomato and pea plants at 1000 and 1500 μg∙mL−1, respectively. The results indicate that G. biloba leaves may be employed as a biorational source for integrated pest management in horticulture.

The yew tree (Taxus baccata L.) is considered in folklore a symbol of immortality due to its qualities of longevity and regeneration. Despite its poisonous reputation, the yew tree has a long history of medicinal use, particularly in the form of extracts from its leaves and bark. In the work presented herein, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) chemical profiling was applied to the aqueous ammonia/hydromethanolic extracts of several plant organs of T. baccata, leading to the identification of different bioactive compounds than those previously characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) in other extraction media. The leaf aqueous ammonia extract was rich in 2-hexylthiophene and 3-O-methyl-d-fructose; 9-octadecenoic and hexadecanoic acid were the main constituents of the bark aqueous ammonia extract; and the fruit hydromethanolic extract contained methyl 2-O-methyl-α-d-xylofuranoside, 1,3-dioxolane derivatives, and erysimoside. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assayed against four bacterial pathogens responsible for the soft rot and blackleg diseases of potatoes, viz. Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium parmentieri, and Dickeya chrysanthemi, resulting in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 187 μg·mL−1. Bioassays on potato slices confirmed the efficacy of the leaf extract at this dose when applied as a preventive treatment before artificial inoculation with P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. In view of this high activity, these extracts may find application in the integrated pest management of soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) diseases.

The Euphorbia genus is the third-largest group of blooming plants, features a rich morphological variability, has a near-cosmopolitan distribution, and diverse medicinal uses. Nonetheless, phytochemical information about Euphorbia serrata L. extracts is not available. The objective of this research was to examine the constituents of the hydromethanolic extract of its aerial parts and propose valorization pathways. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC−MS) demonstrated that 3-methylbutyl formate, quinic acid, N1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-N3-methylguanidine acetate, and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one were the main phytocompounds, which have antimicrobial activity. Such activity was assayed against Pseudomonas cichorii, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, four of the most destructive diseases of borage (Borago officinalis L.) crops, obtaining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 750 and 1000 μg·mL−1 against the bacterium and the three fungal taxa, respectively, in in vitro tests. Conjugation of the extract with chitosan oligomers (COS) enhanced this activity, leading to MIC values of 187.5, 750, 500, and 500 μg·mL−1 for P. cichorii, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and S. sclerotiorum, respectively. Additional in vivo assays against two of the pathogens confirmed the protective action of the COS–E. serrata extract conjugate complexes on artificially inoculated plants at a dose of 375 and 1000 μg·mL−1 for P. cichorii and F. oxysporum, respectively. These findings suggest that this plant species can be a rich source of biorationals for prospective use in crop protection.

Lysine acetylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTMs) on proteins in prokaryotes. In present study, quantitative lysine acetylomes analysis of Lonsdalea quercina and Lonsdalea populi , which are causal agents of bark canker of oak ( Quercus spp.) and poplar ( Populus spp.) trees, respectively, were performed with a pair of cell lines by using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling and lysine acetylation (Kac) affinity enrichment followed by high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. We identified 1,099 lysine acetylation sites on 526 proteins, among which 666 sites on 353 proteins were quantified, and nine acetylation site motifs were enriched. We totally identified 182 differentially acetylated sites on 137 acetylated proteins (quantitative ratios above 1.5 or below 0.6). Five up-regulated acetylated proteins were found to be associated with growth, colonization, adhesion and degradation of aromatic amino acid in the comparison between L. quercina and L. populi , indicating that L. quercina needs to adapt to specific stress from their hosts. Six down-regulated acetylated proteins were involved in bacterial virulence in the comparison between L. quercina and L. populi , suggesting that L. populi was more pathogenic to its host. The results revealed that L. quercina and L. populi have developed their own unique adaptation mechanisms to their respective hosts.

