Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a most prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by various clinical manifestations, including menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Severe vitamin D deficiency is more frequent in women with PCOS than in general females and has been associated with various metabolic disorders, comprising insulin resistance, blood pressure, obesity, and menstrual abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate the correlation among deficiency of vitamin D and demographic characteristics, metabolic parameters, and sex hormone levels of PCOS women from southern India. Materials and Methods: A case-control study involving 240 individuals comprised 120 women meeting the Rotterdam criteria for PCOS and 120 healthy age-matched controls. Various parameters, including anthropometric data, fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels, hormone levels, and vitamin D status, were assessed. Results: The results showed that participants with PCOS had significant increases in BMI, FBS, insulin, and HOMAIR levels. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher according to the lipid profile when compared to the control group, additional hormonal testing on PCOS patients revealed significantly higher levels of the LH: FSH ratio and testosterone. Women with PCOS showed significant low levels of 25(OH) D when compared to healthy women. Conclusion: Our findings revealed an association between low levels of 25(OH)D and the manifestation of symptoms related to metabolic syndrome in PCOS women. Therefore, vitamin D supplementation may have the potential to improve the underlying pathophysiology of PCOS.

Abstract Context: Dietary intake and physical activity play a significant role in improving health parameters such as enhancing mood, strengthening visceral organ functions, and reducing the progression of chronic diseases. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine and metabolic condition that concerns women of reproductive age presenting hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Aims: This study aimed to assess the quality of life and dietary patterns in women with and without PCOS, which may assist in identifying the possible factors linked to PCOS. Settings and Design: The cross-sectional study was conducted Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, KSHEMA-IVF Unit and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, Mangalore. Methods: With the sample size of 45 (23 women with PCOS diagnosed based on Rotterdam criteria and 20 women as healthy control aged between 18 and 40 years), we investigated the sociodemographic dietary intake, quality of life, sleep, and physical activity using a semi-validated questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: Obtained data were analyzed using Student’s t -test and Mann–Whitney U -test with P < 0.05. Results: The results indicate that total energy, carbohydrate, protein, and total dietary fiber, including soluble dietary fiber intake, was significantly lower in women with PCOS than the healthy group. No clear relation was identified between lifestyle and PCOS indices. Conclusions: The present study suggests dietary intake and associated nutrient patterns may indeed play an imperative role in the management of PCOS symptoms, but physical activity and quality of life may need further investigation.

BACKGROUND:Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a gynae-endocrine disorder, has a relatively high risk of differential expression of miRNA (DE-miRNA) in the disease progression. AIMS:To identify the DE-miRNA in the progression of PCOS in the ovarian cumulus cells. METHODS:The microarray dataset GSE72274 was analysed for PCOS-associated DE-miRNAs. miRNet identifies the target genes. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and hub genes were analysed by topology and module analysis. Transcription factors (TFs) and protein kinases (PKs) regulating the hub genes were identified using X2K tool. Biological functions were analysed using DAVID software. Finally, the DGIdb drug-gene interaction tool identifies the candidate medications. RESULTS:A total of 1577 DE-miRNAs linked to PCOS were identified, with 13 meeting the specified criteria. Subsequently, its 2053 target genes were retrieved through miRNet. Topology and module analysis identified the hub genes VEGFA, SOX2, KRAS, AKT1, and SMAD4 that are implicated in ovarian regulation. Notably, the study highlighted the significant role of the wnt signalling pathway, which is involved in ovarian function, specifically in follicle development, corpus luteum formation, and steroid production. Additionally, six TFs and PKs were identified as important regulators of these hub genes, and the potential medication interactions identified 11 medicines for VEGFA, KRAS, AKT1, and SMAD4 genes, while no suitable drug for SOX2 was identified. CONCLUSION:Identified, hub genes are known to associate with the regulation of ovarian function such as oocyte development, and steroid synthesis via the wnt signalling pathway.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common metabolic-reproductive disorders affecting reproductive-age women, causing an irregular menstrual cycle, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Current therapies for PCOS focus on the management of symptoms. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a significant role in PCOS by influencing the gut microbiota composition and metabolic pathways. The impact of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress parameters in the PCOS model remains unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of SCFA on lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, and inflammation in a high-fat diet-fed letrozole-induced PCOS model. 48 Female albino Wistar rats were randomised to 8 group (n = 6). The groups were treated with letrozole to induce PCOS and then treated with sodium acetate (SA), sodium propionate (SP), sodium butyrate (SB), and SCFA (3:1:1) mixture. This study observed a significant distortion in lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory markers. Our data showed, PCOS model showed elevated levels of triglycerides and very-low-density lipoprotein, which were significantly ameliorated when treated with SCFA (3:1:1), SA, SP, and SB. SP, SB, and SCFA (3:1:1) significantly lowered total cholesterol, while only SB and SCFA (3:1:1) significantly lowered low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Elevated high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was observed in the SA, SB, and SCFA (3:1:1) treated group. The malondialdehyde level was lowered in the SCFA-treated groups, whereas the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione level was elevated. Our data showed a significant reduction in IL-6, IL-1β levels in the PCOS-induced group treated with SA, SP, SB, and SCFA (3:1:1). The findings of the present study suggest that short-chain fatty acids restructure dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and inflammation in a PCOS-induced model, highlighting their possible role as therapeutic dietary supplements in alleviating PCOS.

