Zur Ingenieurgeodäsie gehören alle Vermessungsarbeiten, die in Verbindung mit der Planung, der Absteckung und der Überwachung von technischen Objekten zu leisten sind. In völliger Neubearbeitung durch den Lehrstuhl für Geodäsie der Technischen Universität München erklärt das Kapitel die beteiligten Koordinatensysteme, Instrumente und Verfahren der Messung (terrestrisch und satellitengestützt) und der Auswertung, begleitet von einem Abriss exemplarischer Anwendungen im Hoch-, Tief- und Ingenieurbau bis hin zu Baumaschinenführung und Building Information Modeling.

Precise localization of semantic segmentation is attracting increasing attention, and salient performances are dominated by deep learning-based methods, especially deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). However, the outputs from the final layer of DCNNs are not sufficiently localized for accurate object boundaries due to their invariance properties, which makes precise boundary recovery of semantic segmentation an academically challenging question. Both 2D and 3D objects suffer from the same problem. Considering this, this paper conducts a comprehensive survey of precise boundary recovery for semantic segmentation, focusing mainly on 2D images and 3D point clouds. Firstly, we formulate the problem of potential boundary recovery for semantic segmentation based on DCNNs, elaborate on the terminology as well as background concepts in this field. Then, we categorize boundary recovery methods into four strategies according to their techniques and network architectures to discuss how they obtain accurate boundaries of semantic segmentation. Next, publicly available datasets on which they have been assessed are argued. To compare these datasets, we design diagrams based on five indicators to help researchers judge which are the ones that best suit their tasks. Moreover, we further compare and analyze the performance of all the reviewed methods through experimental results. Finally, current challenges and prospective research issues are discussed extensively.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a superb initiative to improve planning, construction and operation of structures and hence to avoid multiple databases and design errors by cooperative and standardized construction planning using Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). This holds for structural engineering with the main dimension of buildings in height. In contrast, long infrastructure projects of civil engineering will encounter considerable problems as the Cartesian 3D coordinate system and a scale fixed to 1 associated with BIM must collide with the necessary considerations for map projection and height of our well-founded geodetic representation of the real world, resulting in misalignment. In particular, in tunneling, where we have to observe tightest tolerances, the problem currently is left to the site surveyor, which should be aware of the difficulty and how to cope with it. This investigation will expose the affair along theoretical derivations as well as practical examples and present the state-of-the-art of how the BIM community is facing the problem and tries to overcome it, once initiated by the author, who will also give his latest considerations and advices. The current practice of ignoring the incompatibility of the two approaches for infrastructure projects with considerable extension in length and trying to get along with subdividing into smaller sections or introducing covert interim co-ordinate systems for setting-out will not only corrupt the splendid general concept of BIM but the more place the surveyor in danger of sliding into a legal dispute.

Back in 2005, first experiments at the Sedrun attack of Gotthard base tunnel showed the applicability of autocollimation and IMU units to contribute as an independent measurement technique for orientation transfer down to deep shafts. Since then, evaluation strategies have been refined and in 2017 another project at the Semmering base tunnel was started to confirm the method. The paper at hand explains the base setup of the sensors, the compensation strategies and evaluation steps and gives the results of the project measurements compared to the gyroscope measurements performed at the same time. It is shown that the overall orientation is within the expected accuracy range and its quality is comparable to the gyroscope results, so the IMU orientation transfer method has proved reliable again.

Flachenhafte Messmethoden wie Laserscanning und (Stereo-)Photogrammetrie gewinnen im Bereich geodatischer Uberwachungsmessungen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Jedes dieser Verfahren birgt dabei individuelle Vor- und Nachteile bei der Erfassung von Objektbewegungen. In 3D-Punktwolken von Laserscannern sind Bewegungen in Blickrichtung einfach identifizierbar. Das Erkennen von Bewegungen senkrecht zur Blickrichtung des Scanners ist hingegen nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen moglich. Im Gegensatz dazu besitzen hochaufgeloste Bilder die groste Sensitivitat fur Objektbewegungen senkrecht zur Blickrichtung und zeigen Schwachen bei reinen Distanzanderungen. Mit der hier vorgestellten Fusionierung von Bild- und Laserscandaten zu sogenannten RGB+D-Bildern lassen sich die Schwachen der Einzelsysteme fur die Deformationsanalyse beheben und die Vorteile vereinen. Dazu wird die 3D-Punktwolke in einen Tiefenkanal (D) umgewandelt und mit dem Farbbild (RGB) verschmolzen. In den kombinierten RGB+D-Bildern kann jedes Pixel direkt in 3D-Koordinaten umgerechnet werden. Die notwendige relative Orientierung zwischen Scanner und Kamera ist sowohl im Voraus durch eine sorgfaltige Kalibrierung der Sensoren als auch nachtraglich aus den Messdaten selbst bestimmbar. Durch das Auffinden korrespondierender Punkte in den RGB+D-Bildern aufeinanderfolgender Messepochen ist die direkte Bestimmung von 3D-Verschiebungsvektoren moglich. Diese Ergebnisse konnen in eine strenge Deformationsanalyse mit Signifikanztest eingebunden werden. Korrespondierende Punkte zwischen den Epochen lassen sich uber etablierte Bildverarbeitungsalgorithmen ermitteln. Bekannte Vertreter zur Extraktion von Bildmerkmalen sind z. B. der SIFT-Algorithmus oder der binare Deskriptor BRISK. Diese Algorithmen beschreiben den zu untersuchenden Bildausschnitt uber numerische Werte, welche epochenubergreifend verglichen und einander zugeordnet werden konnen. Die kombinierte Auswertung wird an einem kunstlichen Versuchsaufbau detailliert beschrieben und mit herkommlichen Methoden zur Auswertung von Laserscandaten verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ergebnisse des vorgestellten Ansatzes leichter und klarer zu interpretieren sind und Scheindeformationen vermieden werden. Es lassen sich Daten unterschiedlichster Aufnahmesysteme – wie z.B. moderner scannender Totalstationen, Mobile-Mapping-Systemen, UAV oder Roboterplattformen – auswerten und ihr volles Potenzial fur die Deformationsanalyse nutzen.

