Biomass-derived vanillin and ethylenediamine were used as raw materials to synthesize Schiff base chain extenders, which were then incorporated into waterborne polyurethane (WPU) systems to fabricate a series of multifunctional composite films (VWPUs) with tunable Schiff base contents. Research results indicate that all VWPU films exhibit excellent mechanical properties, self-healing capabilities, significant UV resistance, and moderate thermal stability. Among them, the VWPU-2 film demonstrated the best repair effect. Benefiting from the dynamic reversible nature of the Schiff base bond (C=N), the material achieved noticeable healing of surface scratches after 2 h of static storage at 60 °C. After 6 h of repair, the mechanical property self-healing efficiency reached 93.5

The Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend system has garnered significant attention due to its excellent biodegradability and complementary properties. However, the inherent incompatibility between the two polymers has somewhat limited its further development. In this study, Cu-MOF was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method. It was surface-modified using organic acids with different carbon chain lengths and incorporated into the PBAT/PLA polymer matrix to enhance interfacial compatibility. Results indicate that incorporating M-Cu-MOF as a functional filler into PBAT/PLA composite films enhances multiple properties. Among these, SA-Cu-MOF composite films exhibit optimal comprehensive performance: a water contact angle of 101 degrees, and reduced water vapor and oxygen transmission rates by 30.75% and 62.19%, respectively. Additionally, the films exhibited excellent antibacterial activity, ammonia visualization response capability, and enhanced hydrothermal degradation rates. Long-chain organic acids influenced the macroscopic properties of M-Cu-MOF/PBAT/PBAT composite films by affecting the microstructure and dispersion of Cu-MOF. These results demonstrate that the Cu-MOF surface modification strategy based on regulating the carbon chain length of organic acids provides an effective approach for constructing high-performance, multifunctional, and controllably degradable PBAT/PLA green packaging films.

Rational construction of multimetallic MOF catalysts provides an effective strategy to regulate electronic structures and catalytic behavior in glycerol oxidative carbonylation. Using Ce-MOF as the structural framework, a series of Pd-Cu-Ce multimetallic MOF catalysts were constructed by regulating the introduction sequence and loading modes of Pd and Cu. The structure-property-performance relationships among structural characteristics, electronic properties, and catalytic behavior were systematically investigated. Comprehensive characterization results indicate that, in Pd-Cu/Ce-MOF, Pd and Cu are co-doped into the Ce-MOF framework, forming a stable synergistic structure and significantly modulating the electronic environment of the metal sites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals increased Ce3+ content, surface-adsorbed oxygen, and oxygen vacancy concentration, while the coupled Pd2+/Pd0 and Cu2+/Cu+ redox pairs effectively optimize the electronic structure of Pd active centers. Despite its relatively low surface area, Pd-Cu/Ce-MOF exhibits the highest activity and selectivity in glycerol oxidative carbonylation, indicating that multimetallic synergy dominates catalytic performance. Kinetic studies suggest an Eley-Rideal mechanism, in which glycerol adsorbs on the catalyst surface and gaseous CO directly participates in glycerol carbonate formation. This study provides experimental evidence for the rational design and application of MOF-based multimetallic synergistic catalysts.

Dioctyl adipate (DOA) and dioctyl sebacate (DOS) are widely used cold-resistance plasticizers; however, their low molecular weight and weak polarity result in poor thermal stability and migration resistance. Here, we report the synthesis and performance of bio-based cold-resistance plasticizers derived from trans-aconitic acid with enhanced migration resistance. Tri-n-butyl trans-aconitate (TBTA), tri-n-hexyl trans-aconitate (THTA), and tri-n-octyl trans-aconitate (TOTA) were synthesized via one-step esterification with aliphatic alcohols and applied in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Compared with commercial plasticizers di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), tributyl citrate (TBC) and DOA, the synthesized plasticizers demonstrated excellent thermal stability and cold-resistance. After freezing treatment, the Tg values of TBTA/PVC (18.99 °C) and THTA/PVC (20.88 °C) were lower than those of DEHP/PVC (22.74 °C). The branched architecture was supposed to strengthen interactions between plasticizers and PVC, improving volatility resistance and solvent extraction resistance. Compared with DOA/PVC at 48 h, TBTA/PVC, THTA/PVC and TOTA/PVC displayed volatility mass loss reduction of ~1.5%, 4% and 7%, respectively. Their extraction mass loss in ethanol decreased by 5-6%, while in petroleum ether, TBTA/PVC and TOTA/PVC dropped by 11.95% and 2.63%, respectively. These bio-based plasticizers are promising alternatives to the poor migration resistance of conventional low-temperature plasticizers.

