While the Nordics have long acted as champions of gender equality, there is still a need for a more nuanced understanding of gendered differences in safety and well-being. A large body of research on masculinity and fear has found men to express fear in public space to a lesser extent than women, perpetuating a notion of men as 'fearless'. In this study, we challenge this notion by seeking a better understanding of men's overall fear of victimization as well as how fear impacts their behavior where they live, in relation to places, people, and everyday routines. Using statistical methods, chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression, we investigate the nature of men's fear and the effect fear has on their lives using 20,781 answers from the 2020 Stockholm Safety Survey. Findings indicate that while men are generally less fearful than women, intersections between respondents' gender, income level, and ethnic background show a complementary picture. Foreign-born and lowincome resident men expressed similar or even higher levels of neighborhood fear than women. Additionally, the drivers of men's general fear of crime and neighborhood-related fear were found to differ, where results for Swedish-born and foreign-born men show opposing patterns for each measure. Men who live in neighborhoods with more physical disorder and low social cohesion are also more likely to avoid places and engagement with people where they live, as well as changing routine activities. The paper finishes with recommendations for future research.

Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of tachyarrhythmias and more frequently require implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) than those without diabetes (No-DM). This study aims to investigate whether there is a difference in the indication, prognosis and complication rates for ICD-implantation between patients with and without type 2 diabetes in different ICD prevention groups. This Swedish retrospective cohort study included patients with de novo ICDs implanted between 2010 and 2021. Data from six national registries were analyzed to compare type 2 diabetes and No-DM patients regarding indications, complications, and outcomes (major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE], all-cause mortality). Subgroup analyses compared type 2 diabetes and No-DM by primary (PP) or secondary prevention (SP) ICD indication, and within the type 2 diabetes and No-DM groups (PP vs. SP). The study cohort consisted of 12,885 patients, including 2,843 with type 2 diabetes. Patients with diabetes had a mean age of 67.9 years and 85.4

BACKGROUND:Observational studies have shown that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are associated with an increased risk of bone fractures, but the association can be confounded by indication and other sources of systematic bias that can be minimized in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). AIM:Our aim was to report the rate, site, context, and predictors of fractures after stroke, and whether the fractures modified the effect of fluoxetine on modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 6 months in an individual patient data meta-analysis of 5907 patients enrolled in three RCTs of fluoxetine (20 mg for 6 months) for stroke recovery. METHODS:We classified fractures by treatment allocation, site (and thus likelihood of osteoporosis), and context, then performed multivariable analyses to explore the independent predictors of fractures. We explored whether the trend toward a poorer mRS at 6 months was explained by a fracture excess. Risk of bias was assessed using GRADE. RESULTS:Among 5907 patients randomized at a mean of 6.6 days (SD 3.6) post-stroke onset and followed for 6 months, the number of fractures at 6 months was 93 (3.15%) in the fluoxetine group versus 41 (1.39%) in the control group (difference 1.76, 95% CI 0.10-2.51). However, 128 patients with fractures were suitable for further analyses. Of these, 102 (80%) were in sites typically affected by osteoporosis; 115 (90%) were associated with falls and 1 (1%) with a seizure. Independent fracture risk factors were female sex (hazard ratio (HR) 1.96; 95% CI 1.37-2.81, p = 0.0002), age > 70 years (HR 2.30, 95% CI 1.52-3.49, p < 0.001), previous fractures (HR 0.63 for no previous fractures, 95% CI 0.42-0.94, p = 0.0227), and randomized treatment (fluoxetine) (HR 2.39; 95% CI 1.64-3.49, p < 0.001). The common odds ratio for the effect of fluoxetine on mRS at 6 months was unchanged after excluding fracture patients. Risk of bias was high for imprecision. CONCLUSION:Fractures were more common in the fluoxetine group but the absolute risk of fractures was small and risk estimates were imprecise. Most fractures occurred with a fall, and in osteoporotic locations. Fractures did not modify the effect of fluoxetine on functional outcome.

