Body image (BI) is a multidimensional concept including self-perception and related attitudes. The purpose of this study was to assess body mass index (BMI), the severity of premenstrual symptoms (PMS), physical activity (PA), time spent sitting and sleeping, and sleep quality (SQ) as factors affecting BI and to determine how the aforementioned factors affect the development of positive or negative BI.

The aim of the research was to examine the effectiveness of a rotator cuff training for muscle strength, shoulder stability and range of motion, regarding the accuracy of throwing, increasing the effectiveness of the participating basketball players, as well as the accuracy of passes.

The aim was to determine whether there are sport-specific lower-limb injuries in the 15 most popular sports in Hungary and to identify them.

Physically active lifestyle has beneficial effects on physical and mental health too. The consequences of the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic also significantly affected the everyday life of the Hungarian population, as well as the leisure time and the amount of time spent physically active. The aim of our research is to assess the physical activity and mental health of Hungarian adult population during the first three waves of the pandemic. The longitudinal study based on questionnaire data during the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary (2020-2021). The representative stratified sample consisted of 3600 people (18–69-year-old adults in Hungary). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) was used to examine physical activity patterns. To test the research hypotheses Spearman's rank correlation analysis and Wilcoxon test were calculated using SPSS 28.0 software and our results were considered significant at p <0.05. The mean age of the sample was 43.49 (15.13) years, the ratio of gender was representative for the Hungarian population (48.14% of females and 51.86% of males). The median (interquartile range, IQR) physical activity level of the adults (min/week) was decreased from 480.00 (230.00-1000.00) minutes / week to 310.00 (135.00-840.00) minutes/week during the restrictions (p<0.001) however during the third wave of pandemic we measured significantly higher physical activity level than the beginning of the pandemic (180 (75.00-420.00), 520 (180.00-1128.75); p<0.001). The total weekly physical activity (min) during the restrictions significantly associated with the mental health status (p<0.001). During the first wave of the pandemic, the living and working conditions of the Hungarian population changed mostly. The results of the third waves of the pandemic indicate the adaptation of individuals to the new circumstances. Our results were showed that the physically active lifestyle has a beneficial effect on mental health status.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between physical activity, body mass index and health complaints among Hungarian school-aged children. The survey was in January 2020 in Hungary. The sample consisted of 857 children and adolescents (399 males and 458 females) aged 7-20 years (12,61±3,57). The tool of our study was InBody770 examination of body mass index (BMI), physical activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A) examination of physical activity (PA) and health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) examination of health complaints. We used IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 version and the significance level was set at P<0,05. The Mann-Whitney test was used to assess differences between gender in PA level, there was a significant difference (U=76371; Z=-4,315; P=0,00) between boys (M=3,09; SD=1,045) and girls (M=2,78; SD=1,021) PA level. 67,4% of the participants had a normal weight, while 10,3% of them were overweight, 6,5% of them were underweight and 15,8% of them were obese. In weight status categories was no significant difference (P=0,081) between genders. Based on age children’s BMI (18,3±3,83) was significantly lower (Z=-13,035; p<0,001) than adolescents (21,9±4,23). We found significant difference (χ2=21,504; P=0,049) between PA and BMI categories. The prevalence of having headaches (χ2=; P<0,001), feeling low (χ2=31,431; P<0,001), irritable (χ2=27,542; P<0,001) and being nervous (χ2=5,586; P=0,018) was significantly higher among girls. We found significant difference between PA and feeling low (χ2=31,81; p=0,01), being irritable (χ2=31,88; p=0,01). Our study and international literature show that children with normal BMI have high PA. The PA seems to have positive effect on BMI and protective effect against health complaints in childhood.

Most of the people who visit the gyms start to lift weights without basic workout training. The aim of our study was to investigate how an educational course on training theory and training techniques could prevent injuries and pain among those who train with weights in the gym. The type of research is quantitative, real experimental research. The place of research is the Cutler Gym & Fitness Centre in Pécs, Hungary. Date of the research: 01.05.2018 - 01.06.2019. Sample size was 100 persons (N=100). 50 people belong to the study group (SG) and 50 people belong to the control group (CG.). We examined non-professional hobby athletes, who had been performing weight training at least twice a week for at least one year during the injury-free period. Data was collected using a self-designed questionnaire and objective measurements. By the end of the educational program, the study group had a higher proportion of those who paid attention to the correct implementation of the exercises before the program (b.p.) – 22%, after the program (a.p) – 79,55%) (p=0.001), of those with a significantly reduced total annual injury (b.p. - 14.05 injuries / person / year, a.p. – 6.59 injuries / person / year) (p=0.001). The warm-up and stretch time of the study group increased significantly (b.p. 2.3 min., a.p. 13,25 min) (p<0.001) and (b.p. 1.92 min., a.p. 7.39 min) (p<0.002). There was a significantly greater reduction in weight training time in the SG than in the CG (p=0.001). Those who were involved in the educational program their percentage of body fat decreased significantly (CG decreasing 0.14%, SG decreasing 1.97%) (p=0.04). Based on our results it can be stated that a basic educational course on training theory and training techniques reduces the number of injuries caused by training with weights.

