Zur Ingenieurgeodäsie gehören alle Vermessungsarbeiten, die in Verbindung mit der Planung, der Absteckung und der Überwachung von technischen Objekten zu leisten sind. In völliger Neubearbeitung durch den Lehrstuhl für Geodäsie der Technischen Universität München erklärt das Kapitel die beteiligten Koordinatensysteme, Instrumente und Verfahren der Messung (terrestrisch und satellitengestützt) und der Auswertung, begleitet von einem Abriss exemplarischer Anwendungen im Hoch-, Tief- und Ingenieurbau bis hin zu Baumaschinenführung und Building Information Modeling.

Back in 2005, first experiments at the Sedrun attack of Gotthard base tunnel showed the applicability of autocollimation and IMU units to contribute as an independent measurement technique for orientation transfer down to deep shafts. Since then, evaluation strategies have been refined and in 2017 another project at the Semmering base tunnel was started to confirm the method. The paper at hand explains the base setup of the sensors, the compensation strategies and evaluation steps and gives the results of the project measurements compared to the gyroscope measurements performed at the same time. It is shown that the overall orientation is within the expected accuracy range and its quality is comparable to the gyroscope results, so the IMU orientation transfer method has proved reliable again.

The technique of Image Assisted Total Stations (IATS) has been studied for over ten years and is composed of two major parts: one is the calibration procedure which combines the relationship between the camera system and the theodolite system; the other is the automatic target detection on the image by various methods of photogrammetry or computer vision. Several calibration methods have been developed, mostly using prototypes with an add-on camera rigidly mounted on the total station. However, these prototypes are not commercially available. This paper proposes a calibration method based on Leica MS50 which has two built-in cameras each with a resolution of 2560 × 1920 px : an overview camera and a telescope (on-axis) camera. Our work in this paper is based on the on-axis camera which uses the 30-times magnification of the telescope. The calibration consists of 7 parameters to estimate. We use coded targets, which are common tools in photogrammetry for orientation, to detect different targets in IATS images instead of prisms and traditional ATR functions. We test and verify the efficiency and stability of this monitoring method with multi-target.

Image Assisted Total Stations (IATS) unify the geodetic precision of total stations with the areal coverage of images. One or more cameras integrated in total stations deliver accurately geo-referenced and oriented images, an appropriate calibration provided. In combination with image processing and recognition techniques as well as the polar methods of the base instrument, new measurement approaches can be developed. By using image sequences of subsequent measurement epochs, objects or features can be detected and tracked fully automated. In this article, we present current systems, commercially available as well as research prototypes. Different calibration methods and a general mathematical system description are given as the basis for the further described monitoring concepts. The presented application examples – monitoring of structures and geo-risk areas – prove that IATS are particularly suited for the repetitive or continuous check and control of artificial or natural structures.

In Europe, case-by-case services in the area of geo-risk monitoring and management are mainly provided by small and mediumsized enterprises. Most projects are based on conventional techniques, like Terrestrial Positioning Systems (TPS), Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), (Stereo) Photogrammetry, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), or/and geotechnical methods. As shown in Wagner et al. (2014), the geodetic methods generally differ from each other in cost, spatial and temporal resolution, range, dependence from weather or light conditions, energy, communication link requirements, as well as in the necessity to access the possibly endangered surveillance area.

Vermessungstechnische Aufgaben werden auch zunehmend bei Bauwerken zur Aufnahme, Absteckung und Ueberwachung mittels der Videotachymetrie durchgefuehrt. Ein Nachteil der reinen Tachymetrie ist, dass nur diskrete Einzelpunkte erfasst werden koennen und das Automatisierungspotenzial meist nur aufwendig umzusetzen ist. Eine Abhilfe bietet die moderne Tachymetrie durch Integration von Sensoren verschiedener Art zu einer Totalstation, die auch ueber Bildsensoren und Kameras verfuegt. Der grosse Vorteil dieses Videotachymeters liegt darin, dass die Nahbereichsfotogrammetrie mit der Praezision eines Tachymeters vereint genutzt werden kann. Durch die georeferenzierten Bilder lassen sich mit solchen Tachymetern fast alle Strukturen - auch Bauwerke - aufnehmen und ueberwachen. Grundlagen dafuer sind die automatische Erkennung und das Wiederauffinden definierter Formen, Punkte oder Texturen im Kamerabild. Durch Segmentierung punktfoermiger oder linienhafter Muster lassen sich Objekte vom Hintergrund trennen und stehen zur weiteren Bearbeitung bereit. So lassen sich zum Beispiel Kantenbilder erzeugen, mit denen man die Verformungen von Bauwerken automatisch ueberwachen kann. Als Beispiele werden die videotachymetrische Erfassung hochfrequenter Eigenschwingungen der Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bruecke in Istanbul und die kantengefilterten Bilder der Hackerbruecke in Muenchen vorgestellt. Das Verfahren laesst sich gewinnbringend auch bei der Detektion von Rissen in Bauwerken und deren Ueberwachung anwenden. Bei Aufgaben des Geomonitorings lassen sich zum Beispiel Rutschhaenge aus grossen Distanzen bei Verwendung von zwei Videotachymetern in einer Stereokonfiguration ueberwachen. Aktuelle Forschungsvorhaben sollen die Anwendung der Videotachymetrie weiter verbessern und neue Anwendungsgebiete erschliessen.