1 Annual Conference of the EuroXanth COST Action Genomic-based development of a real-time PCR protocol for improving the diagnosis of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of Prunus spp. Jerson Garita-Cambroner, Ana Palacio-Bielsa and Jaime Cubero 1 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain. cubero@inia.es 2 Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Valladolid, Spain 3 Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón/Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain

The appearance of Xylella fastidiosa in 2017 in the Iberian Peninsula has caused growing concern in regions such as Aragon, with a large area of crops sensitive to bacteria and of great economic importance. The aim of this paper is to estimate the economic impact of a potential infection of X. fastidiosa in Aragon under two scenarios: unconfirmed (current situation) and confirmed presence. The information on private and public costs is collected to evaluate the economic impact of the implementation of preventive measures to avoid the introduction and spread of X. fastidiosa in woody crops, alfalfa fields, nurseries and truffle-oaks plantations. Also, a map of potential infection risk by agricultural regions is shown. The results show that private costs per province and crop range between 745 and 5,193 (sic)/ha in irrigated land and between 136 and 3,407 (sic)/ha in dry land. The costs per infection outbreak amount to 600,000(sic) in the case of affecting woody crops, to which 31,958 (sic)/ha would have to be added if a nursery was affected and between 500 and 90,000 (sic)/ha in case of a truffle-oaks plantation.

ResumenLa aparición de Xylella fastidiosa en 2017 en la península ibérica ha provocado una preocupación creciente en Comunidades Autónomas como Aragón, con una superficie importante de cultivos sensibles a la bacteria y de gran importancia económica.En este artículo se estima el impacto económico de una potencial infección de X. fastidiosa en Aragón bajo dos escenarios: presencia no confirmada (situación actual) y presencia confirmada.El trabajo recopila la información de costes públicos que se están asumiendo en la Comunidad Autónoma como consecuencia de la puesta en marcha de medidas cautelares para impedir la entrada y dispersión de la bacteria, y estima los costes privados y públicos que conllevaría la aparición de X. fastidiosa en plantaciones de cultivos leñosos y alfalfa, viveros y encinar trufero.Asimismo, presenta un mapa de riesgo de infección por comarcas agrarias.Los resultados muestran que los costes privados por provincia y cultivo oscilan entre 745 y 5.193 €/ha en regadío y entre 136 y 3.407 €/ha en secano.Los costes totales (públicos y privados) por brote de infección ascienden a 600.000 € en caso de afectar a una explotación comercial de leñosos, a lo que habría que añadir 31.958€/ha en caso de que quedara afectado un vivero y entre 500 y 90.000 €/ha

BACKGROUND Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) causes bacterial spot of stone fruits and almond, an important disease that may reduce the yield and vigour of the trees, as well as the marketability of affected fruits. Xap lies within the Xanthomonas genus, which has been intensively studied because of its strain specialization and host range complexity. Here, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the complexities of Xap, including studies of the molecular features that result after comparative phenotypic and genomic analyses, in order to obtain a clearer overview of the bacterial behaviour and infection mechanism in the context of the X. arboricola species. TAXONOMIC STATUS Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Order Xanthomonadales; Family Xanthomonadaceae; Genus Xanthomonas; Species X. arboricola; Pathovar pruni. HOST RANGE AND SYMPTOMS Xap infects most Prunus species, including apricot, peach, nectarine, plum and almond, and occasionally cherry. Symptoms are found on leaves, fruits, twigs and branches or trunks. In severe infections, defoliation and fruit dropping may occur. DISTRIBUTION Bacterial spot of stone fruits and almond is worldwide in distribution, with Xap being isolated in Africa, North and South America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. It is a common disease in geographical areas in which stone fruits and almonds are grown. Xap is listed as a quarantine organism in several areas of the world. GENOME The genomes of six isolates from Xap have been publicly released. The genome consists of a single chromosome of around 5 000 000 bp with 65 mol% GC content and an extrachromosomal plasmid element of around 41 000 bp with 62 mol% GC content. Genomic comparative studies in X. arboricola have allowed the identification of putative virulence components associated with the infection process of bacterial spot of stone fruits and almond. DISEASE CONTROL Management of bacterial spot of stone fruits and almond is based on an integrated approach that comprises essential measures to avoid Xap introduction in a production zone, as well as the use of tolerant or resistant plant material and chemical treatments, mainly based on copper compounds. Management programmes also include the use of appropriate cultivation practices when the disease is already established. Finally, for the effective control of the disease, appropriate detection and characterization methods are needed for use in symptomatic or asymptomatic samples as a first approach for pathogen exclusion. USEFUL WEBSITES: https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/XANTPR; http://www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/ca/CA16107; http://www.xanthomonas.org.