The technique of Image Assisted Total Stations (IATS) has been studied for over ten years and is composed of two major parts: one is the calibration procedure which combines the relationship between the camera system and the theodolite system; the other is the automatic target detection on the image by various methods of photogrammetry or computer vision. Several calibration methods have been developed, mostly using prototypes with an add-on camera rigidly mounted on the total station. However, these prototypes are not commercially available. This paper proposes a calibration method based on Leica MS50 which has two built-in cameras each with a resolution of 2560 × 1920 px : an overview camera and a telescope (on-axis) camera. Our work in this paper is based on the on-axis camera which uses the 30-times magnification of the telescope. The calibration consists of 7 parameters to estimate. We use coded targets, which are common tools in photogrammetry for orientation, to detect different targets in IATS images instead of prisms and traditional ATR functions. We test and verify the efficiency and stability of this monitoring method with multi-target.

Moderne bildunterstutze Totalstationen (Image Assisted Total Stations – IATS) konnen zur relativen Hohenubertragung mit nahezu gleicher Genauigkeit wie digitale Nivelliere eingesetzt werden. Dies ist moglich, wenn anstelle der klassischen automatischen Erfassung von Prismen das Teleskopkamerabild einer digitale Barcode-Latte aufgenommen und analysiert wird. Der erste Teil dieses neuen Auswerteverfahrens ahnelt dem eines digitalen Nivelliers: Das aufgenommene Bild wird vorverarbeitet, der Binarcode extrahiert und mit dem bekannten Soll-Code korreliert. Dies liefert einen ersten Naherungswert der Hohenablesung. In einem zweiten, selbstentwickelten Schritt werden Kanten im Grauwertbild subpixelgenau extrahiert und Soll-Kanten des Lattencodes (anhand des Naherungswerts) zugeordnet. Die endgultige Berechnung der Hohenablesung erfolgt uber ein Ausgleichungsverfahren nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate. In verschiedene Versuchen wird die Genauigkeit und Prazision der vorgestellten Methode ermittelt. Die Messmethode wird sowohl mit automatischen Messungen auf Prismen (ATR) als auch mit Hohenablesungen von Digitalnivellieren verglichen. Das Ergebnis – Standardabweichungen von unter 10 μm (1 s) – sind weitaus geringer als andere gebrauchliche Verfahren zu Hohenubertragung mittels Tachymetern.

Image Assisted Total Stations (IATS) unify the geodetic precision of total stations with the areal coverage of images. One or more cameras integrated in total stations deliver accurately geo-referenced and oriented images, an appropriate calibration provided. In combination with image processing and recognition techniques as well as the polar methods of the base instrument, new measurement approaches can be developed. By using image sequences of subsequent measurement epochs, objects or features can be detected and tracked fully automated. In this article, we present current systems, commercially available as well as research prototypes. Different calibration methods and a general mathematical system description are given as the basis for the further described monitoring concepts. The presented application examples – monitoring of structures and geo-risk areas – prove that IATS are particularly suited for the repetitive or continuous check and control of artificial or natural structures.

The automatic co-registration of point clouds, representing three-dimensional (3D) surfaces, is an important technique in 3D reconstruction and is widely applied in many different disciplines. An alternative approach is proposed here that estimates the transformation parameters of one or more 3D search surfaces with respect to a 3D template surface. The approach uses the nonlinear Gauss–Helmert model, minimizing the quadratically constrained least squares problem. This approach has the ability to match arbitrarily oriented 3D surfaces captured from a number of different sensors, on different time-scales and at different resolutions. In addition to the 3D surface-matching paths, the mathematical model allows the precision of the point clouds to be assessed after adjustment. The error behavior of surfaces can also be investigated based on the proposed approach. Some practical examples are presented and the results are compared with the iterative closest point and the linear least-squares approaches to demonstrate the performance and benefits of the proposed technique.

About 70% of the Ukrainian cities' territory has complicated geotechnical conditions and it requires reliable, constantly updated information about the changes in the Earth's surface and engineering structures. Contemporary trends of developing big cities and megalopolises show a total neglecting geotechnical processes occurring on the construction sites of modern, unique and complex structures. Adequate safety measures are often ignored while designing, constructing and, then, operating the above-mentioned objects which also include large sport facilities. Withal such facilities are included in the list of objects that have "... unique and very important economic and / or social value ..." as determined in Ukrainian national construction regulation, particularly National Building Code V.1.2-5:2007. They are subjected to mandatory scientific and technical support during the exploitation. One of the points of scientific and technical support is a requirement for monitoring the technical condition of framings. This paper describes the unique multipurpose monitoring system of the "Donbass Arena" stadium, which is located in extremely unfavorable geotechnical conditions.