Ethnopharmacological relevanceCodonopsis pilosula (C. pilosula), also called “Dangshen” in Chinese, is derived from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. (C. pilosula), Codonopsis pilosula var. Modesta (Nannf.) L.D.Shen (C. pilosula var. modesta) or Codonopsis pilosula subsp. Tangshen (Oliv.) D.Y.Hong (C. pilosula subsp. tangshen), is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine. It has been regularly used for anti-aging, strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lungs, regulating blood sugar, lowering blood pressure, strengthening the body's immune system, etc. However, the mechanism, by which, C. pilosula exerts its therapeutic effects on brain aging remains unclear.Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the protective effects of C. pilosula water extract (CPWE) on the hippocampal tissue of D-galactose-induced aging mice.Materials and methodsIn this research, plant taxonomy has been confirmed in the “The Plant List” database (www.theplantlist.org). First, an aging mouse model was established through the intraperitoneal injections of D-galactose solution, and low-, medium-, and high-dose CPWE were administered to mice by gavage for 42 days. Then, the learning and memory abilities of the mice were examined using the Morris water maze tests and step-down test. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to visualize histopathological damage in the hippocampus. A transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the marker protein of astrocyte activation, and autophagy-related proteins, including microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62, in the hippocampal tissues of mice. Moreover, targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to assess the changes in polar metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in the hippocampus.ResultsFirst, CPWE alleviated cognitive impairment and ameliorated hippocampal tissue damage in aging mice. Furthermore, CPWE markedly alleviated mitochondrial damage, restored the number of autophagosomes, and activated autophagy in the hippocampal tissue of aging mice by increasing the expression of LC3 protein and reducing the expression of p62 protein. Meanwhile, the expression levels of the brain injury marker protein GFAP decreased. Moreover, quantitative targeted metabolomic analysis revealed that CPWE intervention reversed the abnormal levels of L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, serotonin hydrochloride, succinic acid, and acetic acid in the hippocampal tissue of aging mice. CPWE also significantly regulated pathways associated with D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolisms, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis.ConclusionsCPWE could improve cognitive and pathological conditions induced by D-galactose in aging mice by activating autophagy and regulating metabolism, thereby slowing down brain aging.

目的:研究党参对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠肺组织中自噬蛋白BNIP3表达的影响.方法:将100只SPF级昆明种小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和党参低、中、高剂量组,连续处理42 d.用D-半乳糖建立小鼠衰老模型,低、中、高剂量党参对衰老小鼠进行干预;采用透射电镜观察小鼠肺部组织形态学改变;RT-PCR方法检测小鼠肺组织中基因Bnip3表达量;免疫组织化学技术检测小鼠肺组织中自噬蛋白BNIP3表达量.结果:模型组肺细胞完整结构缺失,线粒体肿胀破坏,高剂量党参干预后肺细胞结构完整,线粒体未见明显异常;RT-PCR结果显示,衰老后肺组织中Bnip3表达显著升高(P＜0.01),高剂量党参干预后Bnip3表达显著下降(P＜0.01);免疫组织化学染色结果显示衰老后自噬蛋白BNIP3阳性率明显高于高剂量党参干预后.结论:党参对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠肺组织具有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与通过抑制自噬蛋白BNIP3从而降低细胞过度自噬相关.

探讨翻转课堂结合以团队为基础学习(Team-Based Leaning,TBL)教学模式在临床血液学检验实验教学中的应用效果.研究发现,翻转课堂结合TBL教学模式有助于提高学生学习兴趣和自主学习能力,帮助学生更好地掌握知识点.

