In this study, the stress fields of a welded beam track under the influence of a wheel-rail weld force are explored using a finite element model assembly of a weld wheel contact system which has been built on ANSYS space-claim. Practical observations have been shown that semi-elliptical type of cracks are most of the reason to failure of a weld thus a 3-D semi-elliptical type of crack has been induced on the bottom of the rail having transverse direction propagation. Simulation was performed using singular elemental method with ANSYS mechanical workbench for stress field singularity and transverse pattern of crack propagation on the bottom of the rail weld has been observed. The crack analysis and simulation tool in ANSYS workbench provides three modes of stress intensity factors where Mode-I factor KI shows increase in its value with increase in wheel force on its rail-weld contact under each type of forces i.e. vertical, lateral and longitudinal, and if there is an increase in the lateral force the KI took its maximum value. Now if we increase the vertical force the rest of two intensity factors KII and KIII shows a decreasing tendency. It has been observed also that if the longitudinal and lateral forces raised simultaneously both KII and KIII increases in magnitude. The amplitude of KI at the tip side of crack on welds outer edge is greatest within the Stress Intensity Factor of the crack tip, whereas the peak of KII and KIII on the crack-tip of weld centerline seems the highest in the range of Stress Intensity Factor.

In this article, a UIC60 rail AT weldment with appropriate rail and weld geometry on two-parent rail tracks as per Indian Railways is analysed separately under vertical and lateral loads, applying FEM. Stresses in an alumino-thermite welded rail is measured using finite element analysis. The results of operating condition on the development of fatigue cracks in rail welds are investigated. A 3-D elastoplastic material basis analysis has performed on a CAD assembly model for this purpose. A wheel-rail track model is used to simulate for the allocation of high stresses field in the weldment on the rail under intense service conditions for the welded straight track. Damage mechanics approaches are also used to assess the stress allocation on weld and wheel interaction along with the influence on fatigue lifecycle. The crack's variables like of displacement and stress intensity factors (SIFs) are calculated at crack tip in finite element model to measure crack propagation patterns and the rate of growth, considering two crack and its comparison for different modes. Also the trapped fluid condition due to weather and its influence on crack has been discussed. As friction rate of the contact area between rail weld and wheels increases, formation of crack 1 initiates, and the growth of crack-2 accelerates. Friction of contact patch and the fracture surface have opposite effects on fatigue life. Wet-lubrication are useful for crack friction reduction and can be used as a catalytic factor for SIF on mode II, but this liquid may flow into crack-1 and creates wedge effect. The SIF of opening mode in crack-1 abruptly rises as a result the crack's spread-up, and the fracture becomes deeper. Increasing friction force reduces slip on the fracture crack surfaces, thus reduction in crack propagation. Fracture mechanics fundamentals are used to find the growth of fatigue cracks in weld zone. To measure the progress rate of fatigue crack and SIFs, updated Paris model is used with ANSYS academic.

Most of the usual AT butt-welded rail fatigue incidents consist of either weld web fractures or rolling surface fractures. In the preliminary phase, a crack spreads parallel to the rail rolling surface, but within a slant surface area, it continues to spread after it. The object of this study is to examine the processes included for initiation along with expansion of a crack on the web of the rail weldment in order to anticipate the direction of fracture crack and secondary, the intervals of weld inspections. With this viewpoint, the finite element study for the expected cracking was performed to measure the brief history of stress intensity factors, KI and KII at various tips of cracking tip throughout the transit of the usual loadings caused by the train. In observations, it has been shown that basic flaw appears to follow a direction where KII is close to the maximum possible value and there is a tiny superimposed KI traction. Around the crack edge, mixed mode conditions are characterized, and stress intensity factors are measured using the method of crack opening displacement. The direction of crack development is estimated by the criterion of minimum strain energy density. Fractographic studies have verified that crack propagation mostly dominated by type of mode II and then only after the final divergence of the crack mode I occur. Computational simulations and experimental findings made by RDSO on the three-dimensional growth of fatigue crack are compared here. An acceptable relationship is revealed between the direction of numerical and experimental crack growth, both for the three-dimensional element by corner cracks and through the elliptical crack thickness.