Abstract This chapter aims to provide an overview of up-to-date knowledge on major diseases affecting almond, and it is intended to be applicable worldwide. It is divided into five sections. The first section describes diseases caused by graft-transmissible pathogens (viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas). The second section includes bacterial diseases. The third section describes diseases caused by fungi and fungal-like organisms. The fourth section includes nematodes, while the final section describes some disorders with unknown aetiologies. Each section includes a review of the disease distribution and importance, the causal agent(s), symptoms useful for diagnosis, and ecological and epidemiological information, as well as integrated management practices.

Four subspecies of Lonsdalea quercina (L. quercina subsp. quercina, L. quercina subsp. britannica, L. quercina subsp. iberica and L. quercina subsp. populi) were studied by genome sequence-derived average nucleotide identity (ANI), phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and phenotypic characteristics. In phylogenetic trees, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and in MLSA data, the four subspecies were divided into four subclusters in the Lonsdalea clade with high boot strap support. The ANI values between the four subspecies were 88.71-93.38 %, respectively, lower than the proposed species boundary ANI cut-off (95-96 %) that is considered the most important criterion to reclassify these subspecies at the species level. It is proposed that three subspecies be elevated to the species level as Lonsdalea britannica sp. nov. (type strain R-43280T=LMG 26267T=NCPPB 4481T=CFCC 10822T), Lonsdalea iberica sp. nov. (type strain R-44166T=LMG 26264T=NCPPB 4490T=CFCC 10824T) and Lonsdalea populi sp. nov. (type strain NY060T=DSM 25466T=NCAIM B 02483T=LMG 27349T=CFCC 13125T).