This study examines how different lighting scenarios, involving variations in intensity and/or colour, influence safety perceptions on metro station platforms and in passages. Physical filters were applied to the station’s lighting to create different scenarios, which were compared to baseline conditions using MANOVA, correlation, and regression models. The experiment involved 92 participants—67 university students and 25 older individuals with visual impairments. After informed consent and a visual performance assessment, participants experienced each lighting condition in two sequences, including wash-outs. “Safety” is associated with “comfort” and “pleasantness” and less with “colour” related emotional responses. On platforms, dimmed neutral lighting does not lower safety perceptions compared to the neutral baseline. In passages, the reduction in safety scores under treated lighting passages remains significant even after controlling for participants’ gender, crime exposure, disabilities, and test order. Participants with visual impairments consistently reported lower perceived safety, particularly in passages with reduced, coloured lighting. The study underscores the importance of inclusive lighting design and calls for further experimental CPTED research on minimum lighting thresholds, emphasising the need to disentangle the effects of colour from intensity when assessing lighting’s impact on safety.

Background: Two out of three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) fail to meet their recruitment goals. Recruitment to Efficacy oF Fluoxetine – a randomisEd Controlled Trial in Stroke (EFFECTS), fluoxetine for stroke recovery was slower than anticipated. We aimed to evaluate an intervention to improve recruitment to EFFECTS. Methods: This stepped wedge, cluster randomised study investigated whether a teleconference with the study personnel and the head of department could enhance recruitment in the ongoing EFFECTS. We included 20 low- and medium recruiting active centres. We excluded high recruiting centres. All centres started as controls and were followed by 60 days of observation. We used block randomisation. The primary outcome was a 20% increase of recruitment within 60 days post intervention compared within 60 days pre intervention. Secondary outcomes were comparing recruitment between different types of centres, that is small versus large or experienced versus non-experienced centres, and university versus non-university hospitals. In exploratory analyses, recruitment within 30 days post versus 30 days pre intervention was compared. Results: The recruitment increased by 10% at 60 days. We noticed a short-lived increase of 23% the first month. The increased recruitment was most pronounced in low-recruiting, small and non-university hospitals. The recruitment of patients increased after the first contact with the centres where we announced that there would be a conference. Conclusion: A teleconference with the study personnel and the head of department increased the recruitment by 23% within 30 days and by 10%, 60 days post intervention in this embedded RCT. This implies that this structured intervention aimed at increased recruitment was short-lived and would need frequent repetitions in order to be effective.

This article aims to compare the pattern of responses obtained by a web-based and a paper-based survey used to investigate the transit safety of travellers in railway stations in Sweden. This aim is achieved by evaluating whether the response and the completion rates change as the surveys progress, assessing the effect of the survey mode on respondents’ answers (after controlling for the surveys’ internal consistency and differences in the samples), and the potential impact of the order of alternatives in multiple-choice questions on the responses. To carry out the study, a sample of 500 responses was taken from each population and later compared using a series of statistical tests. Findings indicate that despite the surveys’ high internal consistency, the prevalence of victimisation, fear of crime, and precautions detected in the web survey was higher than those found in the paper survey. The web survey shows a major drop just after the initial questions, while the paper survey shows a more stable pattern of responses, but was also affected by a single compulsory question that pushed the completion rate down. Finally, the order of alternatives in multiple-choice questions (fixed or random) did not affect the answers given by the respondents, providing a solid base for safety interventions in transit environments, regardless of survey mode. The article concludes by making suggestions for both research and practice.

Background Females are generally less prone to cardiovascular (CV) events than males, but this protection is trumped by diabetes. The mechanism behind the increased relative risk in females with diabetes is not fully understood. Insulin resistance (IR) is suggested to be a more important contributor to CV morbidity in females than in males. We aim to investigate differences in the association between IR indexes (Homeostatic Model Assessment of IR - HOMA-IR, visceral adiposity index – VAI, and triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol - TG/HDL-C index), and a first non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) across different glycaemic states. Methods IR indexes were calculated in a population with (n = 696) and without (n = 707) a first non-fatal MI, free from known diabetes. MI cases were investigated at least six weeks after the event. All participants were categorized by an oral glucose tolerance test as having normal glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or newly diagnosed diabetes. Comparison of proportion of glycaemic states by sex was tested by chi-square test. The associations between sex, a first non-fatal MI, IR indexes, and traditional CV risk factors were analysed by multivariate logistic regression models. Continuous variables were logarithmically transformed. Results Of the total population 19% were females and 81% males, out of whom 47% and 50% had a first non-fatal MI, respectively. Compared with males, females were older, less often smokers, with lower body mass index and higher total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The proportion of glycaemic states did not differ between the sexes (p = 0.06). Females were less insulin resistant than males, especially among cases and with normal glucose tolerance. In logistic regression models adjusted for major CV risk factors including sex, the associations between VAI and TG/HDL-C index and a first non-fatal MI remained significant only in females (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals: 1.7, 1.0-2.9, and 1.9, 1.1–3.4 respectively). Conclusions These results support the assumption that IR indexes based on anthropometrics and lipid panel, i.e., VAI and TG/HDL-C, could be a better measure of IR and CV-predictor for non-fatal MI in females, even without glycaemic perturbations.