Aim of the study was to assess the body composition, gripping strength, balance state, physical activity, quality of life, and mental state of women with post-menopausal bone density lower than physiologycal, as well as to examine the bone density of calcaneus using quantitative ultrasound. In our prospective cross-sectional study, we randomly selected 80 postmenopausal women (68.3±7.24 years) who had previously been diagnosed with non-physiological bone density. The measurements were performed from June 2019 to October 2019 in Hungary. A questionnaire was used to assess quality of life, physical activity, and depression. Balancing ability was measured by Stork test, while OMRON body composition monitor BF511 was used to examine body composition, Digital Hand Dynamometer for measuring gripping force, and Calcaneal Quantitative Ultrasound for bone density. Body composition determination has showed us low muscle mass (26.08±3.99) and high body fat percentage (39.09±7.23). Examination of static balancing ability and bone density showed weak (r=0.279) and moderate (r=0.329) positive relationship with the dominant leg. Weak positive relationship was found in the measurement of gripping force (r=0.2), in addition, there was a significant (p=0.017) difference between osteoporosis (19.4±7.91 kg) and osteopenia (24.9±9.63 kg). Low bone density and physical activity showed only a partial relationship. We found significant differences in physical function, physical role, physical pain, general health, and social function (p<0.001) compared with healthy women, and vitality was also significant (p=0.001). No significant differences were found (p>0.05) in the emotional role and mental health. There was a weak positive relationship in case of mild (r=0.156) and a moderate positive relationship in case of moderate (r=0.392) and severe (r=0.452) depression. Based on the results non-physiological bone density shows a relationship with body composition, balance, gripping force, quality of life, mental state and partly with physical activity.

Our quantitative, cross-sectional research’s goal was to assess objectively the functional states of the elders with knee osteoarthritis in a Hungarian rehabilitation institution. We chose 17 people to participate (mean age: 71,50±6,98 years) in our research: 12 females and 5 males. All patients were diagnosed with osteoarthritis. We used the following methods for functional testing: Timed up and go (TUG) test, 30-second chair stand test, stair -climbing test, and assessment of these patients subjectively with the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) score. Our research was conducted in a rehabilitation institution between 01.09.2019 and 15.11.2019 in Hungary. We found strong correlations between the functional tests and the WOMAC index. There was a strong correlation between the TUG test (r=0.512) and the WOMAC-PF. We also realized strong correlations between the stair climbing test (r=0.509) and the WOMAC-PF. There was a strong correlation between the TUG test and the WOMAC-PAIN score (r=0.596) and between this functional test and the WOMAC-Stiffness score (r=0.596). However, we found a low correlation between the 30-second chair stand test and the WOMAC score. A strong correlation was observed between the active knee flexion on the dominant side, and the WOMAC-PF (r=-0.639). The patients with knee osteoarthritis show realistically their functional states in the light of the subjective WOMAC questionnaire due to the strong correlations of the objective results from the functional tests and WOMAC tests scores.

A lot of primary school students have inadequate posture and poor physical activity. There has been plenty of studies abroad revealing the positive effect of the dancing. With the research, our goal was that the survey of children's posture, sense of balance, muscle extensibility and joint mobility, among children between 7-12 years who doing beginner Zumba Fitness. The place of research is Szarvas, Hungary. Based on the voluntary application, 12 children from the Szarvasi Fit Life Team Sportclub beginner Zumba Fitness group were included in the sample. The exercise programs were held once a week for the 12-week period from September 02.09.2019.-30.11.2019. Measurements were taken in the week before the first time and after the 12th time. The trainings were performed once a week for 12 weeks for 45-50 minutes. The Stork Stand test (p = 0.01), and the Flamingo Balance test (p = 0.018) for the static equilibrium showed significant improvement. During the hip flexibility test similar results were obtained, compared to themselves (p =0.01) they showed a significant improvement. During the shoulder mobility the shoulder joint mobility significantly increased (p= 0.01). Between the two surveys, the value showed significant changes during the rotary stability (p =0.01). During the two surveys of the "stretching of the hind muscles while lying on the back'' test, the values showed significant difference (p=0.194). The photographic analysis of children's posture showed (p=0.02) significant improvement based on the photographs that were taken before the first training and after the last training. Because of these results we can say that the systematic exercise is important from childhood. Such as the Zumba Fitness, what is an effective method for improving the children's balance, muscle extensibility, joint mobility and posture.