A novel epoxidized cashew nut phenol derivative plasticizer (ECAE) was successfully designed and synthesized as a green, bio-based alternative to conventional phthalate plasticizers. Cashew nut phenol was chemically modified via a two-step reaction sequence involving esterification followed by epoxidation, yielding a multifunctional plasticizer that incorporated flexible long-chain alkyl groups, ester functionalities, and epoxy groups. When blended with PVC, ECAE exhibited superior performance: a glass transition temperature of 28.10 degrees C, elongation at break reaching 702.12% at 50 phr loading, and antibacterial activity with a 15 mm inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus. It also demonstrated excellent stability, with only 0.3% migration after 240 h in distilled water at 25 degrees C. Quantum chemical calculations elucidated the plasticization mechanism, revealing how the combination of spatial effects from long-chain alkyl groups and anchoring effects from polar functional groups modulates PVC chain segment dynamics. This bio-based plasticizer represents a significant advance in sustainable polymer technology, meeting environmental requirements while maintaining high performance. It holds potential for applications in food packaging and medical device manufacturing, where material performance and safety are paramount.

Glycerol, a key byproduct generated during biodiesel production, has accumulated in excess, hindering the industry's development. A novel palladium-loaded chitosan-copper metal-organic framework (Pd/CCS-Cu-MOF) biomimetic catalyst was developed to valorize glycerol efficiently. Mimicking metalloenzyme structures, this catalyst significantly enhances catalytic performance by controlling the chitosan crosslinking sequence and the active sites' electronic environment. The crosslinked chitosan improves copper's electronic control and forms a microcapsule structure that stabilizes active sites and optimizes reactant mass transfer. Pd/CCS-Cu-MOF achieves a yield of approximately 90% and a selectivity of 99% in the oxidative carbonylation of glycerol. ICP analysis reveals that the catalyst maintains high efficiency with a remarkably low palladium loading of only 0.49 wt%, thereby reducing precious metal use and promoting green chemistry principles. Characterization further demonstrates the microcapsule structure's advantages in enhancing thermal stability, mechanical strength, and pore distribution, providing new insights into natural polymer-metal organic framework composite catalysts. In conclusion, this study offers an efficient, green catalyst for glycerol valorization and opens new avenues for sustainable catalytic technology development, laying a foundation for future industrial applications.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thermal stabilizers are evolving toward greater efficiency and multifunctionality. This study aims to develop a multifunctional thermal stabilizer to meet the diverse application requirements. A Schiff base, VanHis, was synthesized by condensing histidine with vanillin, and its zinc salt derivative, VanHis-Zn, was prepared by reacting VanHis with anhydrous zinc acetate. Infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the successful synthesis. Thermal stability tests, including oven aging, thermogravimetric, conductivity, and Congo red tests, were conducted. Results showed that VanHis-Zn delayed zinc burn, with complete discoloration occurring after 120 min. Compared to commercially available calcium/zinc stearate stabilizers, VanHis-Zn exhibited the lowest weight loss rates in both the first (72.26%) and second (17.21%) stages. Additionally, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and UV-absorption spectroscopy confirmed that VanHis-Zn suppressed the formation of conjugated double bonds during PVC thermal degradation. When blended with varying proportions of Ca(acac)2, the initial whiteness and long-term thermal stability of PVC samples improved significantly, doubling the stability time compared to conventional systems. Antibacterial tests also demonstrated that both VanHis-Zn and the blended PVC samples exhibited antibacterial properties. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to analyze the thermal stabilization mechanism using NPA charge distribution analysis.Highlights VanHis-Zn from biomass enhances PVC stability under heat and delays zinc burning. VanHis-Zn imparts antibacterial properties and inhibits PVC conjugated bond formation. Thermal stability mechanism analyzed via quantum chemical and NPA charge analysis.