Objective To isolate, identify and analyze the?biological characteristics of a wild edible fungi from Qilian Mountain. Methods Wild fungi QL-8 was isolated, from which genomic DNA was extracted and used as a template for amplification of internal transcribed spacer(ITS). The amplified product was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The effects of temperature(18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28 ℃), p H value(4. 0, 5. 0, 6. 0, 7. 0, 8. 0, 9. 0 and 10. 0),carbon source(sucrose, maltose, soluble starch, mannitol, glycerol and glucose), nitrogen source(potassium nitrate,peptone, ammonia sulfate, yeast powder and urea), inorganic slat(ferric sulfate, calcium sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate and magnesium sulfate), vitamin(VB1, VB2, VB3, VB6, VB12 and VBcomplex) on growth of the mycelium were investigated by single factor test. Cultivation test was performed by using various materials(cotton seed hulls, sawdust, manure and straw). Results QL-8 belongs to genus Coprinuscomatus, of which the Gen Bank accession number is KF702392. The optimal temperature, p H value, carbon source, and nitrogen source were 24 ~ 26 ℃, 7. 0,sucrose and yeast powder respectively. Addition with a certain amount of magnesium sulfate and VB6 was helpful to the growth of mycelium. The mycelium grew fastest in sawdust substrates, which fruited after being covered with soil.Conclusion The growth characteristics and condition for fruiting of the wild edible fungi were obtained successfully, and wild coprinuscomatus fructification was bred, which provided an experimental basis for the artificial cultivation of wild fungus.

羊肚菌是著名的野生食用菌,味道鲜美,营养丰富,为了开发利用这一宝贵的自然资源,采用组织分离法,分离出7株羊肚菌菌丝并对其生物学特性进行研究.结果表明:7株羊肚菌菌丝体在12～30℃均能生长,适宜温度范围为20～30℃,其中25℃是各菌菌丝体生长的最佳温度;菌丝体在pH范围为6.0～8.0均可生长,其中01、05和07号菌的最适pH均为7.0,02、03号菌的最适pH均为8.0,04和06号菌的最适pH分别为6.0和6.5;7株羊肚菌能利用多种碳源和氮源,其中02、03、04、05以及06号菌的菌丝生长最适碳源分别为葡萄糖、淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖和淀粉;01、04、05、06号菌的菌丝生长最适氮源均为蛋白胨,02和03号菌的菌丝生长最适氮源均为尿素,07号菌的菌丝生长最适氮源为蛋白胨和硝酸铵.

食用菌是一类具有营养、保健价值的绿色食品,同时食用菌产业又是一项集经济效益和生态效益于一体的可持续发展项目.笔者简述了碳源、氮源、矿质元素等化学因素,温度、光照、通气等物理因素和微生物因素对食用菌有性发育的影响.指出食用菌有性发育启动和产量都受到环境中各种因素的种类和浓度的影响,同时提出食用菌有性发育研究中存在诸多问题,应该在现代分子生物学基础上对食用菌覆土机理和调控环境因素的主要功能基因等进行深入研究.

We isolated and identified fungus from wild environment to study its biological characteristics .The mycelium was iso-lated from the fruiting body .Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelium , then used as template for the ITS gene PCR am-plification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.We also studied the biological characteristics of mycelium .About 700 bp fragment was amplified and sequenced .Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the fungi belonged to the genus Agrocybe.Gen-Bank accession number was KF 702393.The optimum temperature and pH were 24℃and 7.0, respectively.The optimum carbon sources and nitrogen sources were glucose and dry yeast , respectively .The fungi can advance the growth of myceli-um by adding some inorganic salt and vitamins .

The current study investigated the effects of temperature on embryonic developing rate and hatching rate of Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum,Brodie et Yang 1995,and the developmental threshold temperature and effective thermal summation were determined also. The results showed that the speed of the embryonic development was accelerated and the hatchability was raised at 10 ~ 30℃. The hatching rate was linear with the hatching temperature( Y = 0. 0017X +0. 95230),and the grow phase was linear with the hatching temperature( Y =- 0. 377X + 24. 154) also. However,the most appropriate temperature range was 20 ~ 25℃,and egg deformity and ultimate mortality rates would significantly increase above or below this range. By using linear regression and direct optimization,the calculated developmental threshold temperature and effective thermal summation were 0. 58℃,68. 66℃ ·d and 0. 46℃,69. 01 ℃ ·d,respectively.