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 100, No. 10First Report of Bark Canker Disease of Poplar Caused by Lonsdalea quercina subp. populi in Spain PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Bark Canker Disease of Poplar Caused by Lonsdalea quercina subp. populi in SpainI. M. Berruete, M. A. Cambra, R. Collados, A. Monterde, M. M. López, J. Cubero, and A. Palacio-BielsaI. M. Berruete, M. A. Cambra, R. Collados, A. Monterde, M. M. López, J. Cubero, and A. Palacio-BielsaAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations I. M. Berruete , Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain M. A. Cambra R. Collados , Centro de Sanidad y Certificación Vegetal (CSCV), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain A. Monterde M. M. López , Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain J. Cubero , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain A. Palacio-Bielsa , Unidad de Sanidad Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón. Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain. Published Online:21 Jul 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-16-0405-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Symptoms of a bacterial disease were observed in nine plantations of hybrid poplar clones (Populus × interamericana 'Beaupré,' and Populus × euramericana 'I-214' and 'MC') in five localities of Castilla y León and Aragón (north and northeastern Spain, respectively) in summer 2002, 2014, and 2015. Affected trees were from 9 to 26 years old and disease incidence was up to 30% in some poplar stands. The bark of symptomatic trees was vertically cracked and copious white frothy fluid and creamy slime was observed. Some severely affected trees even died after few years. Isolations from exudates on King's B medium yielded colonies light cream colored, round, slightly convex, and not fluorescent under UV light. A selection of 10 purified isolates was further characterized and compared with the reference strain DSM25466T of Lonsdalea quercina subsp. populi (Tóth et al. 2013). All bacterial isolates were Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, produced levan positive colonies, and were esculin hydrolysis positive, but negative for oxidase, urease, and tobacco hypersensitivity. Results in API 20E tests, incubated at 25 and 37°C, showed that biochemical characteristics of the studied strains were consistent with those described for L. quercina subsp. populi. PCR amplification using specific primers for L. quercina LqfF/LqfR and LqgF/LqgR (Shang et al. 2015) resulted in the expected 382- and 286-bp amplicons, respectively. Partial 16S rDNA sequencing was used for identification of 10 strains after amplification (Martinez-Murcia et al. 1992). Sequences were aligned and compared with those available in the GenBank database for species of the genera Lonsdalea and Brenneria and other phylogenetically related species. The program MEGA version 6.06 (Tamura et al. 2013) was used to construct a dendrogram using the maximum-likelihood method based on p-distance or the Tamura-Nei models. Results of 16S rDNA sequencing showed 99.8 to 100% sequence identity to the sequence of the strain DSM25466T of L. quercina subsp. populi obtained in this work, or NY011 and NY041 from the database. All sequences obtained were submitted to GenBank under accession nos. KU531470 to KU531480. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on excised segments of poplar stems (P. × euramericana 'I-214') inoculated with bacterial suspensions (107 CFU/ml) (Li et al. 2014). Three stem segments were inoculated per bacterial strain and after 4 to 5 days incubation at 28°C, typical symptoms observed in the field were reproduced in 100% of the inoculated stems, whereas no symptoms were observed on negative controls. Similar bacteria were reisolated from lesions of inoculated stems and resulting colonies were confirmed by biochemical tests and PCR. The recently described subspecies L. quercina subsp. populi had been previously reported in Hungary (Tóth et al. 2013) and China (Li et al. 2014). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this bacterium causing bark canker disease of poplar in Spain and further surveys will help to assess its precise distribution. The disease could have a potential significant economic impact on susceptible poplar clones.References:Li, Y., et al. 2014. Plant Dis. 98:368. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-13-0115-RE Link, ISI, Google ScholarMartinez-Murcia, A. J., et al. 1992. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42:412. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-42-3-412 Crossref, Google ScholarShang, J., et al. 2015. For. Path. 45:28. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12125 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarTamura, K., et al. 2013. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30:2725. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarTóth, T., et al. 2013. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 63:2309. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.042911-0 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 100, No. 10 October 2016SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 26 Sep 2016Published: 21 Jul 2016First Look: 10 May 2016Accepted: 3 May 2016 Pages: 2159-2159 Information© 2016 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byThe healthy equine uterus harbors a distinct core microbiome plus a rich and diverse microbiome that varies with geographical location30 August 2022 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, No. 1Lonsdalea quercina (shoot blight of oak)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumIsolation and Characterization of a Brenneria sp. Shown to Be the Causal Agent of Bleeding Canker Disease of Populus nigra in Iran16 January 2022 | Russian Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 47, No. 6The Two-Component System DcuS-DcuR Is Involved in Virulence and Stress Tolerance in the Poplar Canker Bacterium Lonsdalea populiZeyang Zheng, Chaoying Deng, Wei He, Wei Qian, and Aining Li6 October 2020 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 110, No. 11Bacterial Canker Disease on Populus × euramericana Caused by Lonsdalea populi in Serbia9 October 2020 | Forests, Vol. 11, No. 10Molecular Aspects of an Emerging Poplar Canker Caused by Lonsdalea populi6 November 2019 | Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 10First Report of Lonsdalea populi Causing Bark Canker Disease on Poplar in PortugalA. Abelleira, L. Moura, O. Aguín, and C. Salinero6 June 2019 | Plant Disease, Vol. 103, No. 8A Large-Scale Mutational Analysis of Two-Component Signaling Systems of Lonsdalea quercina Revealed that KdpD-KdpE Regulates Bacterial Virulence Against Host Poplar TreesRuo-Lan Yang, Chao-Ying Deng, Jin-Wei Wei, Wei He, Ai-Ning Li, and Wei Qian18 May 2018 | Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol. 31, No. 7Recovery of a phytopathogenic bacterium Lonsdalea quercina from a lesser horseshoe bat in Moravian karst, Czech Republic28 August 2017 | Forest Pathology, Vol. 48, No. 1Elevation of three subspecies of Lonsdalea quercina to species level: Lonsdalea britannica sp. nov., Lonsdalea iberica sp. nov. and Lonsdalea populi sp. nov.International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Vol. 67, No. 11

