Former studies and application of vermifiltration process to organic wastewater treatment has given an affirmative effect for the pollutant removal in wastewater. It could be used for the disperse wastewater treatment, especially for rural living sewage. We developed a new multilayer vermifiltration system in this study, expecting to enhance this ability for the disposal of rural living sewage. The result showed that all the COD, BOD5 and SS values in outflow after vermifiltration could meet GB18918-2002. The removal rates of COD, BOD5 and SS were above 75%, 85% and 90% respectively. The N and P could be partly removed. These preliminary results give a positive prospective for the application of multilayer vermifiltration in rural sewage treatment in the future.

A wastewater treatment system including a screen, a vermifilter, macrophytes ponds, and constructed wetlands has been built after a pig housing on slatted-floor. The aims were, all at once, to recycle water for excretion washing and to produce, from the nutrients contained in the effluent, organic matter and plants that can be either sold or reused on the farm to reduce inputs. Analyses, made on the effluent at different steps of the treatment plant, show that the concentrations of the nitrogen, microorganisms and endocrine disruptors are drastically reduced, while the phosphorus and potassium removal go through the byproducts harvesting.

Since 2001 the swine experimental station of Guernévez has studied biological treatment plants for nutrient recovery and water recycling, suited to the fresh liquid manure coming out of flushing systems. An integrated system with continuous recycling was set up in 2007, associated with a piggery of 30 pregnant sows. It includes a screen, a vermifilter, and macrophyte ponds alternating with constructed wetlands. The screen and the vermifilter had a lower removal efficiency than in previous studies on finishing pigs. A settling tank was then added between the vermifilter and the first lagoon to collect the worm casts. A second vermifilter was added to recover this particulate organic matter. A storage lagoon was added to compensate for evaporative losses and complete pollution abatement, with goldfish as a bioindicator of water quality. The removal efficiency of the whole system was over 90% for COD and nitrogen, over 70% for phosphorus and potassium, and more than 4 logarithmic units for pathogens (E. coli, enterococci, C perfringens). Plant production was about 20 T DM ha(-1) y(-1). Floating macrophytes (Azolla caroliniana, Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrocotyle vulgaris) were more concentrated in nutrients than helophytes (Phragmites australis, Glyceria aquatica,…). Azolla caroliniana was successfully added to feed finishing pigs.

Le traitement des effluents solides, liquides et gazeux en elevage de porcs remet en cause la durabilite des elevages s'il devient trop couteux. Si l'epandage est une des formes de recyclage, il ne suffit plus a la protection de l'environnement dans certaines zones a risque specifique. En outre, le developpement des filieres non alimentaires ouvre de nouvelles pistes de valorisation plus intensives (en tonnes effluent/ha) que l'epandage, notamment pour reduire la consommation d'intrants des elevages ou des filieres, ameliorer leur impact environnemental, valoriser les savoir‐faire des filieres d'elevage. Les travaux experimentaux et de modelisation de la lombrifiltration et du lagunage a macrophytes conduits depuis 2003 a la station porcine de Guernevez fournissent les informations necessaires au dimensionnement de systemes qui accroissent l'efficacite du recyclage de l'eau et des nutriments. Les questions scientifiques specifiques au dimensionnement fiable, a long terme, de systemes biologiques de recyclage des effluents sont exposees. / Treatment of solid, liquid, and gaseous effluents of pig farms reduces their sustainability when its cost becomes too high. While spreading is one of the ways of recycling, it is no longer sufficient for environmental protection in regions with specific risks. Moreover, the development of non‐food production and transformation chains may offer new ways of more intensive recycling (in tons effluent/ha) compared to spreading, e.g. to reduce the global inputs of animal production systems, reduce their environmental impact, enhance the value of know‐how in animal production. Experiments and modelling studies on vermifiltration and macrophyte lagooning conducted since 2003 at the experimental station of Guernevez give the required information for the design of biological systems that enhance the recycling efficiency of water and nutrient reuse. Specific questions related to a longterm reliable design of such systems are discussed.

From preliminary researches on a pilot scale, a complete demonstration plant was built to treat the effluents of a 30 pregnant sow’s piggery. It includes a screen, a vermifilter, a macrophyte lagooning, and a complementary water storage pond; the recycled water is used for flushing, and rainfall is collected to compensate for evapotranspiration. After functioning in 2008 and 2009, it was showed that, during the warm season, the whole plant produced an effluent suitable for flushing, where the concentration decrease was over 70% for the phosphorus and potassium, 95% for the COD and nitrogen, 99.8% for endocrine disruptors (estrogenic activity), and 99.99% for pathogenic micro‐organisms. During the cold season, the dilution by the rain water and the treatment effect of the constructed wetlands lead to similar results. Nevertheless, for this season, suitable floating macrophytes that will cover the lagoons remain to be settled.

