背景与目的 阴茎再造的目标明确,已有多种皮瓣用于阴茎再造,但没有一种皮瓣是最为理想的再造方法.尽管如此,前臂桡侧皮瓣目前是应用最多、并被广泛认可的标准术式.方法 本文回顾分析了287例前臂桡侧皮瓣阴茎再造的结果,是迄今为止患者数最多的报道.手术均由同一医疗小组完成.许多研究数据都已发表在之前的文章中,本综述的主要目的是评价这个"标准术式"可以在多大程度上达到手术预期的目的.结果 评价指标包括所需手术次数、并发症、外形美观度、触觉、性敏感度、排尿难易度、供皮区并发症、阴囊外形以及性生活质量等.结论 由于缺乏前瞻性随机对照研究,尚不能证明前臂桡侧皮瓣是阴茎再造的最佳方法.但是,这项大样本研究证明,前臂桡侧皮瓣阴茎再造术是一种可靠的再造方法,可以形成外观接近正常的阴茎和阴囊,术后患者可直立排尿,多数患者性生活满意.该手术多数分Ⅱ期完成.该技术的主要缺点包括早期尿道瘘发生率较高,前臂供皮区遗留瘢痕,以及可能并发慢性泌尿系统并发症.尽管缺乏足够的证据,但是笔者认为,如果想要获得更好的手术效果,必须加强整形再造外科医师与泌尿外科医师之间的多学科间紧密合作.

In female-to-male transsexuals, the operative procedures are usually performed in different stages: first the subcutaneous mastectomy which is often combined with a hysterectomy-ovarectomy (endoscopically assisted). The next operative procedure consists of the genital transformation and includes a vaginectomy, a reconstruction of the horizontal part of the urethra, a scrotoplasty and a penile reconstruction usually with a radial forearm flap (or an alternative). After about one year, penile (erection) prosthesis and testicular prostheses can be implanted when sensation has returned to the tip of the penis. The authors provide a state-of-the-art overview of the different gender reassignment surgery procedures that can be performed in a female-to-male transsexual.

Background: One of the goals of genital construction in female-to-male transsexuals is the creation of an aesthetically acceptable result, both for phallus and scrotum, leaving minimal morbidity and recreating function. In the last 15 years, transsexuals have become more demanding, and scrotoplasty has received more attention than before. Traditional flaps for scrotal reconstruction in a biological male do not really apply in transsexuals: the labia majora seem to achieve the best results; still, they may not provide enough tissue and can be located much too posteriorly. Methods: Since November of 1993, more than 300 scrotal reconstructions (and radial forearm flap phalloplasties) have been performed in female-to-male transsexuals by the authors’ gender team. Based on the authors’ large experience, they modified previous techniques and developed a novel scrotoplasty consisting of a V-Y advancement of the major labia together with a rotation of these superiorly based labial flaps. Refinements (to achieve better sensation and shaping) are described. Twelve months after the original operation, one testicle implant and erection prosthesis procedures were performed. Results: No major complications related to scrotoplasty occurred in the authors’ series. Patients were all pleased at short- or long-term follow-up with their scrotum, located in its natural position in front of the legs. Conclusion: The authors’ novel scrotoplasty can become the ultimate surgical technique to reconstruct the scrotum in female-to-male transsexual patients, further improving the final cosmetic result, with the possibility of enhanced erogenous sensitivity.