Uterine Fibroids (UF) are the most common (about 70 % cases) benign gynecological smooth muscle tumors of the uterus in women of reproductive age, characterized by abnormal cholesterol, lipoproteins, and triglyceride levels, and are a major public health concern. Despite its high prevalence, this condition remains complex and poorly understood. These tumors are hormone-dependent and hormones and lipid levels are inversely related. This review delves into the existing literature and critically evaluates studies that explore the potential relationship between lipids in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids. This review concludes by critically appraising the research gaps in the involvement of lipids and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids and future directions for investigating this intriguing biological connection. By elucidating the potential link between uterine fibroids and lipids, this review paves the way for an improved understanding of fibroid pathogenesis, personalized risk assessment, and novel lipid-lowering therapeutic strategies.

Objectives: Various physiological mechanisms counteract insulin resistance (IR) during normal pregnancy. Psychological stress is a known, independent risk factor for developing IR. Pregnancy-specific psychological stress may cause IR and increase the risk of overt diabetes. Hence, the study aims to evaluate maternal psychological stress using multiple stress markers and their association with changes in IR during pregnancy and postpartum. Materials and Methods: Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and skinfold thickness were measured using standard techniques. The stress markers were assessed using perceived stress scales (K10 questionnaire), a physiological marker of stress (Heart rate variability [HRV] measures) and biochemical stress markers (Saliva, hair cortisol levels). IR was estimated using homeostasis model assessment-estimated IR (HOMA-IR). The association of stress markers with IR was studied among fifty healthy pregnant women during pregnancy and postpartum. Results: The psychological stress scores and saliva cortisol were significantly higher during pregnancy than postpartum ( P = 0.000). A comparison of cardiac autonomic function as assessed by HRV measures shows that high frequency in normalised units (HFnu) was significantly higher during the postnatal period than in the prenatal period ( P = 0.000). High frequency (HF) spectral power in absolute units was also significantly higher ( P = 0.002) in the postpartum period (2612.30 ± 432.24) when compared with the prenatal period (1446.10 ± 299.15). Low frequency in normalised units (LFnu), low frequency (LF)/HF ratio was significantly higher during the prenatal period than in the postnatal period ( P = 0.000). As assessed by HOMA-IR values, IR was significantly higher during the prenatal period than postpartum ( P = 0.04). There was a significant positive correlation between prenatal psychological stress scores, HRV parameters (LFnu, LF/HF) and postnatal IR. Conclusion: Pregnancy is associated with higher psychological stress levels and IR than postpartum. Furthermore, the maternal cardiac autonomic marker could predict postnatal IR among healthy pregnant women.

