Holocene sea‐level reconstructions from tidal marshes are commonly derived from proxy indicators that have a consistent and quantifiable relationship with tidal elevation. While microfossils are most commonly employed, using multiple indicators leads to more robust reconstructions. We explore the utility of elemental geochemistry obtained through x‐ray fluorescence as a proxy indicator in tidal marshes at Port Alberni, British Columbia, Canada and Willapa Bay, Washington, United States. The elemental composition of bulk surface sediment collected from 141 stations along 10 transects was determined using an ITRAX Core Scanner. Partitioning Around Medoids cluster analysis on the elemental data distinguished between tidal flat, low marsh, and high marsh zones at both locations, similar to zones established from previously published microfossil (foraminifera, diatoms) data sets on the same samples. The elemental composition of low elevation samples from the tidal flat is dominated by lithogenic (Si, K, Ti, Fe) and biogenic (Sr) elements, whereas higher elevation samples have high proportions of organic content (Br, incoherent and coherent scattering ratio). Principal Component Analysis points to differences in organic versus inorganic content, a function of tidal elevation, as the main driver of geochemistry‐derived zones. Approximately 70% of the elemental variability within both marshes is controlled by the inorganic content, as indicated by lithogenic and biogenic elements versus organic content. The elemental composition of bulk surface sediment from two regions spaced ∼300 km apart shows a promising relationship with tidal elevation over a wider spatial scale and highlights the potential of this proxy for use in sea‐level reconstructions.

* ENGINEERING-GEOLOGY MAPPING OF SLOPES AND LANDSLIDES REGOLITH-LANDFORM MAPPING: AN AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING OF GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS * MULTILEVEL GEOLOGIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT MAPPING IN THE RIO GRANDE GORGE, NORTHERN NEW MEXICO, USA * CALIFORNIA'S SEISMIC HAZARDS MAPPING ACT:GEOSCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY * SUBSURFACE GEOLOGIC MAPPING FROM DESCRIPTIVEAND PETROPHYSICAL BOREHOLE LOGS * MAPPING WITH ALLOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORKS: IMPLICATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING ALLUVIAL LANDSCAPES IN SOUTHERN BURGUNDY, FRANCE * MINERAL EXPLORATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF LAKE SEDIMENT GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING IN THE CANADIAN CORDILLERA * AGGREGATE POTENTIAL MAPPING *'HOT SPOTS' AND 'SENSITIVE AREAS': CONTRIBUTION OF REMOTE SENSING TO GEOENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING IN LEBANON * GEOENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN: RAINFALL EROSION POTENTIAL * BATHOMETRIC DATA FOR 2D AND 3D LANDSCAPE MAPPING * GEOENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION IN ILLINOIS, USA * THE DEVELOPMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF A GEOLOGIC SENSITIVITY MAP OF THE ROUGE RIVER WATERSHED IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN, USA * MAPPING RIVER CHANNELS AND VELOCITY FIELDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS * FLOODPLAIN HAZARD ASSESSMENT: APPLICATION TO FOREST LAND MANAGEMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA * ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY MAPPING FOR URBAN PLANNING IN LITHUANIA * NATURAL HAZARD MAPPING IN SMALL URBAN AREAS,ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA * DIRECT AND INDIRECT ANTHROPOGENIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE BASIN OF MEXICO * ENCOURAGING BETTER USE OF GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION BY PLANNERS AND DEVELOPERS IN ENGLAND * GEOENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING APPLIED TO URBAN SETTLEMENTS: LA VALL DE GALLINERA, ALICANTE, SPAIN * MEDICAL GEOLOGY: METHOD, THEORY AND PRACTICE * THE GEOGRAPHY OF DISEASE FAMILY TREES:THE CASE OF SELENIUM * MAP REPRESENTATION OF INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING IN THE ZAMBIAN COPPERBELT * HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT IN RUSSIA * AN OVERVIEW OF VOLCANIC HAZARD MAPS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE * GEOLOGICAL RADON POTENTIAL MAPPING * THE MAKASSAR STRAIT TSUNAMIGENIC REGION, INDONESIA * TSUNAMI DEPOSIT MAPPING AT SEASIDE, OREGON, USA * ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL DOLINE SUBSIDENCE HAZARD MAPPING: CASE STUDY IN THE EBRO BASIN (SPAIN) * MAPPING IN THE INTERPRETATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF FLOWSLIDES IN SENSITIVE QUATERNARY MUDDY SEDIMENTS * QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION MODEL FOR LANDSLIDE HAZARD MAPPING: TSITIKA AND SCHMIDT CREEK WATERSHEDS, NORTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

AbstractThe paper outlines landslide mapping and change-detection monitoring protocols based on the successes of ICL-IPL Project 202 in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive landslide assemblages. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass-wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research in the Thompson River Valley aims to gain a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and the Canadian economy. We conclude by proposing a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada, which is also applicable elsewhere.