AbstractIn context of global climate change and the continuous extension of settlement areas in the Alps, especially due to tourism, an increasing conflict can be observed between land use and natural hazard prevention. This also includes deep‐seated landslides, which can cause considerable damage to settlements and infrastructure when they occur and even endanger lives.The hazard potential of slow deep‐seated landslides has often been underestimated up till now. For economic reasons, such potentially dangerous instable slopes often are only monitored sporadically if at all. The alpEWAS project (“development and testing of an integrative 3D early warning system for instable alpine slopes”) is currently developing a low cost 3D monitoring and early warning system for landslides based on three innovative continuous measurement systems for underground and surface deformations: Time Domain Reflectometry, reflectorless video tacheometry and low cost global navigation satellite system. These are merged with other sensors, which monitor typical trigger mechanisms (e.g. precipitation), into a geo sensor network, providing remote online access to all data in near real time in a WebGIS environment.The alpEWAS system has been installed at the Aggenalm Landslide for a first field test. The experiences made there will be of great importance for the medium‐term goal: the development of a market‐ready, flexible and economic early warning system for landslides.

In geodesy, mandatory regulations on standardized specifications of terrestrial laserscanners’ performance features are still missing which would allow an objective comparability of different scanner models. In this paper feasibly realizable testing series are presented, which will support such comparability using objective criteria. Basic concept especially is a relevant question for users concerning the quality of a TLS-generated 3D point cloud at plane surfaces and edges as a function of the chosen scanning filter setup. The comparison concept is applied using three up-to-date TLS systems (Faro Focus3D, Leica HDS7000 and Leica Scanstation P20) and results are presented. One particular intent is to show a set of test arrangements for practical use to obtain system independent benchmarks describing quality features rather than using the pure manufacturers’ technical data specifications. Furthermore at the beginning an overview on an existing TLS standard testing procedure is given.

Built-in cameras are nowadays standard in modern total stations, but their possible potential of photogrammetric evaluation and analysis is not yet used. This article describes a research project for bridge monitoring using such an instrument at the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul. By image processing algorithms an active LED target is detected and by using the exterior orientation of the total station brought directly into a suitable coordinate system. Thus, additional reference marks in the camera image become obsolete. After the description of the system the practical usability for detecting bridge motions is confirmed by two test measurements and a number of oscillation frequencies derived. So this article shows an example of additional measuring tasks for which video-tacheometer can be employed.

Mainly in the context of global climate change the awareness of landslide hazards has risen considerably in most mountainous regions worldwide in the last years. National and regional hazard mapping programs were set up in many countries and most of the potentially endangered sites have been identified. Although exclusive geodetic and geotechnical instrumentation is available today, due to some economical reasons only few of the identified potentially risky landslides are monitored permanently. The intention of the alpEWAS research project is to develop and to test new techniques suitable for effcient and cost-effective landslide monitoring. These techniques are combined in a geo sensor network with an enclosed geo data base and a developed software package to use the whole system for stakeholder information and early warning purposes. The core of the project is the development and testing of the three innovative measurement systems time domain reflectometry (TDR) for the detection of subsurface displacements in boreholes and reflectorless video tacheometry (VTPS) and a low cost GNSS sensor component for the determination of 3D surface movements. Essential experiences obtained during the project will be described.

Modern electronic tacheometers offer the possibility to capture kinematic processes in real time. In case when the kinematic process is observed with only one measurement system, we have no possibility to perform redundant observations that would enable the accuracy estimation of observations and computed values. The Kalman filter represents a method of advanced geodetic analysis and as such adjusts the redundant data in an optimum way. Incorporating a time component directly into a processing of terrestrial kinematic observations demands good knowledge about the procedure of processing kinematic terrestrial observations and the electronic tacheometer capabilities. For this purpose the developed model of Kalman filter for processing kinematic terrestrial observations - discrete Wiener process acceleration model - was tested on reference trajectory in the Geodetic Laboratory of the Technical University Munich.