The development of alternatives is a priority issue for the plasticizer industry due to the reproductive toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of phthalate plasticizers. Herein we demonstrate the synthesis and characterization of multi-branched octopus-like plasticizers applied in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The plasticizers were achieved through a straightforward one-step esterification reaction, resulting in four polyol ester plasticizers (glyceryl tri-n-octanoate [GTOE], pentaerythritol tetra-n-octanoate [PQOE], xylitol penta-n-octanoate [XPOE], and mannitol hexa-n-octanoate [MHOE]). The multi-branched structure enhances the interactions between plasticizers and PVC molecules leading to superior plasticizing properties, particularly mechanical properties, thermal stability, and migration resistance compared with commercial plasticizers di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC). Concretely, the elongation at break of MHOE/PVC (825%) and PQOE/PVC (814.63%) was better than that of DEHP/PVC (670.02%), DOTP/PVC (490.62%) and ATBC/PVC (566.78%). The T5% of GTOE/PVC, PQOE/PVC, XPOE/PVC, and MHOE/PVC were 46.97, 67.24, 60.09 and 48.14 degrees C higher than ATBC/PVC respectively. In the volatility resistance testing after 48 h, the weight loss of GTOE/PVC, PQOE/PVC, XPOE/PVC, and MHOE/PVC was 5.63%, 3.64%, 2.95%, and 8.88% respectively, which was far less than DEHP/PVC (15.58%), DOTP/PVC (11.83%) and ATBC/PVC (18.15%). Consequently, the obtained plasticizers demonstrate enhanced plasticizing efficiency, presenting promising alternatives to phthalate plasticizers and expanding the repertoire of choices within the plasticizer industry. The octopus-like plasticizers with multi-branched structures were used as primary plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) and exhibited superior mechanical properties, thermal stability and migration resistance than commercial plasticizers. image

Conventional food packaging plastics are difficult to degrade under natural conditions, causing long-lasting environmental harm. With the aim of addressing this problem, this study develops a novel biodegradable composite food packaging film based on polybutylene adipate-terephthalate (PBAT) and polyurethane (PU). MOF-5 nanoparticles are prepared via the ambient temperature precipitation method and modified with gallic acid (GA). PBAT/PU/GA@MOF-5 composite films are fabricated by the solvent casting method. The findings demonstrate that the introduction of GA@MOF-5 enhances the compatibility between PBAT and PU and reduces phase separation; therefore, it augments the mechanical performance of the resultant composite films. These composite films manifest excellent mechanical, thermal degradation, and antioxidant properties, performing remarkably in apple freshness tests. Furthermore, the incorporation of GA@MOF-5 endows the films with significant antimicrobial activity, showing restraint on the proliferation of both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This study offers an innovative idea for biodegradable food packaging materials design and expands the application prospect of the PBAT/PU composite system in the food packaging field.