Abstract The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) was proposed and established in January 2002, based on the Japan–China international joint research activities (1991–1999) in a part of IDNDR (International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction) and the UNESCO-IUGS Joint programme IGCP-425: Landslide Hazard Assessment and Cultural Heritage (1998–2003). The ICL has developed through the UNESCO-KU-ICL UNITWIN Cooperation Programme from 2003, the second World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe in 2005, the 2006 Tokyo Action Plan, the third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai in 2015, and the ISDR-ICL Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015–2025. On 5 November 2020, the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk was launched by 90 signatory organizations consisting of the ICL, ICL supporting organizations and other stakeholders. The ICL history is reviewed focusing on the link with United Nations Programmes, UN World Conferences by the founding, the second, the immediate past, and the current Presidents of the ICL.

At the occasion of each triennial World Landslide Forum, ICL-IPL Awards and Certificates are conferred to individuals and organizations that have contributed to the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) and the International Programme on Landslides (IPL) since the last World Landslide Forum. This article reports the details of “Awards and Certificates” given in the Recognition and Awards Ceremony on 3 November 2021, and in the Award Lectures and Closing ceremony on 6 November 2021 during the Fifth World Landslide Forum. This report includes images of the various Awards and Certificates. The following six types of “Awards and Certificates” were given online and/or onsite to each awardee and leader of certified organizations.

To understand distributions of coastal diatoms along Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, this paper describes diatom assemblages observed in 47 surface sediment samples from intertidal environments. One hundred and eighty-four diatom taxa were identified from five transects crossing tidal flats, salt marshes, and freshwater forests in Tofino, Ucluelet, and Port Alberni. Distributions of the diatom assemblages were consistent with those reported elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest, but a few diatom taxa show different trends in their distributions. For example, one benthic species Denticula subtilis shows widespread distributions along the transect in Tofino. An ordination shown by Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) using a combined dataset indicated overlapped scatter plots of diatom assemblages, suggesting that assemblages with similar species compositions are observed in more than one location. Hierarchical and k-means clustering analyses using Euclidean distance recognized unique small groups along each transect. Rank abundance curves show different trends for richness and evenness of diatom assemblages among the five transects.

Coastal deposits at Tofino, Ucluelet, and Port Alberni in Vancouver Island along the Cascadia subduction zone were re-examined to improve the earthquake history of the southwest coast of Canada. We found sand sheets interbedded within peat and mud, suggesting deposition by strong flows in a low-energy environment. Based on limiting maximum and minimum ages derived from plant macrofossils, the age of one of the sand sheets below the tsunami deposits of the great Cascadia earthquake in 1700 CE was estimated to be 1330-1430 CE. Onshore paleoseismic evidence has been documented in Vancouver Island, northern Washington, and northern Oregon during this period. However, the newly constrained age is between those of coseismic subsidence Y and W events in southern Washington, which have been recognized as the 1700 CE and the penultimate Cascadia earthquakes, respectively. Moreover, the new age partly overlaps with the age of offshore paleoseismic evidence for T2, interpreted to have originated from the penultimate Cascadia earthquake, based on offshore turbidite records. The new chronology prior to the 1700 CE Cascadia tsunami deposit from Vancouver Island contributes to a better understand of the timing of the penultimate Cascadia earthquake.

Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.

Open File 8838 is a publication of Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC). IMOU 5107 aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides and the influence of climate changes through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies along strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia, and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The results of this research will be applicable to other sites in Canada, and elsewhere around the world where slowmoving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure.

Two major earthquakes highlighted in this review article are the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes and the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern-Iburi Earthquake. These two events that hit the southern and northern Japanese islands known as Kyushu and Hokkaido, respectively, have one thing in common from geological and geotechnical viewpoint; the quake-hit areas are covered and/or underlain by volcanic matters. These volcanic matters such as pumice and volcanic ash have crushable nature that can cause large ground deformations, thus resulting in significant service interruption of lifelines and hindering quick recovery of the quake-hit areas. The phenomena to be discussed in this article include a never-seen-before ground subsidence that occurred on a flood plain west of Mt. Aso in Kyushu, and multiple landslides in Hokkaido with the total area of the exposed bare earth reaching 13.4 km; the largest area that we’ve ever recorded since the Meiji era. The observed geometric features of the multiple landslide masses have a striking resemblance to those in a past event; the fact thus inspires a feeling of hope that this resemblance will allow for quick estimation of runout distances of these landslide masses with a simple empirical equation.

The general assumptions and the most popular methods used to assess landslide hazard and for risk evaluation have not changed significantly in recent decades. Some of these assumptions have conceptual weakness, and the methods have revealed limitations. In this work, I deal with populations of landslides i.e. numerous landslides caused in an area by a single trigger (e.g. a rainstorm, an earthquake, a rapid snowmelt event), or by multiple events in a short or long period. Following an introduction on what we need to predict to assess landslide hazard and risk, I introduce the strategies and the main methods currently used to detect and map landslides, to predict populations of landslides in space and time, and to anticipate the numerosity and size characteristics of the expected landslides. For landslide detection and mapping, I consider traditional methods based on the visual interpretation of aerial photographs, and modern approaches that exploit the visual, semi-automatic or automatic analysis of remotely sensed images. For landslide spatial prediction, I discuss the results of a global review of statistical, classification-based methods for landslide susceptibility assessment. For the temporal prediction, leveraging on a global analysis of geographical landslide forecasting and early warning systems, I discuss short term forecast capabilities and their limitations. Next, I discuss long term landslide projections considering the impact of climate variations on landslide projections. For landslide numerosity and size characteristics, I discuss existing statistics of landslide area and volume obtained from large populations of event-triggered landslides. This is followed by an analysis of the landslide consequences, with emphasis on a spatial-temporal model of societal landslide risk in Italy. I end offering recommendations on what I think we should do to make significant progress in our collective ability to predict the hazard posed by populations of landslides, and to mitigate their risk.

