The automobile mutates. The consumer, more and more aware of the environmental challenges of the 21st century vehicle and of the technological capacities of its mechatronic technicality, asks for new congruent mobility solutions. Correspondingly, engineering methodologies are evolving to meet increasingly demanding specifications under increasingly tight time constraints. Thus, alongside the “System Engineering” approach and its V-cycle of global automotive development, “DfX Design” is becoming widespread, integrating more and more multi-business knowledge locally for engineering under performance constraints, ergonomics, manufacturing, assembly, logistics, maintenance and recycling ... Finally, digital engineering software tools must also evolve. They mutate cognitively to progress towards a 5-dimensional CAD, both geographically distributed (thanks to the paradigm of collaborative engineering) and collectively learning (thanks to the generalization of knowledge and innovation management approaches).

Eco-concevoir les produits nouveaux du XXI e siècle suppose l’engagement de connaissances innovantes permettant de délivrer des solutions congruentes aux attentes du client. Ce papier propose un modèle de maturité cognitive – dénommé L-KnoVA – permettant de formaliser les notions de « performance cognitive » et de « robustesse cognitive » des connaissances nouvelles d’ingénierie issues des processus d’éco-innovation.

Objectives. The purposes of this study were to compare, from an acoustic approach, the voice of cochlear-implanted children and the one of deaf children using conventional hearing aids (HA) to a control group; to characterize, from an aerodynamic approach, the voice of congenital/prelingual profound deaf children wearing cochlear implants for at least 3 years and implanted before 3 years old; and to classify, from a perceptual approach, the voice of implanted children, of fitted children with conventional HA, and of normal hearing (NH) children as "normal or dysphonic voices."Methods. We analyzed 78 voices of children aged 5-13 years using EVA 2 workstation: 38 children with NH, 40 deaf children wearing HA and cochlear implants for at least 3 years and being implanted before 3 years old. Acoustic parameters were measured from a sustained vowel /a/and speech production and aerodynamic parameters from a set of 10 syllables /pa/. Perceptive assessment was performed by a jury of experienced listeners using G component of Hirano's GRBAS (Grade, Rough, Breathy, Asthenic, Strained) scale.Results. Some acoustic parameters differ significantly between NH children and deaf children's groups with HA and cochlear implants, whereas other parameters are similar between control and cochlear-implanted groups. Analysis of aerodynamic parameters indicates that the phonatory physiological behavior of the implanted group is following an evolution within the norm. Finally, results of perceptual analysis reveal that the implanted group's voice samples can be classified in the first two grades (G0 = 9, G1 = 11, n = 20) according to the G component (overall dysphonia) of the GRBAS scale.Conclusion. Cochlear implants may improve the majority of acoustic parameters of the voice better than HA for deaf children. Glottal and laryngeal efficiencies were significantly increased with the chronological age and the time of wearing an implant. Results suggest that voices of implanted children in our study do not reveal vocal characteristics traditionally used to determine the dysphonic voice.

L'approche en termes d'ecosysteme d'affaires permet d'apprehender differemment l'elaboration des strategies d'entreprises, notamment les strategies d'innovation. Partant d'observations sur la construction d'un ecosysteme d'affaires particulier, cet article rend compte des postures strategiques prises par l'acteur leader dudit ecosysteme pour construire et perenniser sur une decennie un portefeuille relationnel concourant a une strategie d'innovation performante.

L’approche en termes d’ecosysteme d’affaires permet d’apprehender differemment l’elaboration des strategies d’entreprises, notamment les strategies d’innovation. Partant d’observations sur la construction d’un ecosysteme d’affaires particulier, cet article rend compte des postures strategiques prises par l’acteur leader dudit ecosysteme pour construire et perenniser sur une decennie un portefeuille relationnel concourant a une strategie d’innovation performante.

La comprehension des processus physiologiques participant au developpement de la parole et de la voix chez l'enfant implante cochleaire est un enorme defi. Une approche usuellement envisagee en clinique pour aborder cette problematique est l'analyse des mesures acoustiques. Elles peuvent en effet contribuer a caracteriser le profil vocal de l'enfant et permettre de mettre en evidence eventuellement des troubles vocaux persistants, tel que, par exemple, la dysphonie. Une etude clinique des parametres acoustiques de la voix d'enfants implantes cochleaires et appareilles a ainsi ete conduite au service ORL du CHU Guy de Chauliac de Montpellier. L'objet de ce travail vise a : (i) caracteriser au plan acoustique la voix de l'enfant sourd severe et profond prelingual porteur d'un implant cochleaire et d'une prothese classique pendant 3 ans ou plus et ayant ete implante ou appareille avant 3 ans d'âge reel, (ii) comparer, sur le plan acoustique, la voix de l'enfant implante cochleaire et celle de l'enfant sourd porteur d'une prothese classique, (iii) identifier et decrire des troubles de la qualite vocale existant chez l'enfant implante cochleaire et l'enfant sourd appareille a l'aide d'un protocole d'evaluation incluant des mesures instrumentales, Les voix de 78 enfants ont ete enregistrees, avant d'etre analysees a l'aide de l'appareillage E.V.A.TM 2 (SQ-Lab, Marseille), soit : 20 enfants porteurs d'une prothese classique (ESA), 20 enfants implantes cochleaires (ESIC), 38 enfants entendants (EE, groupe controle). Les parametres acoustiques etudies sont : FoUm et dynamique de la voix conversationnelle vs. forte vs. d'appel ; Fo d'un /a/ tenu ; Coefficient de variation de la Fo, Jitter, Coefficient de variation d'intensite, Shimmer, tessiture, etendue vocale, rapport Harmonique/Bruit, Temps Maximal de Phonation. Par ailleurs, une analyse perceptive des memes voix a ete proposee a un jury d'experts. Du point de vue de la production de la parole, nos resultats revelent d'une part que certains parametres acoustiques - presentant des valeurs significativement differentes entre la population EE et la population d'enfants sourds (ESA + ESIC) - peuvent etre consideres comme pertinents pour la caracterisation de la voix des enfants sourds en general. D'autre part, nous montrons que d'autres parametres se revelent etre particulierement signifiants pour distinguer les voix des populations ESA et ESIC. Enfin, les resultats obtenus a l'issue de l'analyse perceptive, revelent que les voix de la population ESIC et ESA ont ete classees dans les deux premiers niveaux (G0=9, G1=11, n=20) du parametre G (grade global de dysphonie: impression globale du degre d'anormalite de la voix) de l'echelle GRBAS de Hirano. L'ensemble des resultats suggere que la voix des enfants implantes et appareilles de notre etude ne presente pas les caracteristiques traditionnellement retenues pour la voix dysphonique.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Une approche organisationnelle pour la conception d’un système de gestion des connaissances fondé sur le paradigme agent. Monticolo Davy