Curcumin is a common natural dye that has been applied to the study of smart packaging. In order to further enhance the stability and bioavailability of curcumin in packaging materials, three different types of nanoparticles (Zn-MOF, CaCO3, and SiO2) were separately investigated to screen for suitable curcumin carriers, and Cur@nanoparticles were synthesized and added into the PBAT/PLA polymer matrix. This study investigated the effects of Cur@nanoparticles on the mechanical properties, thermal properties, hydrophobic properties, antimicrobial properties, antioxidant properties, and ammonia response function of PBAT/PLA films. The results showed that Cur@nanoparticles significantly enhanced the performance of PBAT/PLA composite materials, with Cur@Zn-MOF/PBAT/PLA composite films exhibiting the best overall performance. The material exhibited a fracture elongation of 588%, mechanical strength of 16.23 MPa, and antioxidant efficiency of 70%. It also demonstrated good inhibitory effects against E. coli and S. aureus, as well as a significant ammonia-responsive color-changing function, where the film color changes from yellow to orange-red in an ammonia atmosphere. Zn-MOF can serve as an excellent carrier for curcumin. The Cur@Zn-MOF/PBAT/PLA composite film meets research expectations and has the potential to visualize food freshness while also expanding the application scenarios of PBAT/PLA composite films.

Due to the tendency of plasticizers like di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DOA) to migrate from PVC products, which pose serious health risks, and have therefore been increasingly restricted in many countries. Enhancing the migration resistance of plasticizers in PVC remains a critical challenge. Based on the molecular design concept of plasticizers, ester-branched epoxidized oleic acid plasticizers (E-ECD, E-EOD, and E-EHD) with excellent migration resistance in PVC were synthesized through esterification, Claisen condensation, and epoxidation reactions. The structural characteristics of the synthesized plasticizers were determined using FT-IR and 1H NMR. During a 10-day migration resistance test, PVC plasticized with E-ECD exhibited a weight loss of less than 5 wt

To develop a multifunctional, high-performance material with extended durability and reduced maintenance costs, meeting the diverse demands of modern industrial and environmental applications, this study prepared a novel multifunctional waterborne polyurethane (WPU) material. By incorporating the bio-based compound gallic acid (GA) into the WPU matrix, dynamic phenolic-carbamate bonds were formed, imparting excellent self-healing capabilities with a healing efficiency of up to 92 %. Additionally, the inclusion of a copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) endowed the material with remarkable antibacterial properties, effectively inhibiting Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, making it suitable for applications in medical devices and food packaging. Furthermore, the integration of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) significantly enhanced the material's surface hydrophobicity, achieving a contact angle of 108 degrees, thereby providing excellent antifouling performance. The resulting material demonstrated outstanding mechanical properties and thermal stability, while the reversibility of the dynamic bonds and the synergistic effects of the multifunctional components enhanced its intelligence and durability. This study offers a novel approach to the design and application of multifunctional WPUs, with potential uses in flexible electronics, smart coatings, and antibacterial antifouling technologies.

To improve the weak interaction between poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blends, this study added modified metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to enhance the interfacial bonding strength between PBAT and PLA. MOF-5 nanoparticles were synthesized by room temperature synthesis and modified with KH-560. PBAT/PLA/KH-560@MOF films were prepared by solvent casting. The microscopic morphology, mechanical properties, thermal properties, hydrophobicity, water vapor transmission rate and antimicrobial properties of the composite films were investigated. The results showed that KH-560@MOF nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix of PBAT and PLA, reducing phase interface defects. Mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT improved in the presence of KH-560@MOF. The breaking elongation and tensile strength values were maximized when adding 1 wt% KH-560@MOF. Doping of KH-560@MOF improves hydrophobicity and water vapor transmission rate of films. Zn2+ in MOF-5 imparts antimicrobial properties to the film, showing antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative food-borne pathogens (i.e., E. coli and S.aureus). This work enriched the design of compatibilizer for the PLA/PBAT blend and provided a novel approach for expanding the application of MOFs.