The core variable arrived at were Challenges of postnatal motherhood phenomenon from mothers’ perspective, eight essential themes were developed, and they were as follows: ‘Contented with the birth experience; A wider perspective of womanhood’. ‘Coming up with physiological and emotional challenges; a note worthy experience’. ‘Being happy with the gender of the baby; A God given gift’. ‘Glad to be a mother with a good family support’. ‘Happy to receive the intended care in the hospital; a boon to every mother’. ‘Ready to face challenges; marital perspective’. ‘Newborn care; a tender loving care of womanhood’. ‘Joyous moment to be with the newborn but unhappy due to physical and psychological alteration’. Interpretation and Conclusion The findings of the study throw light on various challenges faced by mothers and their coping strategies. In this study majority of the mothers had least to moderately expressed challenges and highly expressed challenges were minimal. This could be hypothesised that the study participants were from a rural setting where most of the mothers are unemployed and most of the mothers have a good support system which helps them to face challenges positively. Nevertheless, literature shows that Emotional challenges, Breastfeeding challenges and newborn care challenges are faced globally which can be addressed by creating awareness programmes. This can be achieved through nurse-led clinics on childbirth education in the OBG and Paediatric units with Mathr Shiksha Abhiyaan which will benefit most of the Pregnant and lactating mothers coming to OPD.

BACKGROUND:Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common multifactorial endocrinopathy disorder affecting 5-15% of reproductive women worldwide. The CYP19 gene encodes key enzyme aromatase involved in androgen-to-estrogen conversion which plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of the syndrome. Very few studies have been done in the Indian population; hence, we investigated whether CYP19 gene rs2414096 SNP is associated with PCOS and hyperandrogenism susceptibility in Karnataka women.METHODS:Three-hundred subjects including 150 PCOS and 150 age-matched controls were involved in the current case-control study. Sex hormones and biochemical estimation were performed by ELISA. Sanger sequencing and PCR-RFLP were used to genotype the SNP rs2414096. Genotypic-phenotypic association was studied. Statistical analysis was performed.RESULTS:The GG genotype was more common in patients, while the GA genotype was more common in control women. LH/FSH was significantly increased in GG genotype in PCOS when compared with AA and GA genotypes. Variations of CYP19 rs2414096 were not statistically significant with PCOS.CONCLUSION:CYP19 rs2414096 polymorphism was not associated with PCOS; however, the homozygous wild GG genotype may exhibit reduced aromatase activity with subsequent hyperandrogenism implicating endocrine abnormalities.

BACKGROUND:Male infertility is a multifactorial reproductive health problem with complex causes. Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is characterized by failure of spermatogenesis, leading to the absence of spermatozoa in ejaculates. The molecular mechanism underlying the NOA is still not well understood.OBJECTIVES:This study aims to identify the key genes involved in male infertility that could be a potential biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of azoospermia.STUDY DESIGN:The microarray expression profiles dataset GSE45885 and GSE45887 were downloaded from the NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed for male infertility-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the GEO2R tool. The common DEGs between the two datasets were combined and their protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape to reveal the hub genes by topology and module analysis. In addition, transcription factors (TFs) and protein kinases regulating the hub genes were identified using the X2K tool. Then, the expression of the hub genes was validated by analyzing the GSE190752 microarray dataset. Further, the PPI network was screened for biological roles and enriched pathways using DAVID software.RESULTS:About 256 DEGs associated with NOA were identified and constructed the PPI network to find the infertility-associated proteins. The biological processes linked with these proteins were spermatogenesis, cell differentiation, flagellated sperm motility, and spermatid development. The topology and module analysis of the infertility-associated protein network identified the hub genes TEX38, FAM71F, PRR30, FAM166A, LYZL6, TPPP2, ARMC12, SPACA4, and FAM205A, which were found to be upregulated in the non-obstructive azoospermia. In addition, a total of 23 transcription factors and 3 protein kinases that are regulating these key hub genes were identified. Further these hub genes expression was validated using the microarray data and found that their expression was increased in the testicular biopsies obtained from NOA subjects, compared to healthy individuals.CONCLUSION:The identified key genes and its associated transcription factors are known to regulate the infertility-related processes in the non-obstructive azoospermia. Also, the clinical sample-based microarray data validation for the expression of these key hub genes indicates their potentiality to develop them as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for NOA.