In service condition rail joints, especially the weldments are under the action of various loadings which are not only working in multiple axis direction but also time-dependent having a cyclic and mixed-mode in nature and non-relative to each other. The surface of the rail and its weldment is acted by very high repetitive stress through the wheel and because of this contact stress the running surface or subsurface may have cracks or fractures due to fatigue. This work is based on numerical simulation of an aluminum thermite weldment on a UIC 60 rail under multi-axial fatigue crack propagation under the friction with surficial interaction between weldment and wheel with bending load due to vertically applied load through the wheel on the weld. Since contact is highly influenced by vertical load and also for minimizing the simulation time the lateral and longitudinal traction forces are not included in this study. The work formulation and discretization have been done with the finite element method and a non-linear lagrangian algorithm solver is applied. A 3-D rail-weld wheel model assembly and a semi-elliptical crack as a flaw on the weld surface are used to identify 3-Modes of SIFs along with its graphical plot generation. Simulation is performed under multi-axial weld wheel surface contact at different locations on weld running surface, taking into account varying position of fracture crack on weld 3-D model to calculate fracture life of weld joint and observation of fatigue crack propagation. This work involves the numerical and theoretical approach of fracture mechanics on created FE fatigue model using the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) method following Paris law for fracture mechanics. All the numerical simulation for critical fracture dimension and cycle count with stress intensity factor for weld failure data is estimated using software ANSYS 2020 academic and plotted, then comparison of predicted and observed transverse crack growth behavior and fatigue life of weld, based on Millions Gross Tonnes (MGT) is discussed.

Being a mechanical structure, rail beam is one of common but prominent element of railway track arrangement, and rail–wheel contact mechanism plays a significant role for the reliability of the whole railway system. Indian Railway uses long welded rail (LWR) as a major portion in its track network, so it has become an inseparable and important segment of Indian Railways. The stress pattern may be of different in the weldment due to welding operation as well as the weld may experience a remarkable change in its dimensional parameter because of the action of forces acting in vertical and lateral direction under dynamic conditions. Stress analysis is the most important study to find the permissible fracture limit which may occur in fatigue to provide the suitable time for replacing or repairing rail and its weldment. Indian Railways regularly performs the maintenance task like fracture repair, replacement and joining, etc., so for above purposes, a study on high cycle fatigue under multiaxial loadings and the weld life prediction for rail has been performed in this article. A 3D EPFEM of rail–wheel–weld having contact between them has been made by using ANSYS academic software and for achieving both efficiency and accuracy under high-end computational work software-based fine meshing is applied at wheel–rail contact. Also this study has used a model for crack initiation based on multiaxial fatigue for performing stress analysis to find fatigue damage in rail weldment numerically. Investigation is made for the vertical/lateral loads effect, hardness of material, and attributes associated with fatigue in material at wheel–rail/weld contact position by utilizing stress history under unit loading cycle for initiation of crack and fatigue life and its damage model.

At wheel track contact point, the high stress concentration, poor weld quality, and heterogeneity of weld material are the main factors that cause fatigue crack on any rail weld. Railway network agencies are concerned about the safety of the railway track when it comes to detecting and fixing weld faults to avoid vehicle derailment and loss of lives. This study analysed a numerical simulation of fatigue crack and its evolution under loaded service condition. A 3-D CAD wheel rail weld assembly model was built to study an AT welded joint under fatigue, and for stress concentration factor (SIF) calculation. The results are found by inserting a semi elliptical crack on the rail weld head surface with ANSYS, and then numerical simulation has been performed to get the different three modes of SIF at rail weld crack. The analysis findings data was recorded with critical fracture parameters of SIFs and its number of cycles to failure using LEFM technique and respective results have been plotted. With ANSYS the stress intensity on a crack will be resulted. By using numerical method, the critical crack size and number of cycle load with fatigue life of rail would be determined. The numbers of rail weld inspection per year has been determine by using the maximum number of cycle. The aim of this paper is to develop an effective inspection and maintenance frequency based on rolling contact surfaces crack propagation analyse. This will help to prevent the occurrence of rail failure by taking the required action at the right time, and extend the rail life expectancy, reduce the rail maintenance work and its cost.