In this study, a novel Pd/Cu-MOF-2 catalyst was synthesized and optimized for glycerol oxidation carbonylation to glycerol carbonate for the first time. At 140 degrees C, 4MPa, and 4h, the yield and selectivity of Pd/Cu-MOF-2 reached the best, close to 90% and 100%, respectively, and these high levels of performance were maintained in multiple repeatable experiments. The optimized structure has uniform particle distribution and a good Pd-Cu interface, which significantly improves the catalytic performance. The morphology, structure and reaction mechanism of the catalyst were characterized in detail by a series of techniques. The results show that the optimized structure has a Pd-Cu alloy phase and a highly dispersed palladium component, which improves the catalytic activity and stability. In addition, theoretical calculations and experimental data confirm that the chemisorption between Cu-MOF-2 support and palladium is significantly enhanced compared with unsupported palladium catalysts. The study demonstrated the key role of structural optimization and surface interaction in improving the performance of Pd/Cu-MOF-2 catalysts, providing valuable insights for the design of efficient catalysts in green chemical processes.

Thermal stability is a critical challenge in the application of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This study aims to develop a bio-based multifunctional thermal stabilizer and biological compound system. Adenine was reacted with anhydrous zinc acetate to synthesize the adenine-zinc complex (Ade-Zn), and its successful synthesis was confirmed using infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and TGA. The thermal stability of Ade-Zn was evaluated through oven-aging tests, thermogravimetric analysis, conductivity measurements, and Congo red tests, demonstrating its superior performance. Results showed that Ade-Zn extended the complete discoloration time of PVC at high temperatures to 2 h. Additionally, its thermal weight loss rate was significantly lower than that of commercial zinc stearate, with reductions of 3.84% and 1.75% in the first and second weight loss stages, respectively. Furthermore, UV absorption spectroscopy confirmed that Ade-Zn inhibits the formation of conjugated double bonds during PVC thermal degradation. The composite system of Ade-Zn and theophylline (Tph) was also investigated. It doubled the retention time of initial whiteness and enhanced HCl absorption capacity, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial performance to varying degrees. Transition state analysis confirmed that Ade-Zn inhibits the thermal degradation of PVC and promotes alternative reactions with lower energy barriers, leading to more thermodynamically stable products.

To make the hydrotalcite uniformly dispersed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and enhance its thermal stability, cinnamate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcite (CaAl-cinnamate-LDHs) underwent organic modification with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyethylene glycol (CTAB/SDS/PEG). The structures of modified hydrotalcite were characterized using x-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, particle size analysis, and water contact angle test. The thermal stability was assessed through thermal aging oven experiment, Congo Red experiment, and thermogravimetric experiment, revealing their exceptional performance. Simultaneously, the synergistic effect of PEG-LDHs with auxiliary thermal stabilizers was examined, with epoxy soybean oil proving to be the most effective, which made the PVC sample incompletely black within 120 min. Mechanical properties and dynamic thermomechanical analysis indicated that the overall mechanical characteristics of the PVC samples with modified hydrotalcite were significantly superior to the unmodified CaAl-cinnamate-LDHs. Additionally, the optical performance test demonstrated excellent transparency in the PEG-LDHs/PVC sample. Through analyzing the thermal stability mechanism, it was indicated that hydrotalcite effectively absorbed HCl. Furthermore, the combination of PEG-LDHs and ESO replaced unstable Cl atoms and reacted with conjugated double bonds, thereby reducing the aging and discoloration of PVC.Highlights The modified hydrotalcite preparation process was simple and easy to operate. The CTAB/SDS/PEG-LDHs/PVC samples exhibited excellent thermal stability. Mechanical properties of the PVC samples with modified hydrotalcite were significantly superior to the unmodified CaAl-cinnamate-LDHs. Preparation and performance tests of modified hydrotalcite. image