When a lung tumor arises in segment 6, the close anatomical relationship to the middle lobe bronchus may make a lower bilobectomy necessary. Sleeve lobectomy may be an alternative. These procedures were compared retrospectively in 36 patients operated on between January 2005 and December 2006 with non-small-cell lung cancer (stage I-IIIB) of the right lower lobe. Sleeve lobectomy was performed in 21 patients and bilobectomy in 15 (41%). Preoperative lung function was comparable in both groups. Radical resection was achieved in 34/36 patients. Operation time was 121 min for sleeve lobectomy and 144 min for bilobectomy. Chest tubes were removed after 5 days in both groups. Postoperative lung function was better after sleeve lobectomy than bilobectomy (forced expiratory volume in 1st sec: 78% vs. 69%). Preservation of the middle lobe by sleeve lobectomy is feasible. There was no evidence that this resection was less radical, and complication rates were similar in both groups.

In extensive biological systems used to treat wastewater of small towns or farms, various macroscopic species can be used as bio-monitors or as actors adapted to a range of decreasing concentrations (e.g. earthworms, macrophytes, etc.). They can be used either to restore the initial biodiversity of natural ecosystems in polluted regions, or to increase the biodiversity compared to anthropic ecosystem with only biophysical treatments. However, extensive biological systems have an optimum input of nutrients and a tolerance range: below, the organisms do not grow, above, the system becomes toxic and the organisms die. Therefore, knowledge is needed to give the values of optimal loads in various regions, as a function of the species and the climate. Vermifilters, ponds, and constructed wetlands were studied in France and China to get design parameters for combined systems, and either concentrated effluents of animal farms, or diluted effluents of small towns. For COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammoniacal nitrogen, the urban effluents were around ten times more diluted than farm effluents collected by frequent flushing. The results obtained on separated parts (vermifilter, ponds, etc.) show treatment efficiencies between 20 and 90%. Vermifilters acted as vertical filters, allowing to export compost in the case of animal farms. In combined systems, an anaerobic treatment should not be installed before a vermifilter because worms require an aerobic liquid. The composition of the plants harvested from beds and ponds showed various nitrogen: phosphorus ratios, and nitrogen:carbon ratios, respectively lower in constructed wetlands, and higher in the floating macrophytes of the ponds. Biological systems remove combinations of nutrients. The proportions of nutrients removed by the plants were close to those of the animal effluents. When the output water returns upstream of the system for effluent flushing, a concentration increase, can induce higher outputs because some concentrations of harvested byproducts (organic matter, plants) depend on the concentrations in the water. Physical treatments can remove specifically some nutrients from the system. They can improve an urban effluent regarding the nutrition requirements of biological compartments. In extensive treatment systems based on the combination of compartments to maximize waste recycling, the optimal transfer into the downstream compartment should consider its limiting factors.

Flushing of fresh liquid manure avoids storage of slurry in animal houses and has been developed for a better control of pathogens, odour, and polluting gas emitted by the manure. Treatment of the diluted manure is necessary to recycle the water. A treatment system has been designed for pig housing on slatted-floor. The treatment includes a. screen, a vermifilter, a settling tank, macrophytes ponds, and constructed wetlands. The last lagoon is used also as a storage tank in order to regulate inter-seasonal flows to permit water recycling. Research was carried out study on separated experimental systems in order to built a demonstration plant with two aims: (i) a better understanding of the system, (ii) design parameters of abatement and by-product production for technical and economical optimisations. The whole treatment results in an effluent suitable for flushing, where 95% of the COD and nitrogen, over 70% of the phosphorus and potassium, and 99.99% of pathogenic micro-organisms were removed.

Long term composting induces loss of C and organic matter stabilisation. These two processes may have opposite effects on long term carbon storage in soils. To check whether raw materials should be composted or not before being spread on the soil, changes in particle size fractions were quantified during composting of 9 tons of sewage sludge and straw. Both the mass of the fine fraction (<2 microm) and the amount of carbon contained in it increased after seven months, respectively, +37% and +43%. The fine fraction contributes to carbon sequestration. A literature review supported the assumption that composting should increase long term C storage. Nevertheless, soil texture or agricultural practices modify the behaviour of this fraction. Thus, the fractionation method used for soils is relevant to predict the effect of composting as a mitigation option in greenhouse gas reduction strategies, but is not sufficient in itself.

