Ameloblastomas (AM) are locally aggressive tumors, with hemangiomatous ameloblastoma (HA) being a rare subtype characterized by vascular proliferation, predominantly in the stroma but occasionally within the epithelial component. We report a case of a 32-year-old male with recurrent mandibular swelling, histopathologically diagnosed as unicystic HA, showing vascularity in both stroma and odontogenic epithelial islands with GLUT1 positivity in the latter. A review of 31 cases revealed a male predilection, mandibular dominance (89.74%), and overlap with conventional AM features. Vascularity in HA is attributed to reactive, neoplastic, or angiogenic mechanisms, with rare epithelial involvement suggesting aberrant angiogenesis or vascular mimicry. Further research is essential to clarify its pathogenesis and clinical implications.

Calponin h1 serves as a dual-impact factor in the transition from a healthy to an unhealthy state by initiating the progression of cancer onset to its spread. It was initially identified as a protein in smooth muscle, where it interacts with F-actin and inhibits actomyosin Mg-ATPase activity in vitro, regulating smooth muscle contraction. One of its functions is akin to a striated muscle troponin T-like protein. Vertebrate species possess three distinct isoforms of calponin, encoded by the homologous genes CNN1, CNN2, and CNN3, whose structures and genes are elucidated in the subsequent review. Calponin plays varied roles in different types of cancer, such as stomach adenocarcinoma, bladder, colorectal, oral malignancies, fibrosarcoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, breast and leiomyosarcoma. Its functions may also vary in terms of tissue specificity and varying expression levels. H1 calponin is primarily involved in maintaining blood vessel integrity and controlling smooth muscle contraction, in the cytoskeleton. Stromal myofibroblasts play a crucial role in tumor invasion and metastasis by their capacity to alter the extracellular matrix. Consequently, variations in its expression levels in different malignancies are elucidated, along with an exploration of the associated genetic pathways, by shedding light on their potential impact on prognosis in malignancies.

Aim: The present study was conducted to understand the clinical profile of individuals with oral precancerous lesions or oral cancer, estimate the relative prevalence of these disorders, and test the hypothesis that chewing tobacco/pan masala is a risk factor for them. Background: One of the most prevalent and deadly illnesses is oral cancer throughout the world. There are various obstacles that developing nations must overcome in order to locate and eliminate possible danger factors. Oral cancer and precancerous lesions are thought to be most strongly associated with tobacco chewing/pan masala. Methodology: A hospital-based study was conducted and 471 subjects were recruited in the study. The subjects comprised patients with squamous cell carcinoma (n = 85), oral submucous fibrosis (n = 240), leukoplakia (n = 32), lichen planus (n = 15), and controls (n = 99). Statistical analysis of the data was done using Chi-square and regression analysis. Results: A strong correlation was observed between the presence of the chewing habit in all the oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer. Duration of the habit and intensity of habit were also strongly correlated with the risk of oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer. Other factors such as alcohol and smoking were found to be less important in concern with oral cancer and precancerous lesions. Conclusion: The Indian subcontinent bears one-third of the global burden. Annually, about 800,000 deaths in India result directly from tobacco-related cancers. Cancers of the oral cavity hold a critical position in healthcare systems due to the potential for early detection, which is both theoretically feasible and highly beneficial in practice. Early detection typically correlates with a significant reduction in the risk of disfigurement, recurrence, and mortality.

This review provides a comprehensive exploration of Integrin α11 (ITGA11), a crucial cell adhesion receptor involved in diverse biological processes. Composed of α and β chains, ITGA11 forms heterodimers, with specific subtypes acting as primary receptors for native collagens. Understanding its structure, physiology, and expression, particularly in activated fibroblasts prevalent in pathological conditions including cancer, is essential. ITGA11's physiological distribution extends to developing cartilage and embryonic tissues, implicating its role in various developmental processes. In pathological conditions like cancer, ITGA11 expression is associated with poor prognoses. It significantly influences the tumor microenvironment by regulating collagen assembly and matrix remodeling, particularly through pathways such as TGF-β and Hedgehog signaling. Moreover, ITGA11 contributes to cancer progression via interconnected pathways like PI3K/AKT and PDGFBR/JNK, influencing tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Understanding ITGA11's role offers promising avenues for cancer therapy interventions, making it a key target in oncology research and clinical practice. This review underscores the importance of unraveling ITGA11's molecular mechanisms to enhance diagnostics and develop effective therapeutic strategies against cancer.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon tumor that usually appears in the major salivary glands of the head and neck region, including the minor glands in the oral cavity, sinonasal tract, and other sites. ACC of the head and neck may have a low-grade histological appearance. This malignant tumor has unusual clinical characteristics such as occasional regional lymph node metastases and a prolonged yet continuously advancing clinical course. Additionally, it is an invasive tumor with perineural invasion, difficult-to-clear margins, metastasis, and localized recurrence. The cribriform and tubular proliferation of basaloid cells, which mostly display a myoepithelial cellular phenotype, are ACC's distinct histologic characteristics. The degree of genetic alterations and aneuploidy observed in tumor genomes are linked to the severity of histologic grade, which correlates with clinical prognosis. The three predominant cell types (PCTs) i.e., conventional ACC (C-ACC), myoepithelial-predominant ACC (M-ACC), and epithelial-predominant ACC (E-ACC)—and their respective applications will be reviewed. The function of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as laminin, type IV collagen, fibronectin, and tenascin are also emphasized. An attempt has been made to explore the recent molecular diversity, regulatory pathways prevalent in PCT, ECM with its genetic changes, and translational utility with targeted therapies for ACC.

