In diesem Paper wird ein Konzept und eine prototypische Implementierung von GSNM -Edit vorgestellt, einem Editor, der eine Modularisierung von GSNStrukturen unterstützt. Modularisierung von Argumentationstrukturen in Sicherheitsnachweisen erleichtern die Wiederverwendbarkeit von Modulen in verschiedenen Goal Structures. Das vorgestellte Konzept wird anhand einer konkreten Implementierung sowie anschließender Anwendung auf eine Argumentation evaluiert.

The estimation of trustable reliability figures for machine tools is a considerable challenge. The main reasons are the sparse availability of relevant components’ lifetime data as well as the load-dependence of reliability. The proposed paper presents a method to estimate increasingly trustable load-dependent reliability figures for machine tools using design information to estimate the reliability if no field data is given, service knowledge of an existing service department which monitors field maintenance of the products and documented field data of spare parts sales, service and maintenance activities.

In the last decade, reliability improvement warranties (RIW) became increasingly popular with customers of machine tool manufacturers especially in the automotive industry. These RIWs include long term warranties (for up to 10 years) for reliability figures like the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF). The long warranty period, the stochastic nature of reliability, unknown operational conditions and un certainties regarding the reliability parameters of a component bear the risk of cost through high recourses due to low reliability. The paper shows approaches to lower the risks of high recourses in the bidding process and during operation of machine tools. The methods described in the paper are based on statistical failure analysis with the Weibull distribution and Monte Carlo simulation based warranty prognosis. It is shown that with a good knowledge of the infield reliability of their products, machine tool manufacturers have opportunities to not only calculate but also to lower risks of reliability improvement warranties.

The growing demand to reduce environmental impacts has encouraged manufacturers to pursue various green manufacturing technologies and strategies. These solutions, though, may have a direct impact on several productivity metrics including availability, quality, service life, and cost. This study presents an approach to evaluate the trade-offs between the environmental, performance, and financial impacts of green machining technologies by combining green manufacturing principles into life cycle performance evaluation. The approach is validated by investigating the implications of reducing the processing time by increasing the cutting speed and chip load to green a horizontal milling process.

Concerning Industrial Product Service Systems (IPS2) in machine engineering, the challenge for the supplier exists in the determination of the expenses for the provision of the included services over the life cycle of the IPS2 before the start of contract. Thus, in this paper an approach is presented which explains how a supplier of an IPS2, which consists of a machine together with a warranty of availability, can determine his expenses for the warranty. In doing so, the underlying actual operating- and load-dependent failure behavior is taken into account to estimate the supplier’s serviceability to provide the warranty.

A high and constant machine reliability in combination with low life cycle cost is the key challenge for today's production. Equipping highly integrated production facilities with robust components and monitoring functions combined with the applicable technical services contributes significantly to guaranteeing machine reliability. In this context, binding reliability predictions are demanded within the scope of reliability-based warranty contracts, life cycle cost-driven bids or service contracts. This article presents an approach which aims at analyzing and predicting the reliability of machines and their components depending on load that is applied. This research focuses on fatigue failures, caused in components under the influence of fluctuating loads. However, the main methodology can be applied with some modifications to other failure modes as well. By integrating suitable methods and information from different sources, this approach helps to achieve a more accurate reliability analysis and prediction when very little field data is available. This reduces the manufacturer's risks arising from the aforementioned contracts. Additionally, the operators of production facilities gain a greater level of certainty in production planning, in the scheduling of preventive maintenance activities and in planning the provision and storage of necessary spare parts.

This paper presents an approach to the dynamic optimization of the preventive maintenance schedule for machine tool components during operation based on the actual operating life and the respective load profile. Therefore, a stochastic model based on the Weibull Cumulative Damage Generalized Log-Linear Model and the Monte Carlo Simulation is used. Furthermore, the effect of the dynamic optimization on component selection for different maintenance strategies is taken into consideration. The ideal strategy can be selected from corrective, preventive and condition-based maintenance for every component of a complex system.

En Nicaragua uno de los primeros elementos que los alumnos de la primaria aprenden muytemprano en sus estudios es el nombre de la Batalla de San Jacinto y su fecha, el 14 de Septiembrede 1856. Además, se habla de una batalla de cuatro horas de duración cuando las fuerzas delCoronel José Dolores Estrada fueron atacados por 200 filibusteros. Estrada, después de un largocombate, ganó.Un día hace 14 años yo recorrí el campo de la batalla con el Dr. Alejandro Bolaños Geyer,médico e historiador que había pasado 25 años estudiando y recuperando la historia de Walkery su impacto en Nicaragua. Su trabajo rindió cinco tomos y miles de documentos y sin duda labase de datos más completa que ha existido o ya existe sobre el tema.Después de leer los reportes de testigos oculares y conocer algo de las armas que los dos gruposusaban, llegué a una conclusión que la batalla duró mucho menos tiempo, tal vez 10 minutos otal vez menos. Don Alejandro reía, y contestó que yo estaba fumando cigarrillos raros. Perodespués de explicar mis inquietudes, no rió más.