For over a decade the European Commission has funded programs aimed at examining the problems of algae production, utilization and green tides. COST and BRIDGE led to publication of two volumes surveying the situation, principally on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europe. Two presenters of this paper were members of the team and co-authors of the books. The volumes center on Europe and the presenters were principally concerned with the eutrophication and the bioconversion of seaweeds. Research has led to a series of proposals to alleviate the accumulation of stranded algae, mostly Ulva, and their disposal or, at least partial, utilization in agriculture, industry and even energy production. The paper reviews and summarizes their conclusions, several not yet published, putting the accent on the methanization, and draws a parallel with a prevailing situation in Southeastern Florida. Related topics include: Anaerobic digestion of Ulva, Bioconversion of algae, Composting of Ulva, Management of eutrophication, and the “seaweeds” programs of the European Commission.

Ulva spp., the algae most responsible for green tides in Brittany (France), are found on the foreshore and in the most beachward wave area (MBWA) of many bays during green tide phenomena. These algae have recently been seen drifting at greater depths (reaching -20 m). In view of the significant quantities of algae found at these depths, and the less favorable conditions for algal growth than in the intertidal zone, we attempted to determine if they could grow there. For that, during their maximum growth period (from May to July), algae were picked up at three stations located on the foreshore, in the MBWA and in the subtidal (deep) zones of the Bay of Douarnenez, and their nitrogen, carbon and chlorophyll a+b contents were determined, and their photosynthetic activity was compared in the laboratory. The intracellular concentrations did not differ much from one station to another, although in the subtidal zone, the irradiance and the nitrogen concentration in the ambient water were much lower than those measured on the foreshore and in the MBWA. Photosynthetic activity characterized by maximum amounts of oxygen produced at different irradiances and by saturating and compensating irradiance levels, was also quite similar at the three stations. The irradiance, temperature and salinity of the subtidal environment, together with the chemical and photosynthetic characteristics of the algae found in that area, are consistent with the hypothesis that they grow there, and that their nitrogen supply comes from nitrogen releases from sediments. Nevertheless, their growth rate is probably less than that of algae in the MBWA. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In many countries, the algae of “green tides” are harvested in the fight against pollution. Ulva often represents the main component of the tide, and intensive research has been conducted on the possibility to use the algae as a methanisation substrate. However, methanisation is hampered by various practical obstacles, which requires a compromise between productivity and biological yield. The process described here calls upon a pre-digestion phase of Ulva which, besides the economy of time and volume of the digestion, makes it possible to obtain a biogas of good quality. The methanisation substrate is the hydrolysis juice collected by draining, followed by pressing. The cake resulting from the pressing process can be used as organic enriching or fertilizing agent in agriculture. Various presses were tested. The screw press was found the most suitable to recover a great quantity of sufficiently loaded pressing juice after only a short hydrolysis time. For a 3 month hydrolysis period, the different fractions amounted to 158 L of hydrolysis juice, 192 L of pressing juice, and 0.075 m 3 of cake per m 3 of initial algae. The bi-phasic anaerobic digestion with forced recuperation of juices offers interesting pollution abatement perspectives, with total and soluble chemical oxygen demand cleaning rates of respectively 79 and 95% during the methanogenic phase, for a volume productivity of 1.5 m 3 CH 4 m −3 digester day −1 . The quality of the Ulva juice also makes it suitable for use as substrate for industrial processes or co-substrate of methanisation in pre-existing reactors, so that subsequent investment could be avoided.

PURPOSE: The endoscopic procedures became more and more complex over the past years. These procedures require a special training which can be effectively and safely performed outside the operating theatre. Several training programs have been developed for teaching basic surgical skills to young residents but very few methods are available for advanced endoscopy and surgery. The Thiel method has several advantages over other training systems. Training on cadavers, compared to animal models offers an anatomy identical to that found in patients without needing anesthesia. Moreover, a same cadaver can be used for several different procedures belongings to surgery and pneumology.