Background: The ideal goals in penile reconstruction are well described, but the multitude of flaps used for phalloplasty only demonstrates that none of these techniques is considered ideal. Still, the radial forearm flap is the most frequently used flap and universally considered as the standard technique. Methods: In this article, the authors describe the largest series to date of 287 radial forearm phalloplasties performed by the same surgical team. Many different outcome parameters have been described separately in previously published articles, but the main purpose of this review is to critically evaluate to what degree this supposed standard technique has been able to meet the ideal goals in penile reconstruction. Results: Outcome parameters such as number of procedures, complications, aesthetic outcome, tactile and erogenous sensation, voiding, donor-site morbidity, scrotoplasty, and sexual intercourse are assessed. Conclusions: In the absence of prospective randomized studies, it is not possible to prove whether the radial forearm flap truly is the standard technique in penile reconstruction. However, this large study demonstrates that the radial forearm phalloplasty is a very reliable technique for the creation, mostly in two stages, of a normal-appearing penis and scrotum, always allowing the patient to void while standing and in most cases also to experience sexual satisfaction. The relative disadvantages of this technique are the rather high number of initial fistulas, the residual scar on the forearm, and the potential long-term urologic complications. Despite the lack of actual data to support this statement, the authors feel strongly that a multidisciplinary approach with close cooperation between the reconstructive/plastic surgeon and the urologist is an absolute requisite for obtaining the best possible results.

Purpose Cloacal exstrophy is considered one of the most serious congenital anomalies. Boys present with insufficient penile development and formerly female gender reassignment was considered the treatment of choice. Recently bad outcome was reported in female assigned patients, so male gender assignment is preferred (1-2). In male gender assignment subsequent phalloplasty will be necessary. Due to former surgery in the pelvic region the gold standard phalloplasty using free tissue transfer is not preferred. We therefore offered a pedicled tissue transfer (anterolateral tigh flap ALT) to 2 boys with cloacal exstrophy and raised as boys. Material and Methods Two boys, age 17 and 18 years were seen after multiple reconstructions for cloacal exstrophy. They both had an augmented bladder with closed bladder neck and continent vesicostomy. In both boys a phalloplasty was done using an ALT flap. No urethral reconstruction was done as it was uneccesary. The urethra was left open at the base of the phallus for eventual sperm evacuation. Results Both procedures were uneventfull and in both patients a satisfactory result could be obtained. Both boys expressed their extreme hapiness with the result. Erectile devices will be implanted after 1 year. Conclusions With male gender assignment as gold standard approach to boys with cloacal exstrophy, we present the ALT flap as the method of choice for penile reconstruction.

BACKGROUND:In female-to-male transsexuals, the first surgical procedure in their reassignment surgery consists of the subcutaneous mastectomy. The goals of subcutaneous mastectomy are removal of breast tissue, removal of excess skin, reduction and proper positioning of the nipple and areola, and ideally, minimization of chest-wall scars. The authors present the largest series to date of female-to-male transsexuals who have undergone subcutaneous mastectomy.METHODS:A total of 184 subcutaneous mastectomies were performed in 92 female-to-male transsexuals, using the following five techniques: semicircular, transareolar, concentric circular, extended concentric circular, and free nipple graft. The technique used depended on the breast size and envelope, the aspect and position of the nipple-areola complex, and the skin elasticity. To best meet the goals of creating a normal male thorax, the authors have developed an algorithm to aid in choosing the appropriate procedure.RESULTS:The overall postoperative complication rate was 12.5 percent (23 of 184 subcutaneous mastectomies), and in eight of these cases (4.3 percent), an additional operative intervention was required because of hematoma, infection, and/or wound dehiscence. Despite this low complication rate, additional procedures for improving aesthetic results were performed on 59 breasts (32.1 percent). The semicircular and concentric circular techniques produced the highest rating of the overall result by patient and surgeon, whereas the extended concentric circular technique produced the lowest rating.CONCLUSIONS:Skin excess and skin elasticity are the key factors in choosing the appropriate technique for subcutaneous mastectomy, which is reflected in the algorithm. Although the complication rate is low and patient satisfaction is high, secondary aesthetic corrections are often indicated.

Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) of the penis is a rare tumour. We present a case of ES of the penis in a 16-yr-old boy, for which penectomy and immediate reconstruction with a free forearm phalloplasty, including a urethral reconstruction, was performed. Because total penectomy is a dramatic life event for any patient, the option of immediate penile reconstruction is presented. It can help to prevent major psychological problems after this kind of surgery.