BACKGROUND:Three large randomized controlled trials of fluoxetine for stroke recovery have been performed. We performed an individual patient data meta-analysis (IPDM) on the combined data. METHODS:Fixed effects meta-analyses were performed on the combined data set, for the primary outcome (modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 6 months), and secondary outcomes common to the individual trials. As a sensitivity analysis, summary statistics from each trial were created and combined. FINDINGS:The three trials recruited a combined total of 5907 people (mean age 69.5 years (SD 12.3), 2256 (38%) females, 2-15 days post-stroke) from Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Sweden, and Vietnam; and randomized them to fluoxetine 20 mg daily or matching placebo for 6 months. Data on 5833 (98.75%) were available at 6 months. The adjusted ordinal comparison of mRS was similar in the two groups (common OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.05, p = 0.37). There were no statistically significant interactions between the minimization variables (baseline probability of being alive and independent at 6 months, time to treatment, motor deficit, or aphasia) and pre-specified subgroups (including age, pathological type, inability to assess mood, proxy or patient consent, baseline depression, country). Fluoxetine increased seizure risk (2.64% vs 1.8%, p = 0.03), falls with injury (6.26% vs 4.51%, p = 0.03), fractures (3.15% vs 1.39%, p < 0.0001) and hyponatremia (1.22% vs 0.61%, p = 0.01) but reduced new depression (10.05% vs 13.42%, p < 0.0001). At 12 months, there was no difference in adjusted mRS (n = 5760; common OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.07). Sensitivity analyses gave the same results. INTERPRETATION:Fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months did not improve functional recovery. It increased seizures, falls with injury, and bone fractures but reduced depression frequency at 6 months.

The aim of this study was to describe gender-related differences in characteristics and mortality in heart failure (HF) patients managed in primary care (PC). We included 1802 hF patients aged 77.5 +/- 8.8 years (47% women) with ejection fraction (EF) >= 40% from the Swedish Heart Failure (SwedeHF) registry. The patients were divided by gender, and by heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF; EF 40-49%) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; EF >= 50%). Men included in the study were younger (mean-age 76.4 vs 78.7 years, p < 0.0001) and showed a higher age-adjusted mortality (p < 0.0001). Men more often showed ischemic heart disease, 49% vs. 38% (p < 0.0001), atrial fibrillation, 56% vs. 50%, and diabetes, 25% vs. 17% (both p < 0.01). Women had higher blood pressure compared to men (p < 0.01), more commonly had kidney dysfunction (p < 0.01), and a worse functional capacity (p < 0.01). Cardiovascular diseases were the dominating causes of death in men and women (60% and 56%) but were less dominating in individuals with EF >= 50%, especially among women (56% in men vs. 46% in women). Among women with EF >= 50%, the mortality was dominated of mixed and unspecified diseases. Other important causes of death were cancer (15%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13%). Men managed in PC with HF and EF >= 40% have a higher age-adjusted mortality than women. Cardiovascular disease is the dominating cause of death in both genders. Other frequent causes of death were malignant tumors and respiratory diseases, illustrating the need to carefully diagnose and treat all associated comorbidities.

Objective: To explore the associations between mannose, indexes of insulin resistance (IR) and secretion and long-term cardiovascular outcomes.Research Design and Methods: Fasting mannose was assayed in 1403 participants, half of which had a first myocardial infarction (MI), with either normal glucose tolerance (n=1045) or newly detected dysglycaemia (i.e., impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes; n=358). Regression models were used to explore mannose associations with surrogate indexes of IR/insulin secretion. Multivariate Cox models were used to investigate the independent association between “high” (higher quartile) vs. “low” (lower three quartiles) mannose and major adverse cardiac events (MACE, N=163) during 10-year follow-up.Results: Mannose was independentely associated with IR indexes (all p≤0.001). High vs. low mannose was independentely associated with MACE (hazard ratio: 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.20) in the overall population.Conclusions: Mannose might represent a new biomarker able to track early, potentially detrimental glucometabolic alterations, independently of glycaemic state.