Algal blooms, often associated with eutrophication, are common in temperate regions in coastal lagoons and estuarine areas as well as in open seas. However, because of recent changes in water flows and sediment and nutrient loads in most rivers, eutrophication phenomena are now occurring in areas previously non affected. One of its most widespread and easily recognized effects in a coastal marine ecosystem is the excessive growths and drifts of macroalgae, to such a degree that the biomass becomes a significant problem.The nutrients, notably from anthropogenic origin, constitute a significant factor in the appearance of the blooms in coastal waters. Besides a background originating from natural areas and precipitations, nutrients come from agriculture, sewage, industry, and aquaculture, in very various proportions following the local conditions.At first, the development of opportunist and tolerant seaweeds acts as a purifying system. Then, when the seaweed is stranded or the environmental conditions become unfavourable, the plants die and decompose. The degradation of the chemical equilibrium induces the break-down of the biological balance in the ecosystem. At this stage, a large biomass can become troublesome, resulting in an increase in the herbivore population, competition or toxicity towards flora and fauna, alteration of the sediment, recycling of nutrients and pollutants in the ecosystem, nuisance for local residents and reduction of tourism (beaches degradation, chironomids, odors). Sooner or later, the water deteriorates, which may have a toxic effect on fauna including the commercial fish stocks.Eutrophication problems have thus become a matter of major concern. Its management is neither a simple nor a cheap task. But, environmental and sustainability concerns may, in a not too distant future, override the lack of financial benefit. At any rate, underlayed action is required because in estuarine and potamologic milieus, potential land disposal arrangements are becoming rarer and costlier.Control of eutrophication can only be reached effectively by drastic reduction of the total nutrient load of an overloaded water system. In order to be successful, only an integrated approach, based on a water body's nutrient mass balance and taking into consideration specific geographical, climatological and ecological conditions, can be effective. Moreover, it may take many years before recovery of a eutrophicated ecosystem, because the sediments constitute a complementary source of nutrients for macroalgae. But, prevention will prevent the nutrients from being discharged in the lagoons or in the sea. It will concern the waste treatment, agricultural mode change and treatment of gaseous effluent from polluting human activities.

This paper describes how the problems related to algae blooms (e.g., euthrophication) and the potential uses of algae are of urgent contemporary concern because they influence biodiversity, species survival, health, and economics. Practical applications for the use of algae face considerable difficulties because of market considerations. New fields have opened up, while some traditional ones have either faded away, or are challenged by the development of synthetic chemical alternative products sometimes less onerous and less labor intensive and possibly of higher quality than algae for a particular application. Yet, even if new uses were commercially successful, it is most unlikely that the quite large masses of algae currently developing and stranding could be utilized. Their proliferation, greatly favored by anthropic activities, therefore needs to be controlled, for example by reducing the quantities of nutrients poured into the sea by large rivers. The paper describes how any effort in the direction must necessarily be international and interdisciplinary.

Algal resources, their use and potential, have been investigated, but recent changes in marine benthic vegetation and the effects of eutrophication have also been using - the subject of investigation and concern. Solutions to these problems could lead to using, in some sites and under specific conditions, blooms in the prevention of further deterioration of coastal water quality. In addition, the urgent need to protect marine ecosystems may lead to the use of marine macrophytes as agents for tertiary waste-water treatment. Seaweeds are well suited for nitrogen-rich domestic and urban sewage purification, even for agricultural, fishpond and industrial polluted waters. A major impediment in implementing the encouraging results remains the economic benefit derived from such operations. In general, the operations remain, if not cost-prohibitive, then commercially non-profitable. Environmental and sustainability concerns may, in a not too distant future, override the lack of financial benefit.

‘Green tides’ Ulva is often harvested for environmental reasons, and put in a dump. Observations on degradation of Ulva in such dumps led us to consider recovery of hydrolysis juice in order to methanize this rather than the entire alga. The hydrolysis step was then studied in the laboratory and under real conditions. The decomposition of Ulva was rapid (7.1% C d−1), but its degradation incomplete (38% C remaining after 52 days). After 9 months in a dump, VFA contents in the flows were insignificant and N and C contents in the remaining material were due to the non-degradable fraction. Modifications of the physical or chemical conditions of hydrolysis didn't improve suffisently significantly the results to be used on a large scale. On the other hand, the techniques which could allow a rapid recovery of the juice improved together the recovery of the COD. The hydrolysis juice is a very good substrate for methanisation: the methane yield reached 330 L kg−1 VS, and the epuration rate 93%. The process combining the two steps, hydrolysis and juice methanisation, is one which offers a reasonable compromise between methane output, productivity of the system and treatment cost. However, there are still two problems, dependence on climatic conditions, and too low a recovery rate of the initial organic material.

Objectives To examine the thoracic aorta of patients with severe cholesterol embolism (CE) by transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). Methods The thoracic aorta of 20 consecutive patients with CE was compared with that in a control population matched for age and risk factors by TOE. Patients were prescribed steroids after CE was diagnosed. Follow up is reported and compared with results in the literature. Results Aortic plaques and debris were more common in patients with CE than in the control population (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The mean (SD) number of aortic plaques in the CE patients was 2.6 (0.7). This aortic atheroma was found predominantly in the descending aorta. One patient died during a mean (SD) follow up of 24 (10) months. Conclusions Aortic atheroma, as detected by TOE, should be considered as the main source of CE. In addition, the prognosis in our series, in which steroids were systematically prescribed, is much better than in others reported in the literature.