Introduction and Aim: Polycystic ovary syndrome is a diverse condition that contributes to metabolic problems like insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism which women experience during their reproductive years, and it is closely related to the body mass index. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical, biochemical, and hormonal profiles of PCOS patients and healthy women concerning age and BMI and to correlate insulin with other parameters. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was conducted from June 2019-April 2021. 180 PCOS women and 170 age-matched healthy women were enrolled from Mangalore, Karnataka. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical, hormonal profile, and the presence of IR were estimated in all patients and were further subdivided based on age and BMI. Results: The mean age of patients with PCOS and controls was 25.9± 5.6 years vs 24.7 ± 6.8 years. BMI and WHR had statistical significance (p<0.01) between the groups. TG & HDL showed statistical significance (p<0.05) in both age groups who were underweight and had normal BMI. A significant difference (p<0.05) was also observed in plasma insulin and HOMA-IR in all groups except in women who were obese. Conclusion: PCOS women were presented with hyperandrogenism and had metabolic risk factors like insulin resistance and low HDL-C levels at budding age and increased BMI. When comparing women with and without PCOS from the south Indian state of Karnataka, our findings revealed that changes in sex hormone levels had no significant impact on age or BMI.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common gynaecological endocrine disease, involving complex hormone secretion, multiple genes and multiple pathways. Therefore, there is no single cause that can account for the aetiology of PCOS. The excess androgen secretion, as well as the reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions are the prime characteristics of the syndrome. In this review, the studies that have analysed physiological fluids and tissues from PCOS women to understand the novel processes that underlie behind the diseases pathophysiology using in vitro and in vivo models, also identifying potential biomarkers and developing new therapy targets have been considered. Overall, this review provides a summary of the recent advanced research on PCOS, with the goal of providing an important and parallel overview of recently published research.

Pregnancy is associated with the physical and emotional stress that results in physiological and psychological changes. Stress during pregnancy can increase the risk of postpartum depression. The postpartum psychiatric disorders among mothers often remain undiagnosed and untreated. An appropriate quantitative tool that predicts maternal postnatal psychological status during the antenatal period will be of concern in reproductive health. The study assessed maternal psychological stress during antenatal (>32 weeks of pregnancy) and the postnatal period (>6 weeks after delivery). The study also evaluates the role of prenatal stress markers in the prediction of postnatal maternal psychological health. This is a longitudinal study involving thirty-five healthy pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy in the age group of 25–35. Maternal psychological stress was assessed using physiological (Heart rate variability), biochemical (saliva cortisol, hair cortisol) markers, and perceived stress scale (WHOQOL-BREF) during the antenatal and postnatal period. The perceived stress scores were significantly higher during the postnatal period (p = 0.04) compared with antenatal period, which indicates a better quality of life in the postnatal period. Saliva cortisol level, a marker of acute stress, was significantly higher during the prenatal period (p < 0.001). Also, a cardiac autonomic marker of psychological stress, as assessed by HRV measures, shows that HF spectral power was lower (p = 0.000) and LF spectral power, LF/HF significantly higher (p = 0.000) during the antenatal period when compared with the postnatal period. There was a significant positive correlation between prenatal maternal HRV measures like HF spectral power (p-0.01), negative correlation between LF/HF (p = 0.02) and postnatal stress scores. Prenatal HRV parameter like HF spectral power shows a significant negative correlation with postnatal EPDS scores (0.000). Also, there is a significant positive correlation between LF spectral power, LF/HF, and postnatal EPDS scores (0.001). The study concludes that maternal psychological stress was significantly higher during the prenatal period when compared to the postnatal period. In contrast to biochemical stress markers, the prenatal maternal cardiac autonomic marker can be an independent predictor of postnatal maternal psychological health.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrinological disorder with lipid disturbances leads to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations including menstrual irregularities, infertility, obesity and hyperandrogenism. This study aimed to determine the levels of lipid profile and sex hormones and its effect on PCOS from a State in southern India. This comparative hospital-based study was conducted in the State of Karnataka, India from June 2019 to January 2020. 57 age-matched PCOS and 67 healthy controls were enrolled for the study. Fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile and sex hormone levels were analyzed after taking informed consent from all participants. The mean age of patients with PCOS was 25.05 ± 6.04 years and the mean age of subjects in the control group was 27.36 ± 7.08 years. Lipid profile showed statistically significant increased levels of triglyceride 147.3±86.6 (p<0.05) and decreased levels of HDL 52.2±8.7 (p<0.05) whereas hormones LH and testosterone were significantly higher in women with PCOS when compared to controls. The altered lipid profile, sex hormone and insulin levels exhibit a key role in the pathophysiology of PCOS that affects health. Insulin resistance is found to be linked with dyslipidemia in PCOS. Our findings suggest that the differences found may play a key role in the pathophysiology of PCOS which in turn affects the health and therefore it is advisable to emphasize the necessity for screening insulin resistance and perform early and periodic examination of lipid profile and sex hormones in women with PCOS to reduce complications.