Using benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, trimellitic anhydride, 2-propylheptanol and 2-ethylhexanol as raw materials, four kinds of environmental plasticizers were prepared, which were used as additives for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Compared with commercially available di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP), di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DOTP), and tributyl citrate (TBC), the application performance and plasticizing performance were compared. The structure of the target product was analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to verify the fingerprint region of the molecular structure of the product. The properties of plasticized PVC films were tested by thermal weight loss analysis, oven thermal aging test, migration and volatility resistance test, DMA analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The plasticizing mechanism was confirmed through quantum chemical calculations, and the results of the calculations were in line with the migration outcomes. The results showed that compared with commercially available plasticizers, benzene polyacid ester plasticizers had better thermal stability, and better cold resistance in the polar environments, suitable for high-temperature and water-based environments.Highlights The four plasticizers prepared in this study were compared with reference plasticizers, and the plasticizing mechanism was validated through quantum chemical calculations. The PVC film plasticized with benzene polyacid ester prepared in this study demonstrates outstanding thermal stability, surpassing certain plasticizers reported in current literature. Benzene polyacid esters plasticized PVC film has migration stability under various conditions, it has great potential in packaging and other applications. Synthesis and properties of benzene polyacid ester. image

Zinc Tryptophan (Trp-Zn) and zinc N-(salicylic) tryptophan (SalTrp-Zn) were synthesized from tryptophan, zinc acetate, and salicylic aldehyde by one-pot method, respectively. The structure was analyzed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. PVC samples were prepared by stirring method and solvent film process, and then the thermal properties of PVC samples were studied by thermal aging chamber test, Congo red test, electrical conductivity test, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal stability of Trp-Zn and SalTrp-Zn stabilized PVC samples was better than calcium and zinc soaps used in industry. The thermal stability time was up to 80 min, and it was a long-acting thermal stabilizer. After the addition of CaSt2 and Trp-Zn stabilizer in different proportions, the thermal stability of PVC was obviously improved, and the initial whiteness of the film was improved after the combination of Trp-Zn/SalTrp-Zn. In addition, the tensile test verified that the PVC samples stabilized by Trp-Zn and SalTrp-Zn had the highest elongation at break. The addition of Trp-Zn can reduce the elastic modulus of PVC, effectively improve the mechanical properties of PVC, and make the PVC film have better toughness and elasticity. Through DMA and EDS tests, it can be seen that Trp, SalTrp-Zn had good compatibility with PVC and DOP. The quantum chemical calculation of Trp-Zn, SalTrp-Zn and vinyl chloride models was carried out, and the thermal stability mechanism of thermal stabilizer on PVC was analyzed accurately, mainly the absorption mechanism of HCl and the substitution mechanism of unstable chlorine atoms.

Phthalate plasticizers are gradually restricted in PVC products due to the escalating demand for health and environmental safeguards. Here, novel poly(glycerol ester) plasticizers(PGE), were synthesized utilizing biomass-derived glycerol and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid as raw materials via an esterification condensation reaction, with n-octanoic acid serving as an end-capping agent, adjustment of reactant ratios yielded PGE-1 and PGE-0.75, subsequently evaluated for their efficacy in PVC applications. FT-IR and GPC analyses elucidated potential structures and molecular weight distributions of the plasticizers, revealing oligomeric PGE with molecular weights spanning 1000–2000 g mol−1. Mechanical properties, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical analysis, and migration resistance of PVC plasticized with PGE-1 and PGE-0.75 were compared against those employing conventional plasticizers, including di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC). The hyperbranched network structure and high molecular weight of PGE conferred superior thermal stability and migration resistance to the plasticized PVC samples. Notably, the T50

Because the commonly used phthalate plasticizers have adverse effects on the environment and health, there is a need to develop plasticizers with renewable material sources, non-toxic synthesis, and high plasticizing efficiency. In this study, an eco-friendly bio-based plasticizer, ALCE with excellent migration resistance was synthesized using linoleic acid (LA) and cinnamyl alcohol (CA) from biomass. The composition of ALCE was characterized and confirmed using FTIR and 1H NMR. The thermal stability, mechanical properties, and migration resistance of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films plasticized with ALCE were compared to those plasticized with conventional plasticizers di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DOTP). The plasticizing mechanism of ALCE was elucidated through quantum chemical calculations. The initial decomposition temperature of ALCE-50 was found to be 43.66 °C higher than that of DOTP-50, making it more suitable for high-temperature applications. In tensile testing, PVC films containing 50 phr of ALCE exhibited an elongation at a break of 730.25