In traditional design, finding a solution is followed by a design and industrialization process. Finit element calculation solvers are mostly used as a means to validate the solution, and not as tools to facilitate the solution development. The resulting modifications lead to major costs because they occu late in the design process. This paper presents a coupling experiment between a finite element solver an a multi-criteria optimization algorithm to identify solutions when designing a racing vehicle chassis frame. Our proposed methodology is first tested on a simple example to bear out our theory and results.

This paper presents an experimental approach of knowledge extraction from project/product/process/usability data stored in a web-based PLM environment (ACSP). This collaborative and concurrent engineering tool has been implemented to help the project team members to organize their cooperative design activities, while considering several design viewpoints from early requirements engineering to end of life steps. In order to extract knowledge from data and information the PLM environment database, we use the 'KnoVA' quantitative Knowledge Management model and XML Technology. Various cognitive types are defined by the 'KnoVA' model such as, for instance, design rules (constraints, counsels, choices), design activities (super, paralel, sequential, terminal), business terms (super, composed, fondamental). Two strategies (one automated and one interactive) are followed to extract the design knowledge from the information stored in the ACSP database. These concepts are experimented in a windmill design project.

This paper is based on the premise that the design ideas and methods that cut across mostfields of engineering, herein called integrated design, have grown rapidly in the last two or three decades and that integrated design now has the status of cumulative knowledge. This is old news for many, but a rather limited approach to teaching design knowledge is still common in the United States and perhaps elsewhere. In many engineering departments in the United States, students are only required to have a motivational and experiential introductory design course that is followed several years later by an experiential and discipline-specific capstone course [1]. Some limitations of the capstone approach, such as too little and too late, have been noted [2]. In some departments, and for some students, another experiential design course may be taken as an elective. A few non-design courses have an experiential design project added following a design across the curriculum approach. However, design education may often be only 5-10% of the required engineering undergraduate curriculum. We identify several issues. First, experience alone is not enough, and we suggest the need for re-organizing the design curriculum to include more design knowledge. Second, 5-10% of the curriculum may not be enough time devoted to what 30% of the students will be doing upon graduation or adequate to cover what now constitutes design knowledge (unpublished alumni data from Penn State University and the University of Michigan). Third, design research and design education are not well connected, although some new subjects appear to run counter to this pattern. Working from a modified version of the categorization of design research by Finger and Dixon [3, 4], we attempt to sketch the universe of engineering design scholarship. We then discuss the content of about 15 leading design texts that we have examined as an indication of what design educators may be teaching. Further, we quantitatively review some disparate models of design education in Europe and the United States to help reveal the scope of what is possible. The authors are members of a new international consortium, Prestige, which is designed to prepare students to work in the global economy by developing learning opportunities in global product design such as: web resources; virtual, cross-national, design teams; and global internship experiences in projects and industries (http://cede.psu.edu/Prestige/). Activities such as creating web resources in design make the present paper a useful endeavor, as do the new design programs that are emerging at two partner institutions (http://www.leeds.ac.uk/Product-design/, http:// cede.psu.eduled/).

The first CAD/CAM generation [1970-1990] was graphic and geometric. The second generation [1980-2000] is coupling the first one to DBMS, it is still under development. The third generation called KAD/KAM (Knowledge Aided Design/Knowledge Aided Manufacturing) is coupling the 2nd. generation to knowledge bases and will be developed during 1990-2010. This paper illustrates through the example of the CAD-X1 shell how knowledge bases can be integrated into CAD/CAM systems and how software architecture of KAD/KAM applications can be implemented

This paper presents a knowledge management experiment carried out in an industrial company. Our research concerns the development of a knowledge engineering module integrated in a PLM system which is based on a multi-domain scheme (project, product, process and use) taking into consideration several viewpoints (structural, functional, dynamic, etc.). This PLM system enables us to capture technical data and information throughout design projects. The development of this PLM system concerns the implementation of knowledge engineering features, using multi-agent technology. This approach allows us to model the collaborative engineering activities and synthesize industrial knowledge during projects (vocabulary, rules, experiences, etc.) using technical information