OBJECTIVE:The study assessed the developmental potential of germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) after prematuration culture with cilostamide (a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor) and the impact of cilostamide exposure on the morphology of meiosis II (MII) oocytes and subsequent embryo quality. METHODS:In total, 994 oocytes were collected from 63 patients. Among 307 GV oocytes, 140 oocytes were selected for the experimental group and 130 oocytes for the control group. The denuded GV-stage oocytes were cultured for 6 hours with cilostamide in the experimental group and without cilostamide in the control group. After 6 hours, the oocytes in the experimental group were washed and transferred to fresh IVM medium. The maturational status of the oocytes in both groups was examined at 26, 36, and 48 hours. Fertilization was assessed at 18 hours post-intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Embryo quality was assessed on days 3 and 5. RESULTS:In total, 92.1% of the oocytes remained in the GV stage, while 6.4% converted to the MI stage (p<0.01) after cilostamide exposure. In both groups, more MII oocytes were observed at 36 hours (25.8% vs. 21.5%) than at 26 hours (10.8% vs. 14.6%) and 48 hours (13% vs. 7.9%) (p>0.05). With the advent of cilostamide, blastocyst quality was better in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION:Cilostamide effectively blocked nuclear maturation and promoted cytoplasmic growth. Prematuration culture with cilostamide enabled synchronization between cytoplasmic and nuclear maturity, resulting in better blastocyst outcomes.

•PCOS is a multifactorial disorder.•Polymorphism in class III INS VNTR has been linked to PCOS.•The −23 HphI T/A polymorphism is a surrogate marker for determination of INS VNTR length polymorphism.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorder of reproductive age affecting 5% to 10% of women worldwide. It is a heterogenous, multifactorial, complex genetic disorder. PCOS receives a considerable attention because of its high prevalence and metabolic, reproductive and cardiovascular consequences.Methods: A cross sectional observation study of 100 PCOS patients was carried out between January 2014 to July 2015 in Gynaecology out-patient and Infertility OPD, Justice K. S. Hegde charitable hospital, Mangalore. The clinical, biochemical and hormonal profile of these patients were analysed and correlation was done between clinical features and biochemical and hormonal profile.Results: The prevalence of PCOS was 6.3% in the Gynaecology out-patient visits and 37.14% among infertile women. Menstrual irregularity was the most common complaint accounting for 31% followed by infertility (23%). Elevated leutinizing hormone and elevated LH: FSH was significant in irregular menstrual group. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our study was 21.3%. Spearmans correlation between various clinical and laboratory parameters showed menstrual cycle and body mass index(BMI) had a fair positive correlation and was significant. WHR (waist hip ratio) showed 21 times risk for metabolic syndrome.Conclusions: The study showed that most of our polycystic ovary syndrome subjects were hirsute, with central obesity and overweight or obese. Oligomenorrhea was the most common presentation. Among the various risk factors studied, WHR (waist hip ratio) showed 21 times risk for metabolic syndrome. Obese women with PCOS had more severe ovulatory dysfunction and need more attention for their appropriate management.