The mechanism of rail-wheel contact is the most essential field of study in railway engineering since it requires extensive application expertise, diagnostic skills, and a trustworthy analysis technique. In this research the fatigue life of a UIC60 rail AT weld under vertical load and its parametric effect has been studied, and for that a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element model is created using ANSYS space-claim software, and then finite element method is employed to analyse the full-scale model of wheel-track and weld system with realistic three-dimensional solution. Model assembly components include axle, wheel, and thermite-welded rail. Simulation of contact between wheel and UIC60 rail weld with crack on weld at angles of 30 and 60 degrees with different coefficients of friction between the weld wheel contact and between crack surfaces was carried out under vertical loadings. In general, the Hertz contact theory assumptions are taken into consideration throughout the analysis, and the impacts on fatigue life are given by using damage mechanics method. The results of the wheel/weld fatigue crack analysis have been displayed to demonstrate the influence of different parameters on the fatigue life of cracks. The purpose of this study is to identify and safeguard the rail against failure, as well as to ensure the safety of passengers and to reduce the cost of maintaining the rail system.

In railway track the rail and its weldment are generally working under a load kind of a complex or mix mode nature, which causes stresses and deformations in the material inside it, resulting in rolling contact fatigue. Due to fatigue, cracks in the ductile material of the rail and its weldment at the surface level are possible. In most cases, a semi-elliptical form of crack appears on the rail's surface or in its weldment. Assuming a semi-elliptical crack having major axis normal to axis of weldment with minor axis parallel to the rail weld depth the SIF (Stress Intensity Factor) is estimated by using frictional contact and tractive effort with vertical load only and neglecting lateral load conditions under dynamic action with variable vehicle speed. ANSYS 2020 student edition is used to do a three-dimensional finite element study on rail wheel contact on the weld. For the model simulation, the most commonly used parameters adopted by the Indian Railways for rolling stock are the UIC60 type of rail profile cross section and a general wheel size of 1150 mm diameter with axle has been chosen for analysis. Then, for a semi-elliptical crack, the results and graph, with the crack simulation pictorial view acquired with ANSYS, are plotted and analyzed, taking into account the values of coefficient of friction and variable train speed. The Stress Intensity Factor is estimated to its highest value at the deep most point of the crack front, and Tada, Paris, and Ervin's Stress Intensity Factor calculation approach provides results that are similar to those observed in simulation. Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Advances in Mechanical Engineering

The Free vibration response of the Railway track is an important area in the design of the Rail and its joints to improve the ride comfort of the passengers. In this study, the rail weld considered is alumino thermite weldment used in majority of Indian Railways network. This paper aims at the study of the vibration response of rail wheel assembly having an AT weld on as a rail joint subjected to free vibration and to find the Natural frequencies of vibration and mode shapes. The geometric model of rail and weldment with wheel and axle components is modelled using Space-claim which is a part of ANSYS package and analysed using numerical simulation package ANSYS 2020 Workbench. In this work, free vibration analysis or modal analysis of the rail weld is carried out to extract the first few modes of vibration. The Natural frequencies obtained along with the corresponding mode shapes of the rail weldment show that they are within the permissible range specified by the standards of railway department also for better ride comfort of the passenger.

Railways provide the cheapest and most convenient mode of passenger transport both for long distance and suburban traffic; also, it plays a significant role in the development and growth of industries. Even though there are several advantages and safety in railway transport, the frequency of train accidents is still increasing. A train derailment can result in severe injuries or even death to passengers, railroad employees and bystanders. In 2007, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) reported nearly 2000 derailments on tracks all over the country. Whereas approximately 373 train derailments were reported by Indian Railways from 2009 to 2015. In the same duration of 6 years, there were total 803 accidents in Indian Railways killing 620 people and injuring 1855 people. 47% of these accidents were due to derailment of trains. Therefore, the statistical analyses were conducted to examine the effects of accident causes in India for last ten years. The analysis showed that broken rails or welds were the leading cause of derailments. Because of the seriousness of railway accidents, the study also aims to suggest the possibilities of minimizing devastating consequences of vehicle derailments by appropriate measure.

The main purpose of the plan is to build up an IOT base electrical energy meter interpretation show for units devoted and charge there upon over the internet. A smart energy meter whose blinking LED signal is interfaced to microcontroller during LDR the blinking LED flash 3200 times for 1 part the LDR sensor provide an interrupt every instance the meter LED flash to the programmed microcontroller, micro controller take this considerate and display the it on an LCD accordingly interfaced to the microcontroller. the learn of the energy meter is also sent to Ethernet guard module individual fed from the micro controller using level shifter IC and RS 232 link which pass on data in a straight line to a devoted web page for show anywhere in the planet. The power provide consists of a step down transformer 230/12V which decreases the voltage to 12V AC. This is changed to DC using a bridge rectifier and it is then regulated to 5V by means of a voltage regulator which is requisite for the action of the microcontroller and additional mechanism