ABSTRACTBackground and AimThe study ‘Periodontitis and Its Relation to Coronary Artery Disease’ (PAROKRANK) reported an association between periodontitis (PD) and the first myocardial infarction (MI). This follow‐up study aims to test the hypothesis that those with PD—compared to periodontally healthy individuals—are at increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) events and death.MethodsA total of 1587 participants (age <75 years; females 19%) had a dental examination including panoramic radiographs between 2010 and 2014. PD was categorized as healthy (≥80% alveolar bone height), mild/moderate (79%–66%) or severe (<66%). A composite CV event (first of all‐cause death, non‐fatal MI or stroke and hospitalization following to heart failure) was investigated during a mean follow‐up period of 9.9 years (range 0.2–12.5 years). Participants were divided into two groups: those with and without PD. The primary event rate, stratified by periodontal status at baseline, was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression.ResultsThe number of events was 187 in the 985 periodontally healthy participants (19%) and 174 in the 602 participants with PD (29%; p < 0.0001). Those with PD had a higher likelihood for a future event (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.01–1.57; p = 0.038), following adjustment for age, smoking and diabetes.ConclusionThe PAROKRANK follow‐up revealed that CV events were more common among participants with PD, which supports the assumption that there might be a direct relation between PD and CV disease.

Background Empagliflozin reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and high cardiovascular risk via mechanisms which have not been fully explained. The mechanisms of such benefit have not been fully understood, and whether empagliflozin can be safely administered as first-line treatment in patients with CVD at the initial stages of glycaemic perturbations remains to be established. We investigated the effects of empagliflozin on insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity and β-cell function indexes in patients with a recent acute coronary event and newly detected dysglycaemia, i.e., impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or T2DM. Methods Forty-two patients (mean age 67.5 years, 19% females) with a recent myocardial infarction (n = 36) or unstable angina (n = 6) and newly detected dysglycaemia were randomized to either empagliflozin 25 mg daily (n = 20) or placebo (n = 22). Patients were investigated with stress-perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging before randomization, 7 months after the start of study drug and 3 months following its cessation. Indexes of insulin resistance, sensitivity and β-cell function were calculated based on glucose and insulin values from 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and fasting C-peptide. The differences in glucose, insulin, C-peptide, mannose levels and indexes between the two groups were computed by repeated measures ANOVA including an interaction term between the treatment allocation and the time of visit. Results After 7 months, empagliflozin significantly decreased glucose and insulin values during the OGTT, whereas C-peptide, mannose and HbA1c did not differ. Empagliflozin significantly improved insulin sensitivity indexes but did not impact insulin resistance and β-cell function. After cessation of the drug, all indexes returned to initial levels. Insulin sensitivity indexes were inversely correlated with left ventricular mass at baseline. Conclusions Empagliflozin improved insulin sensitivity indexes in patients with a recent coronary event and drug naïve dysglycaemia. These findings support the safe use of empagliflozin as first-line glucose-lowering treatment in patients at very high cardiovascular risk with newly diagnosed dysglycaemia. Trial registration number EudraCT number 2015-004571-73.

The safety perception of the built environment, rather than the sheer number of crimes and incivility behavior, is a fundamental driver of public policies intended to improve urban safety. Traditional surveys often capture neighborhood residents’ perceived safety, but may not fully reflect the perceptions of people who are unfamiliar with the area. In this study, focused on the city of Stockholm, Sweden, we develop a geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) approach using street view images and recruiting locals to create a measure of citywide residents’ safety perceptions. We compare the measures from the survey based on neighborhood residents’ responses with those from the GeoAI approach to better understand the relationship between these safety measures. We model the two forms of safety perceptions and their disparities (i.e., perception bias) as a function of the city’s land use and its socio-demographics. Results confirm that while the GeoAI-based measures better capture people’s instant impressions of the built environment across the city, the survey-based measures reflect their overall daily experiences of specific areas. Regions that appear to be economically vibrant and have inner-city streetscapes are perceived as safe places from visual appearance but are not always perceived as such by residents. Older adults tend to overestimate their likelihood of being victimized by crime, which may enlarge perception bias. The study concludes by critically assessing the potential ethical issues (e.g., spatial bias, population bias) in the proposed methodology and making suggestions for future research.