The objective of our study was to compare the functional movement patterns, the stability and mobility of triathletes and orienteerers before and after a 6-week training programme using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). In total 34 triathletes (n=19) and orienteerers (n=15) volunteered for our prospective study from the rising generation of two different sportclubs in Szeged, Csongrád-Csanád County, Hungary. Prior to the first FMS they each filled in a self-edited questionnarie about their sports career, trainings and injuries. The study was conducted during the 2019 preparation period of the triathletes and orienteerers. Subjects were screened twice with FMS; a week before starting the training programme, and within one week after finishing it. The 6-week long programme, performed in 45-60 minutes twice a week, was designed to correct the musculoskeletal dysfunctions and deficiencies that were discovered during the first screening. While there was no significant difference between triathletes and orienteerers in the FMS total scores before the training programme (average score of triathletes: xt=12.11±1.97; average score of orienteerers: xo=12.07±1.75) (p=0.709), the difference between the two groups after the training programme was significant (xt= 16.26±1.48; xo=14.53±1.77) (p=0.004). Compared to the first FMS screening, significant improvement was observed in the FMS total scores for both triathletes (p <0.001) and orienteerers (p=0.003). On the first screening only a few athletes managed to score> 14 points (triathletes: n=0; orienteerers: n=2). By the time of the second screening most of the triathletes (n=17) and orienteerers studied (n=7) could reach> 14 points. (cut-off score: ≤14/21 points). The fact that there was significant difference in the results of the FMS between the athletes of the two sports by the end of the 6-week training programme indicates that the level of improvement could be greatly influenced by the amount of workout and training load.

The aim of our work was to compare the effectiveness of the Totalbody Resistance Exercise (TRX) and Physioball in a 6-week core training program for primary school children. Examination time: February - May 2019. The sample size: 40 persons (20-20 persons in each group). Participants: 8th grade primary school children (14 years old). The core stabilizing training: twice a week, each time for 45 minutes for 6 weeks. The part between warm-up and relaxation was exclusively performed using TRX and Physioball. Test methods: 1) trunk stability test (modified plank test); 2) dynamic balance test (upper limb Y-balance test, lower limb star balance test); 3) Lumbar motor control assay (Stabilizer Pressure Biofeedback instrument). Core muscle strength improved significantly (TRX before 138sec, then 176sec; p<0.001, Physioball before 110sec, then 160sec; p<0.001). Upper limb stability: significant improvement (p<0.05) was observed in all 3 directions (medial, inferolateral, superolateral) on both right and left sides of Physioball and on the right side of the TRX. Except for one direction on the left side of the TRX (p=0.59) improvement was also significant (p<0.05). Dynamic balance: there was a significant improvement (p<0.05) in all 8 directions (anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, posterior, posteromedial, medial, anteromedial) in the lower right extremity of TRX and in the lower left limb of Physioball. There was also a significant improvement (p<0.05) on the left side of TRX except for two directions (medial:p=0.08; anteromedial:p=0.15) and on the right side of Physioball except for two directions (anterior:p=0.05; posteromedial:p=0.09). Lumbar motor control was significantly improved in both cases (p<0.05). Core training had a positive effect on the children's back muscles, joint stability in the upper and lower limbs, and lumbar motor control, but there was no significant difference in the developmental effects of the two devices.

The goal of our study was to decrease pain involving the shoulder-joint and thoracic spine region in professional volleyball players, aged 22-30 [n1=25.9 years (±2.81)], who regularly participated in international volleyball contests. The training program and the previous surveys were conducted at the BME Sports Complex in Budapest, Hungary. Date of the research: 01.05.2019-31.08.2019. Through 4 months we organised unique, 30 minutes long sessions for 10 participants (n1=10), twice a week. We used special tests approved in the literature for the assessment of the shoulder, besides the study of pain involving the glenohumeral joint and thoracic spine with the help of the visual analogue scale (VAS). 42 participants (n2=42) filled in a questionnaire adapted specifically for volleyball. We conducted follow-up measurements after the end of the trainings, the results of these justified the efficiency of the program. VAS results of the participants of the training sessions improved in case of the thoracic spine region (from 6.3 (±0.95) to 3.3 (±0.67) (p<0.001), and in the case of the dominant shoulder (from 7.4 (±1.43) to 3.4 (±0.84) (p<0.001). The most apparent change in the range of motion was observed in internal rotation in the case of the dominant hand (p=0.009). The interaction between stretching and pain in the thoracic spine region should be highlighted (r=0.418; p=0.006). According to our special tests, our training demonstrated positive effect on the side of the dominant hand in case of the Impingement-tests (p=0.007). Back pain showed an improvement of 3.3±0.675, and dominant shoulder pain also showed a decrease of 3.4±0.843, so it can be stated that there is a moderate positive correlation between the two values (r = 0.351; p=0.319). Based on our results, we have shown that unique training sessions, approved in the literature, specifically aimed at volleyball players is efficient.