There has been a growing demand for new material discovery especially in composites. Natural reinforced fibre composites are in great demand due to its eco-friendly characteristic and reliable usage. Polymer-based composites play a major participation in the numerous synthetic composites. Utilization of natural fibres in composites has recently emerged with the advancement in material science. With the immense success of the use of composites, the use of natural fibres has arisen. Among the various natural fibres, the addition of banana and sisal fibres is shown positive improvements in material property. The present paper gives us glimpse about how the fibres react to various chemical treatment and its influential properties and fabrication technique. The fibre is treated with different chemical solutions like NaOH, Ba(OH)2, H2O2, KOH, NH4OH and CaCO3 for various timings, chemical concentration and tested for its mechanical strength. The best fibre combinations are chosen for the fabrication of the hybrid composite using additive manufacturing process (3D printing).

Climate change has bought unprecedented challenges to humanity. The world has witnessed the dark side of climate change in terms of rising sea level and increase in temperature of world. Low carbon emission is the key to minimize the impact of climate change. Widespread significance attached to reduction in carbon emission has given birth to the new notion of low carbon economy (LCE). The LCE suggests sustainable development of economy by minimizing the ecological damage through the adoption of green practices. The countries across the globe are aiming to become LCE. This paper provides insights into the new notion of low carbon economy and how India is moving towards the encouraging path to become low carbon economy to tackle impending climate change and balancing its developmental needs.

Aim : The aim of the present investigation was to develop a quick, easy and reliable method for isolation of RNA from starch rich mature wheat grains; and to check the quality of isolated RNA for downstream applications. Methodology : In the present protocol, highly efficient modified RNA extraction buffer [100 mM Tris (pH 9.0), 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, 1.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 1.5% 2-mercaptoethanol] was used, subsequently followed by TRIzol extraction. Carryover starch was effectively solubilized by adding NaCl before RNA precipitation step. RNA quality was assured by agarose gel electrophoresis, spectrophotometric analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. Results : The problem of co-precipitation of starch along with RNA was resolved effectively. Intact sharp bands of 18S and 28S rRNA on agarose gel confirmed the integrity of isolated RNA. The average A260/A280 ratios ranged from 2.06 to 2.11 and A260/A230 ratio was higher than the respective A260/A280 ratio, indicating high purity of isolated RNA. The isolated RNA was found suitable for gene expression analysis through quantitative real-time PCR. Interpretation : An improved quick, easy and reliable method developed for isolation of high-quality RNA from starch-rich mature wheat grains could be useful for downstream molecular analysis.

The eutectoid decomposition of austenite is generally analysed as a steady-state transformation. Although such a time-invariant framework is appropriate for binary systems, in ternary Fe–C–Mn alloys, particularly in the three-phase regime, a characteristic non-stationary equilibrium condition results in the formation of a unique microstructure, called ‘divergent pearlite’. In the present work, the isothermal growth of the divergent pearlite, under different transformation temperatures; $$605\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$, $$625\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ and $$650\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$, is investigated by adopting a phase-field approach which establishes local-equilibrium (LE) condition across the interface. Though most theoretical approaches intend to setup such condition, the current numerical technique elegantly recovers the non-stationary partitioning equilibrium (P-LE). The thermodynamical framework, which dictates this unique equilibrium condition, is introduced by incorporating the CALPHAD-based data. In addition to rendering the microstructure which is consistent with the observed divergent pearlite, the factors governing the characteristic kinetics and phase distributions are analysed. In complete agreement with the existing studies, it is recognised that the non-steady-state growth is induced by a proportional decrease in the matrix carbon-content, which reduces the transformation kinetics, by influencing the Mn partitioning driving force. The characteristic proportionality which exists between these governing factors is unravelled in the current investigation. Moreover, it is also identified that the transition from the non-steady-state evolution in three-phase regime to predominantly steady state in two-phase regime is continuous. In other words, at higher undercooling, a resolvable segment of time-invariant growth is observed in the initial stages, which is subsequently followed by the divergent evolution.

Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate are foremost important factor in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). This study is done to see about how different machine parameters affect the Surface Roughness as well MRR. The material used is of Aluminium 2024 which has wide range of applications in Automotive and Aerospace Industry. In Aluminium 2000 series, constitution of Copper is the highest. The main reason for u s i n g Aluminium is its effective use in many Industry as well its abundance in nature. It can be treated with many other elements and properties can be widely changed to achieve the desirable uses. Copper electrodes are used for machining due its high electric resistance between the metals as well proper current discharge when compared to other electrodes. This work would give a glimpse of how Surface Roughness and MRR vary with Gap Voltage and Pulse On-Time. Peak current is fixed as constant value as they don’t play a major role in determining the Surface Roughness and MRR. The above said parameters are varied to the requirement and the readings are noted down. Later MRR, Surface Roughness are measured and the readings are plotted in table. Graphs are plotted from the values obtained and conclusions are made from it. For higher Gap Voltage and optimum Pulse On-Time it showed greater Surface Roughness as well good MRR.

The study was conducted in eighteen buffaloes categorised into three groups of six animals each. The drugs were used in following combinations: Glycopyrrolate–Xylazine–Meloxicam–Ketamine, Glycopyrrolate-Xylazine-Tolfenamic acid-Ketamine and Glycopyrrolate–Xylazine–Flunixin-meglumine–Ketamine. Glycopyrrolate was given @ 0.01 mg/kg body weight i/m, Xylazine @ 0.04 mg/kg body weight i/m, Meloxicam at 0.5 mg/kg body weight i/m, Tolfenamic acid 4 mg/kg body weight i/m, Flunixin-meglumine at 2.2 mg/kg body weight i/v and Xylazine and Ketamine @ 0.04 mg/kg body weight i/v and 1 mg/kg body weight i/v for induction and maintenance were given. Tolfenamic acid and Flunixin-meglumine groups produced comparable analgesia duration for 40.24±1.95 and 43.00 ±1.24 minutes respectively but analgesia duration for Meloxicam group was for 30.34±2.02 minutes comparatively lesser than Tolfenamic acid and Flunixin-meglumine groups. Anesthesia remained for comparable duration in Tolfenamic acid group (59.5±2.34 minutes), and Flunixin-meglumine group (58.83 ± 1.22 minutes) and shorter in Meloxicam group (54.66±2.45 minutes). Complete recovery was earliest in Meloxicam group in 85.66±2.02 minutes followed by Tolfenamic acid group in 91.33±2.89 minutes and Flunixin-meglumine group in 93.33±2.47 minute.