HomeCirculationVol. 97, No. 15Cholesterol Embolization Free AccessOtherPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyRedditDiggEmail Jump toFree AccessOtherPDF/EPUBCholesterol Embolization Unrecognized Complication of Thrombolysis G. Pettelot, J. Bracco, D. Barrillon, M. Baudouy and P. Morand G. PettelotG. Pettelot From the Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France. , J. BraccoJ. Bracco From the Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France. , D. BarrillonD. Barrillon From the Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France. , M. BaudouyM. Baudouy From the Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France. and P. MorandP. Morand From the Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France. Originally published21 Apr 1998https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.15.1522Circulation. 1998;97:1522A 62-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of myocardial infarction. Treatment with 100 mg of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was given intravenously for 90 minutes. On the second day, he presented abdominal and lower limb pain. Physical examination showed a toe and leg livedo reticularis (Fig 1). The biological evolution showed a progressive increase of creatinine, from 127 to 350 μmol/L until day 20.A skin biopsy performed on the livedo confirmed the diagnosis of cholesterol embolization exhibiting cholesterol crystals in the intima of small arteries and in the lumen of the capillaries (Fig 2).The patient did not have any arterial catheterism. Fibrinolysis, by destroying the platelet-fibrin thrombus of the atheromatous ulcerated plaques, allowed the liberation of the cholesterol crystals in the arterial circulation.\. The editor of Images in Cardiovascular Medicine is Hugh A. McAllister, Jr, MD, Chief, Department of Pathology, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital and Texas Heart Institute, and Clinical Professor of Pathology, University of Texas Medical School and Baylor College of Medicine.Circulation encourages readers to submit cardiovascular images to Dr Hugh A. McAllister, Jr, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital and Texas Heart Institute, 6720 Bertner Ave, MC1–267, Houston, TX 77030.Download figureDownload PowerPoint Figure 2. Biconvex, needle-shaped clefts surrounded by fibrin deposition in lumen of an arteriole. Clefts represent site where cholesterol crystals were lodged before they were dissolved for preparation of biopsy.Download figureDownload PowerPoint Figure 1. Toe livedo reticularis.FootnotesCorrespondence to G. Pettelot, MD, Department of Cardiology, Hôpital Pasteur, 30 ave de la Voie Romaine, BP69–06002 Nice, France. E-mail [email protected] Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Fries C, Roos M, Gaspert A, Vogt P, Salomon F, Wüthrich R, Vavricka S and Fehr T (2010) Atheroembolic Disease-A Frequently Missed Diagnosis, Medicine, 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181d5eb39, 89:2, (126-132), Online publication date: 1-Mar-2010. Hitti W, Wali R, Weiman E, Drachenberg C and Briglia A (2008) Cholesterol Embolization Syndrome Induced by Thrombolytic Therapy, American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 10.2165/00129784-200808010-00004, 8:1, (27-34), . (2008) References Color Atlas of Local and Systemic Signs of Cardiovascular Disease, 10.1002/9780470692424.refs, (103-109) Bittl J and Caplan L (2004) Stroke after percutaneous coronary interventions**Editorials published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiologyreflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of JACCor the American College of Cardiology., Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.01.013, 43:7, (1168-1169), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2004. Bittl J (2000) Cholesterol embolization syndrome: Unifying principles, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 10.1002/1522-726X(200011)51:3<326::AID-CCD20>3.0.CO;2-A, 51:3, (326-327), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2000. García Moreno J, Sobrino Márquez J, Elizalde Eguinoa J, León de Lope M and Rodríguez Vera F (1999) Síndrome ateroembólico de curso benigno secundario a fibrinólisis sistémica con estreptoquinasa, Revista Española de Cardiología, 10.1016/S0300-8932(99)74948-1, 52:6, (454-456), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1999. Chouaib N, Jidane S, Lekhlit M, Belkouch A and Nebhani T (2019) Management of Ischemic Stroke during cardiac catheterization: A case report and review of literature, Journal of Clinical Intensive Care and Medicine, 10.29328/journal.jcicm.1001024, 4:1, (040-041) April 21, 1998Vol 97, Issue 15Article InformationMetrics Copyright © 1998 by American Heart Associationhttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.15.1522 Originally publishedApril 21, 1998 PDF download Advertisement