BACKGROUND:Tactile and erogenous sensitivity in reconstructed genitals is one of the goals in sex reassignment surgery. Since November 1993 until April 2003, a total of 105 phalloplasties with the radial forearm free flap and 127 vaginoclitoridoplasties with the inverted penoscrotal skin flap and the dorsal glans pedicled flap have been performed at Ghent University Hospital. The specific surgical tricks used to preserve genital and tactile sensitivity are presented. In phalloplasty, the dorsal hood of the clitoris is incorporated into the neoscrotum; the clitoris is transposed, buried, and fixed directly below the reconstructed phallic shaft; and the medial and lateral antebrachial nerves are coapted to the inguinal nerve and to one of the 2 dorsal nerves of the clitoris. In vaginoplasty, the clitoris is reconstructed from a part of the glans penis inclusive of a part of the corona, the inner side of the prepuce is used to reconstruct the labia minora, and the penile shaft is inverted to line the vaginal cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A long-term sensitivity evaluation (performed by the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament and the Vibration tests) of 27 reconstructed phalli and 30 clitorises has been performed. RESULTS:The average pressure and vibratory thresholds values for the phallus tip were, respectively, 11.1 g/mm and 3 microm. These values have been compared with the ones of the forearm (donor site). The average pressure and vibratory thresholds values for the clitoris were, respectively, 11.1 g/mm and 0.5 microm. These values have been compared with the ones of the normal male glans, taken from the literature. We also asked the examined patients if they experienced orgasm after surgery, during any sexual practice (ie, we considered only patients who attempted to have orgasm): all female-to-male and 85% of the male-to-female patients reported orgasm. CONCLUSION:With our techniques, the reconstructed genitalia obtain tactile and erogenous sensitivity. To obtain a good tactile sensitivity in the reconstructed phallus, we believe that the coaptation of the cutaneous nerves of the flap with the ilioinguinalis nerve and with one of the 2 nerves of the clitoris is essential in obtaining this result. To obtain orgasm after phalloplasty, we believe that preservation of the clitoris beneath the reconstructed phallus and some preservation of the clitoris hood are essential. To obtain orgasm after a vaginoplasty, the reconstruction of the clitoris from the neurovascular pedicled glans flap is essential.

Selvaggi, Gennaro M.D.; Monstrey, Stan M.D., Ph.D.; Hoebeke, Piet M.D., Ph.D.; Ceulemans, Peter M.D.; Van Landuyt, Koen M.D.; Hamdi, Moustapha M.D.; Cameron, Bowman M.D.; Blondeel, Phillip M.D., Ph.D. Author Information

Learning Objectives: After studying this article, the participant should be able to discuss: 1. The terminology related to male-to-female gender dysphoria. 2. The different theories regarding cause, epidemiology, and treatment of gender dysphoria. 3. The surgical goals of sex reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexualism. 4. The surgical techniques available for sex reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexualism. Background: Gender identity disorder (previously “transsexualism”) is the term used for individuals who show a strong and persistent cross-gender identification and a persistent discomfort with their anatomical sex, as manifested by a preoccupation with getting rid of one's sex characteristics, or the belief of being born in the wrong sex. Since 1978, the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (in honor of Dr. Harry Benjamin, one of the first physicians who made many clinicians aware of the potential benefits of sex reassignment surgery) has played a major role in the research and treatment of gender identity disorder, publishing the Standards of Care for Gender Dysphoric Persons. Methods: The authors performed an overview of the terminology related to male-to-female gender identity disorder; the different theories regarding cause, epidemiology, and treatment; the goals expected; and the surgical technique available for sex reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexualism. Results: Surgical techniques available for sex reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexualism, with advantages and disadvantages offered by each technique, are reviewed. Other feminizing nongenital operative interventions are also examined. Conclusions: This review describes recent etiopathogenetic theories and actual guidelines on the treatment of the gender identity disorder in male-to-female transsexuals; the penile-scrotal skin flap technique is considered the state of the art for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals, whereas other techniques (rectosigmoid flap, local flaps, and isolated skin grafts) should be considered only in secondary cases. As techniques in vaginoplasty become more refined, more emphasis is being placed on aesthetic outcomes by both surgeons and patients.