Aims/hypothesis: Established dysglycaemia (impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] or type 2 diabetes [T2DM]) is a risk factor for further cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors reduce this risk. The aim of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that empagliflozin exerts beneficial effects on myocardial function in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome and newly detected dysglycaemia. Methods: Forty-two patients (mean age 67.5 years, 81 % male) with recent myocardial infarction (n = 36) or unstable angina (n = 6) and newly detected IGT (n = 27) or T2DM (n = 15) were randomised to 25 mg of empagliflozin daily (n = 20) or placebo (n = 22) on top of ongoing therapy. They were investigated with oral glucose tolerance tests, stress-perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and echocardiography at three occasions: before randomisation, after seven months on study drug and three months following cessation of such drug. Primary outcome was a change in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and secondary outcomes were a change in a) systolic and diastolic LV function; b) coronary flow reserve; c) myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) in non-infarcted myocardium; d) aortic pulse wave velocity. Results: Empagliflozin induced a significant decrease in fasting and post load glucose (p < 0.05) and body weight (p < 0.01). Empagliflozin did not influence LVEDV, LV systolic or mass indexes, coronary flow reserve, ECV or aortic pulse wave velocity. Echocardiographic indices of LV diastolic function (E/e' and mitral E/A ratio) were not influenced. No safety concerns were identified. Conclusions/interpretation: Empagliflozin had predicted effects on the dysglycaemia but did not influence vari-ables expressing LV function, coronary flow reserve and ECV. An explanation may be that the LV function of the patients was within the normal range.

Objective. To explore long-term cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients after a first myocardial infarction (MI) compared with matched controls in a contemporary setting. Methods. During 2010-2014 the Swedish study PAROKRANK recruited 805 patients <75 years with a first MI and 805 age-, gender-, and area-matched controls. All study participants were followed until 31 December 2018, through linkage with the National Patient Registry and the Cause of Death Registry. The primary endpoint was the first of a composite of all-cause death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, and heart failure hospitalization. Event rates in cases and controls were calculated using a Cox regression model, subsequently adjusted for baseline smoking, education level, and marital status. Kaplan-Meier curves were computed and compared by log-rank test. Results. A total of 804 patients and 800 controls (mean age 62 years; women 19%) were followed for a mean of 6.2 (0.2-8.5) years. The total number of primary events was 211. Patients had a higher event rate than controls (log-rank test p < .0001). Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the primary outcome was 2.04 (95% CI 1.52-2.73). Mortality did not differ between patients (n = 38; 4.7%) and controls (n = 35; 4.4%). A total of 82.5% patients and 91.3% controls were event-free during the follow up. Conclusions. In this long-term follow up of a contemporary, case-control study, the risk for cardiovascular events was higher in patients with a previous first MI compared with their matched controls, while mortality did not differ. The access to high quality of care and cardiac rehabilitation might partly explain the low rates of adverse outcomes.

Background Plasma mannose, an emerging novel biomarker of insulin resistance, is associated with both diabetes mellitus and coronary atherosclerosis, but the relationship between mannose concentrations and myocardial infarction (MI) across different glycaemic states remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the independent association between mannose and a first MI in a group of subjects characterized according to their glycaemic state. Methods Fasting plasma mannose concentrations were analysed in 777 patients 6–10 weeks after a first myocardial infarction and in 770 matched controls by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Participants without known diabetes mellitus were categorized by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 1045), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, n = 246) or newly detected type 2 diabetes (T2DM, n = 112). The association between mannose and MI was investigated across these glycaemic states by logistic regression. Results Mannose levels increased across the glycaemic states (p < 0.0001) and were significantly associated with a first MI in the whole study population (odds ratio, OR: 2.2; 95% CI 1.4 to − 3.5). Considering the different subgroups separately, the association persisted only in subjects with NGT (adjusted OR: 2.0; 95% CI 1.2–3.6), but not in subgroups with glucose perturbations (adjusted OR: 1.8, 95% CI 0.8–3.7). Conclusions Mannose concentrations increased across worsening levels of glucose perturbations but were independently associated with a first MI only in NGT individuals. Thus, mannose might be a novel, independent risk marker for MI, possibly targeted for the early management of previously unidentified patients at high cardiovascular risk.