In the last decades, saffron produced in Spain is gaining relevance as a high-quality product, which requires the selection of healthy corms (the reproductive organ) for planting in order to maintain adequate phytosanitary status of the crop. In this work, the phytosanitary status of saffron was studied in Teruel (Aragon, Spain), where the crop has economic and social importance. Moreover, it aims to be useful for the production areas with similar agro-climatic characteristics. Ten commercial saffron plantations in six locations of the Jiloca valley have been surveyed between 2008 and 2011 and the presence of insects, mites, nematodes, virus, bacteria and weeds was studied. The mite Rhizoglyphus robini, one of the most important pests of saffron, was detected in both corms and soil in one plantation. The nematode Aphelenchoides blastophtorus, pest in ornamental plants, was also found in corms in two plantations. Potyvirus infections were occasionally detected in both the crop and in the weed Eruca vesicaria. The weeds Lolium rigidum and Descurainia sophia could cause diminutions of the yield by competition, therefore, weeding operations are necessary in autumn and winter. No harmful insects and phytopatogenic bacteria were detected. Because reproduction is only possible through corm propagation, it is advisable to analyse the plants, especially the corms, before being re-planted, in order to detect the presence of mites, nematodes and virus that could reduce yield and quality decreases.

ABSTRACT We report the annotated genome sequence of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni strain Xap33, isolated from almond leaves showing bacterial spot disease symptoms in Spain. The availability of this genome sequence will aid our understanding of the infection mechanism of this bacterium as well as its relationship to other species of the same genus.

In 2002, typical symptoms of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits caused by Xanthomomas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) were observed for the first time on Japanese plum in Badajoz (south-western Spain). During the following years, the pathogen was found in seven other eastern and northern Spanish provinces (Valencia, Alicante, Zaragoza, Huesca, Navarra, Lerida and Mallorca) affecting different cultivars of Japanese plum, nectarine, peach and almond. There are few previous reports of Xap on almond, the Spanish outbreaks constituting its first detection on this host in the European Union (EU). Identification of the pathogen was performed using biochemical tests, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profiles, conventional and real-time PCR, and hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco leaves. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by inoculation of young potted plants of peach, plum or almond and successful re-isolations from plants with symptoms. In areas where infected plants were found, eradication programs were set up since Xap has a quarantine status according to phytosanitary EU legislation.

Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits and almond, has a quarantine status for the European Union and the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. The symptoms in the diverse hosts show some differences and, although being quite typical, could be confused with those of some fungal diseases or other biotic or abiotic causes. Consequently, an accurate molecular diagnosis method is required for a rapid identification of the pathogen in samples of imported plants, from nurseries, orchards, etc. A protocol for conventional PCR designed by Pagani (2004) has been the only molecular analytic tool available for several years. It has been optimised for improving its specificity and sensitivity, and the results of its evaluation in 316 bacterial spot-like symptomatic samples of almond, apricot, cherry, Japanese plum and peach, compared with those of isolation and real-time PCR, are reported. The optimised PCR protocol showed specificity for a collection of Xap strains tested. Few non-desired reactions were obtained with some other xanthomonads which have not been reported from Prunus species. Sensitivity thresholds ranged from 10(2) to 10(5) CFU ml(-1), depending on the hosts and type of plant material. This conventional PCR assay proved to be an excellent candidate for a rapid screening and presumptive diagnosis in cases where real-time PCR equipment is not available.

La principal enfermedad de etiologia bacteriana del cultivo del azafran esta causada por Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli Severini, 1913 (ex Pseudomonas gladioli). B. gladioli pv. gladioli es una bacteria patogena que tambien afecta a Gladiolus spp., Freesia hybrida, diversas especies del genero Crocus, y otros miembros de la familia Iridaceae. Aunque B. gladioli pv. gladioli ha sido citada en America, Australia y algunos paises de Europa (Hayward, 1983; Fiori et al., 2005) no existen referencias de su presencia en Espana hasta el momento.

Six Dickeya spp. strains representative of a larger group of bacteria isolated from potato, onion and irrigation water in Spain between years 2003–2005, were characterised by biochemical, serological, molecular and pathogenicity assays. Biochemical and serological differences, as well as pathogenic behaviour in host range and virulence levels, were observed among the strains. They were classified into biovars 3 and 6. Phylogenetic analysis and comparison of the isolates with type strains of Dickeya species characterised to date were performed using concatenated partial sequences of the housekeeping genes gapA and mdh . One of the Spanish strains was identified as D. dieffenbachiae , whereas the other ones did not fit clearly into the previously described six Dickeya species, and may therefore constitute novel species. Isolation of dissimilar pathogenic strains in different rivers and irrigation water sources supports the idea that Dickeya species is commonly present in such an environment, and contaminated water is a potential source of inoculum for the disease in different crops.