Preeclampsia is a challenging disease of human pregnancy that affects the mother and her foetus. It is a common obstetric syndrome of undefined aetiology affecting 7–10% of pregnant women. This study aimed to investigate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, malondialdehyde levels, uric acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E levels in serum and saliva of preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women with and without periodontitis.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma (655) is a rare malignant tumor, occurring in the age group of 40-50 years. We report a case of lowgrade ES-S in a 42 year old women, presenting as rapid enlargement of uterus associated with excessive vaginal bleeding. ESS can be mistaken for leiomyoma. Histopathological examination remains the mainstay for diagnosis of such tumors. Although rare, ESS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all women who present with a rapid enlargement of a uterine leiomyoma.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in India; however, participation in prevention and screening is low and the reasons for this are not well understood. In a cross-sectional survey in August 2008, 202 healthy women in Karnataka, India completed a questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. Factors associated with vaccination and Papanicolau (Pap) smear screening acceptance were explored. Thirty-six percent of women had heard of HPV while 15% had heard of cervical cancer. Five percent of women reported ever having a Pap smear, and 4% of women felt at risk of HPV infection. Forty-six percent of women were accepting of vaccination, but fewer (21%) were willing to have a Pap smear. Overall, knowledge related to HPV and cervical cancer topics was low. Women with negative attitudes toward HPV infection were 5.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8-10) times more likely to accept vaccination but were not significantly more likely to accept Pap smear (odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 0.7-3.0). Cost and a low level of perceived risk were the most frequent factors cited as potential barriers. Improving awareness of HPV and cervical cancer through health care providers in addition to increasing access to vaccination and screening through government-sponsored programs may be feasible and effective methods to reduce cervical cancer burden in India.

Background: Pre-eclampsia is one of the major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Though the aetiology is obscure, recent studies indicate that serum levels of calcium and magnesium may have a role in pre-eclampsia. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out the relationship of serum levels of calcium and magnesium in pre-eclamptic pregnancies compared to normal pregnancies in women from southern coastal India. Settings and Design: This study was done in a medical college hospital in southern coastal India. Materials and Methods: The blood samples from 60 preeclamptic women and an equal number of controls were analysed for calcium and magnesium levels. Data on Body Mass Index, maternal and gestational ages, serum calcium and magnesium were compared between the two groups. Outcome of pregnancy was analysed in both the groups and compared. Statistical Analysis: Data was expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. Comparison of serum levels of the elements between the two groups was performed by Independent t-test and Chi-square test and P-value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The serum calcium concentration was significantly lower in the pre-eclamptic group compared to normotensives (7.84 ± 0.87 mg/dl Vs 8.97± 0.69 mg/dl, p<0.001) whereas the levels of serum magnesium showed a marginal difference in both the groups. (1.43± 0.55 mg/dl Vs, 1.57 ± 0.72 mg/dl P 0.257) The study also showed that pre-eclamptic women were older, their BMI was higher and birth weight of babies lower compared to normotensives. Conclusion: According to the results of our research, intake of supplements, mainly calcium may help in the reduction of incidence of pre-eclampsia especially in a population of a developing country like ours where the nutrition is poor. Not many studies have been done in developing countries to assess the role of these elements in pre-eclampsia. The actual role of magnesium and calcium supplements needs further investigation.