Background Mannose binding lectin (MBL) has been suggested to be associated with an impaired cardiovascular prognosis in dysglycaemic conditions, but results are still contrasting. Our aims are (i) to examine whether MBL levels differ between patients with an acute myocardial infarction (MI) and healthy controls and between subgroups with different glucose tolerance status, and (ii) to investigate the relation between MBL and future cardiovascular events. Methods MBL levels were assessed at discharge and after 3 months in 161 AMI patients without any previously known glucose perturbations and in 183 age- and gender-matched controls from the Glucose metabolism in patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (GAMI) study. Participants were classified as having dysglycaemia, i.e. type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, or not by an oral glucose tolerance test. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular events comprising cardiovascular death, AMI, stroke or severe heart failure during 11 years of follow-up. Total and cardiovascular mortality served as secondary outcomes. Results At hospital discharge patients had higher MBL levels (median 1246 μg/L) than three months later (median 575 μg/L; p < 0.01), the latter did not significantly differ from those in the controls (801 μg/L; p = 0.47). MBL levels were not affected by dysglycaemia either in patients or controls. Independent of glycaemic state, increasing MBL levels did not predict any of the studied outcomes in patients. In unadjusted analyses increasing MBL levels predicted cardiovascular events (hazard ratio HR: 1.67, 95% confidence interval CI 1.06–2.64) and total mortality (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.12–2.10) in the control group. However, this did not remain in adjusted analyses. Conclusions Patients had higher MBL levels than controls during the hospital phase of AMI, supporting the assumption that elevated MBL reflects acute stress. MBL was not found to be independently associated with cardiovascular prognosis in patients with AMI regardless of glucose state.

Abstract Aims Low testosterone has been associated with cardiovascular disease in men but with contradictory findings. Testosterone bind to the androgen receptor and polymorphisms of the receptor gene such as CAG repeat length may affect transcriptional activity, possibly mitigating testosterone effects. The aims were to study the CAG repeat length and testosterone levels at four time points following a myocardial infarction (MI) and to analyse possible relationships between CAG repeat length and cardiovascular prognosis. Methods and results Male patients admitted for acute MI (n = 122) from the Glucose in Acute Myocardial Infarction study were included. Blood samples were drawn at four time points (day after admission, at discharge, and at 3 and 12 months post-infarction) for assessment of testosterone levels. Patients were followed for a median of 11.6 years. Cox regression analyses were performed for CAG repeat length by one unit increment and by > vs. ≤median for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Median CAG repeat length was 20. There was no difference in testosterone levels at each time point when dividing the cohort into ≤ vs. >CAG repeat median (=20). There was no association between CAG repeat length either as a continuous or categorical variable in unadjusted and age-adjusted Cox analyses for cardiovascular events. While CAG >20 was associated with all-cause mortality in unadjusted analyses (hazard ratio 2.19, 95% confidence interval 1.13–4.22; P = 0.02), it did not remain significant following adjustment for age. Conclusion CAG repeat length was not associated with testosterone levels or prognosis in men with acute MI.

As the pilots slow the aircraft down and extend flaps and landing gear in preparation for landing the characteristics of the aircraft as a noise source changes. In the OPNOP project, the possibility to use this variation in noise generation to minimize noise at a specified location is examined. Such analysis requires an increased understanding about aircraft noise generation as the aircraft changes configuration and speed during the approach, where theoretical models available can be overly simplistic and of little use for this purpose. Using flight data from 113 actual Airbus A321 flights, and corresponding noise measurements on the ground, this study reports on the initial findings forming the foundation on which further analysis will be conducted. Intermediary findings relate to: a comparison between models and actual measurements, the distance variability to the runway for various flap selections and extension of the landing gear as well as a comparison between flight data and on-ground noise measurements. Captured data suggest that it should be possible to use speed and configuration recommendations to reduce noise over selected approach areas. Future research will include scenario generation and incorporate flight data from an earlier study to increase validity.