This paper presents a novel approach to continuously monitor very slow-moving translational landslides in mountainous terrain using conventional and experimental differential global navigation satellite system (d-GNSS) technologies. A key research question addressed is whether displacement trends captured by a radio-frequency "mobile" d-GNSS network compare with the spatial and temporal patterns in activity indicated by satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry. Field testing undertaken at Ripley Landslide, near Ashcroft in south-central British Columbia, Canada, demonstrates the applicability of new geospatial technologies to monitoring ground control points (GCPs) and railway infrastructure on a landslide with small and slow annual displacements (<10 cm/yr). Each technique records increased landslide activity and ground displacement in late winter and early spring. During this interval, river and groundwater levels are at their lowest levels, while ground saturation rapidly increases in response to the thawing of surficial earth materials, and the infiltration of snowmelt and runoff occurs by way of deep-penetrating tension cracks at the head scarp and across the main slide body. Research over the last decade provides vital information for government agencies, national railway companies, and other stakeholders to understand geohazard risk, predict landslide movement, improve the safety, security, and resilience of Canada's transportation infrastructure; and reduce risks to the economy, environment, natural resources, and public safety.

Abstract This is the second volume focused on geoethics published as a Special Publication of the Geological Society of London, a significant step forward in which authors address the maturation of geoethics, a maturity that has strengthened its theoretical foundations in recent years and increased the insight of its reflections. The field of geoethics is now ready to be introduced outside the geoscience community as a logical platform for global ethics that addresses anthropogenic changes. What is clear is that geoethics has a distinction in the geoscientific community for discussing the ethical, social and cultural implications of geoscience knowledge, research, practice and education, as well as communication. This provides a common ground for integrating ideas, experiences and proposals on how geosciences can provide additional services to society, in order to improve the way humans interact responsibly with the Earth system. This book provides new messages to geoscientists, social scientists, intellectuals, law- and decision-makers, and laypeople. Motivations and actions for facing global anthropogenic changes and their intense impacts on the planet need to be governed by an ethical framework capable of merging a solid conceptual structure with pragmatic approaches based on geoscientific knowledge. This philosophy defines geoethics.

There has been a significant progress in landslide mitigation strategies in recent years. Recent advancement in physical or experimental and numerical modelling, testing methods to evaluate soil properties, and computing capabilities for slope and deformation analyses as well as landslide risk assessment lead the global scientists to prepare in advance for landslide hazard mitigation. The papers collected in this volume, authored by global leaders in scientific research pertinent to landslide hazard mitigation, provide testament of the progress we made recently on landslide hazard mitigation, specifically on recent development in testing, modelling and risk assessment methods.

Rock avalanches represent the specific type of flow-like landslides—dry granular flows—that pose major threat to population in mountainous regions and in the adjacent plains. Being extremely mobile, they can affect areas up to dozens of square kilometers, extending sometimes for more than 10 km from the feet of the collapsing slopes. The internal structure of their deposits is characterized by intensive fragmentation of inner parts overlain by much coarser carapace. Such internal structure is typical of the vast majority of large-scale rock slope failures, both long runout and forming compact blockages in narrow river valleys. Therefore, all of them should be classified as rock avalanches, rather than as rock slides. Three additional classification criteria closely related to rock avalanche mobility and allowing more strict definition of a particular rock avalanche are discussed, i.e. the confinement conditions, debris distribution along the rock avalanche path, and directivity of debris motion. Besides providing information on debris motion mechanism(s), these characteristics predetermine the assessment of the exposure of elements at risk that might be affected by rock avalanche. It is demonstrated that transformation from the block slide to granular flow depends somehow on the morphology of the transition-deposition zone and on the mechanical properties of the basal surface, but is independent from the type and mechanical properties of the host rocks.

This chapter examines aspects surrounding one popular approach to modeling aggregate potential. Models have been extensively used in quantitatively assessing grades and tonnages of metal deposits and have recently been adapted to sand and gravel deposits. The chapter shows that aggregate potential can be qualitatively estimated through the application and interpretation of pre-existing geological information, and then quantified through the use of deposit models. As a 'first approximation' the methodology provides a guideline for land-use planners, producers and developers to manage aggregate resources. Mineral deposit models essentially consist of a cumulative distribution of data for a given deposit parameter where the values of certain percentiles such as the 10th, 50th and 90th, are given. The chapter presents the geological settings of sand and gravel deposits on Vancouver Island, British Columbia by identifying the geomorphic landform associated with each pit.