Como Gracias en Honduras, ubicado en un lugar muy remoto, el pueblo, la vieja villade Nueva Segovia, llamada hoy Ciudad Antigua, ha ido en el centro de la historia deNicaragua por siglos. La iglesia fue construida probablemente en la segunda mitad delsiglo XVII- las tejas sacadas del techo en 1991 tenían la fecha 1679. La iglesia fueatacada y quemada parcialmente por el pirata inglés Capitán Wright en Mayo de 1676.Fue robado otra vez por una banda grande de piratas; el cirujano de la pandilla, Ravenaude Lussan, describió la iglesia y pueblo en 1688. Por 200 años fue la capital de norte deNicaragua y fue la última población en el noreste de Nicaragua. Más tarde, fue uncentro de rebeldes de Augusto Sandino. Y durante la Guerra Contra fue una zona defuego libre: un kilómetro del pueblo los EPS mataron a cada persona encontrada y losContra mataban a cualquier EPS que encontraron en las afueras del pueblo. En 1987 enun pueblo de tal vez 1,000 almas hubo una guarnición del EPS en la plaza en frente desu iglesia de 1,700 soldados. Y en 1993 la casa cural al lado de la iglesia fue el lugarde la reunión entre el Coronel (ahora General del Ejercito) Omar Haveslavens y elrebelde Recontra, ¨El Chacal¨, Jose Angel Talavera, su hermano ¨el Chacalín¨, AlexTalavera, y su hermano ¨Comandante Esteban¨, Salvador Talavera (ahora diputado en laAsamblea Nacional). En la reunión asistida por el Cardenal Ovando y Bravo y el curade la iglesia Padre Julio Cesar Lopez. Haveslavens ordenó que los ¨Chacales, ¨ se rindieran ya. Ellos respondieron en forma enfática que no, y Haveslavens les dio 48 horas para retirarse y después iba a ordenar a sus fuerzas especiales que cazaran a los hermanos y los mataran. Dos de los hermanos Talaveras decidieron rendirse y el tercero, Alex Talavera, hizo su último ataque por Quilalí enviando un misil RPG 7 por la parabrisas de un camión del ejercito. Quilalí, ubicado a 60 km al este de Ciudad Antigua es donde la Guerra estalló en 1980. Peleó su última batalla en la montaña famosa de El Chipote, en las afueras de Quilalí, refugio de Augusto Sandino, y donde Alex Talavera terminó su guerra en 1994.

La presencia de varias sustancias de plantas y al menos uno de animales que posiblemente fueron usados por sus características alucinatorios habla de la etnohistoria de Nicaragua tanto como de su salud pública. Vale la pena tratar de catalogar estas sustancias y relacionarlos con la etnohistoria cuando sea posible.

AbstractThe aim of this study was to define the use of a new cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay for emergency patients with chest pain and no specific electrocardiographic changes consistent with the presence of ischemia. Patients (n=106) admitted in Emergency/Cardiology Departments for chest pain and suspicion of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were randomized into two diagnosis groups (ACS or non-ACS) by two independent cardiologists. cTnI measurements were performed at admission, and 6 hours and 12 hours later with a new generation assay (Access AccuTnI, Beckman Coulter). Using an upper reference limit of 0.04 μg/l, 27 patients had a cTnI elevation not related to the final diagnosis of ischemia; the positive predictive value (PPV) was 67% with specificity 48%. The decisional value was re-defined and set at 0.16 μg/l, a concentration corresponding to the 99th percentile of the non-ACS patient group. Precision (coefficient of variation) was 8% at this level, PPV 97% and specificity 98%. This new decisional value is now used in our institution and could be included in standard care guidelines to improve the management of patients presenting chest pain in emergency departments.

Physiopathological mechanism of respiratory distress syndrome associated with acute pancreatitis remains unclear. We observed a case of drowning-like hypoxemia due to a pancreaticobronchial fistula; this patient, with a necrotizing isthmic pancreatitis, had only two Ranson’s criteria, and showed a clearly isolated mechanical reason for respiratory failure. Then, the retrospective study of 40 patients having an objective surgical recognition of necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) was performed. Twelve patients received ventilatory support. The prevalence of isolated sepsis-related respiratory failure was 9 out of 12 cases (75%). Two patients had a secondary infection of necrosis also associated with a pancreaticobronchial fistula, and in 1 case this isolated mechanism of respiratory distress was obvious. Such a prevalence of 25% of fistula-related respiratory failure has never been observed before. The onset of severe hypoxemia in the course of NP appears to be a sensitive and pathognomonic sign of evolving complication of pancreatitis, leading to endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, and to prompt surgery. In the opposite way than that suggested by the enzymatic hypothesis, we were not able to show any reason for applying mechanical ventilation to patients suffering from pancreatitis, in the absence of intraabdominal sepsis, and/or pancreaticobronchial fistula.