A power plant engineer has many choices when selecting tubing materials for his condenser, feed water. Through this feed water corrosion may be occurs and this corrosion regularly dissolution of surface metal heater or balance-of-plant application. This paper provides an overview on a number of factors known to cause failure of a tube or pipe material. Knowing the limitations of material is crucial when making a selection for a specific application. Properties compared in this paper include corrosion resistance, stress corrosion cracking potential, thermal and mechanical properties, erosion resistance, vibration potential, and temperature limitations and various type of heat exchanger with their best suitable application and limitation are also listed in this guideline. Also some theories are included in this guideline. Key word; Heat, temperature, material, properties, cost.

The industrial robotics becomes widespread and widely used across different industries. Application of the robots in industrial production processes, year after year is increased. Robots offer speed and accuracy in the industries that can’t be achieved with workers and labour. Different manufacturers of robots enhancing the performance of their robot with greater accuracy, increased range of motion, increased speed and acceleration, better safety features and lower operational and maintenance cost. Information technology development has a big influence on changes in robotics that leads to the new functional solutions and the robot capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to describe a robotic system that allows Operator to operate and instruct with good performance and efficiency. Keywords---Industrial robot, Applications, Information technology, Components, Research

Carbon Nanotubes are one the most important materials of future. Carbon Nanotube Composites plays a vital role in or day to day life. Its explicit strength and outstanding mechanical properties makes it even more important to human society welfare. Research has been going on a large scale to know more about the compound and enhance its properties as required by us. This paper throws light on the techniques have been developed to produce Nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition methods. KeywordsCNT, Composites, arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition methods.

Power augmented ram (PAR) engine is a popular equipment to reduce the requirement of power for takeoff and improve aerodynamic performance. To provide detailed insight into the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-in-ground effect (WIG) craft with PAR engine, numerical simulations are carried out on WIG craft models in cruise. Simplified engine models are applied to the simulations. Two cruise modes for PAR engine are considered. The aerodynamic characteristics of the WIG craft and other features are studied. Comparisons with WIG craft model without PAR show that shutoff of PAR engine results in an increase in drag and less change in lift. Accordingly for the work of PAR engine, the air flow blown from the engineaccelerates the flow around the upper surface and a high-speed attached flow near the trailing edge is recorded. With the schemed PAR flow, more suction force is realized and the flow features over the wing vary noticeably. It is also shown that the Coanda effect, provided with an attached flow, introduces an appropriate and practical flow mode for WIG craft with PARengine in cruise. The results refresh our understanding on aerodynamic characteristics of WIG craft.

Sun contains huge amount of energy and this energy is transmitted to the earth in the form of solar radiation. A solar cooling and refrigeration system is an excellent system and very useful in areas with high insolation levels where there is a demand for cooling and there is not electricity to supply conventional power system. This paper deals with the use of this solar energy for cooling and refrigeration purpose by the use of a solar refrigerating system. This paper tries to present a review about the solar adsorption and solar intermittent refrigeration system and using PCM as the storage media for different applications in solar refrigerating system. Keywords: - Solar Refrigerating System; PCM; TES; Solar Adsorption Refrigeration System

In the present review paper we briefly describe the methods and control used in the design of ABS system to improves the braking performance.Antilock braking systems are used in modern cars to prevent the wheels from locking after brakes are applied.ABS prevents locking of wheels during braking.The anti-lock braking system modulates the air pressure in the brake chambers to prevent wheel lockup and provide precise braking control during over-braking.ABS modulates the brake line pressure independent of the pedal force, to bring the wheel speed back to the slip level range that is necessary for optimal braking performance.ABS improves the braking performance. KEYWORDS: ABS; Sensor; Stability; Intelligent Control; Performance; Brake

Cavitation is the gas liquid region produced by a localized pressure reduction created by internal force in fluid. a brief description of the general features of cavitation phenomenon is given as well as of the main types of cavitations occurring in hydraulic turbines. The work presented here is focused on the most important ones which are the leading edge cavitation due to its erosive power, the bubble cavitation because it affects the machine performance and the draft tube swirl that limits the operation stability. Cavitation is a phenomenon which manifests itself in the pitting of the metallic surfaces of turbine parts because of the formation of cavities. This paper present on the cavitation phenomenon in hydraulic turbine discussed briefly.Keyword :- Cavitation; Hydraulic Machine; vibration, Erosion.