Background Forensic odontology involves the identification of individuals through dental records, making it a crucial tool in legal investigations. Non-metric dental traits (NMDT), which are variations in dental morphology play a key role as these traits are inherited characteristics that can help establish biological relationships or ancestry. Thus, we aim to assess the frequency and variability of NMDT in the human dentition of four ethnically mixed populations in Uttar Pradesh. This study can aid in the future by maintaining records of ethnic groups and their variability, which can be crucial for disaster victim management and forensic odontology. Methods The study was conducted on a total of 100 patients coming to the OPD of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology and Microbiology of King George’s Medical University from January 2022 to July 2023. Impressions of both arches were made for participants using irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate), and casts were examined under a stereomicroscope to assess 15 different morphological characteristics. Results NMDTs such as winging, shoveling, double-shoveling interruption groove, canine mesial ridge, hypocone, metacone, carabelli’s trait, peg-shaped incisors, peg-shaped molar, premolar lingual cusp variation, deflecting wrinkle, protostylid, metaconulid, entoconulid was evaluated. The NMDTS were evaluated in four different ethnics Nordics, Mediterranean, Oriental Mediterranean, and Protoaustraloid amongst which various traits showed a statistically significant variation among the population of Uttar Pradesh. Conclusion The sample studied presented confirmed supernumerary traits like metacone, protostylid, carabellis trait, metaconulid, premolar lingual cusp variation, and deflecting wrinkle were seen highest in Nordic, Mediterranean, Oriental Mediterranean, and Protoaustraloid ethnicity have a significant association with the Uttar Pradesh population

The calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) is an uncommon developmental odontogenic cyst, the oral counterpart of Malherbe's cutaneous calcifying epithelioma (pilomatricoma). This article presents two unique cases of calcifying odontogenic cysts each exhibiting distinctive histopathological features and its literature review. One case with an unexpected finding of cholesterol granuloma (CG), a rare occurrence in non-inflammatory cysts within an unusual location between two maxillary central incisors. One more instance involves the presence of a compound odontome in conjunction with COC. The cases underscore the clinical and histopathological diversity of COC and highlight the importance of radiological and histopathological assessments for accurate diagnosis. The unexpected association of COC with cholesterol granuloma challenges traditional diagnostic expectations. Additionally, the second case suggests that COCs may warrant sub-categorization to better understand their varied presentations and biological behavior. This article contributes to the expanding knowledge of COC, emphasizing the significance of documenting rare cases to enhance comprehension of its nature, pathogenesis, and oral cavity origin.

Primary oral melanoma is an exceptionally uncommon and aggressive tumor that emerges from the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity, particularly in the upper jaw (palate or alveolar gingivae). Malignant melanoma originating outside the skin is an exceedingly rare condition and is recognized as one of the most lethal neoplasms in humans. Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) constitutes approximately 1% of all melanomas and accounts for roughly 0.5% of all oral malignancies. OMM has been documented in individuals aged 20 to 80 years, with a higher incidence in males. Due to the typically painless nature of mucosal melanotic lesions in their early stages, delayed identification and subsequent treatment contribute to a poorer prognosis.

Odontogenic Keratocysts (OKCs) are known for their aggressive behavior along with rapid expansion. Subepithelial hyalinization (SEH) is one of the causes of recurrence. The ability to predict this biological behavior histologically may help medical experts choose the best course of action. To investigate the aggressiveness of odontogenic keratocyst caused by SEH and its recurrence tendency in the north Indian population, this study will link differential staining methods with immunohistochemistry biomarkers that can be used in routine investigative procedures. Consequently, the evaluation and grading of SEH were established by measuring from the basement membrane to the extent of connective tissue. The levels were correlated to Ki67, Alcian blue, and O -safranine for validation. Forty OKCs were examined for the histological investigation of SEH using the immunohistochemical marker Ki67 and differential staining with O-safranine and Alcian Blue. The histological trait of separation of epithelium from the connective tissue interface due to SEH was noted. SEH-positive cases that were evaluated with Ki67, had increased proliferative activity. The differential staining techniques were validated with Ki67, cross-tabulations in SPSS, and kappa statistic value was given to analyze the results. Spearman’s rank correlation was done between Ki67 vs Alcian blue and O-Safranine. A p value of less than < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In SEH-positive cases, a higher proliferative index was observed. Additionally, histological metrics were statistically significantly higher in SEH-positive cases. Consequently, SEH is a reliable histopathological indicator in OKC for predicting recurrence. The presence of SEH indicates that OKCs are more likely to recur.

Background The Calcifying Odontogenic Cysts (COC) displays a wide range of clinical and histopathological variations as well as diverse biological behaviors. This diversity has led to confusion and disagreement regarding the terminology and classification of this lesion. The previous classification attempts to categorize COC into two concepts. The first concept, termed "monistic," suggests that all COCs are neoplastic despite the majority being cystic in structure and seemingly non-neoplastic. The second concept, known as "dualistic," posits that COC comprises two distinct entities: a cyst and a neoplasm. This research discusses various previous classifications of COC found in the literature and proposes a new, straightforward universal classification based solely on histopathology, aiming to facilitate understanding for surgeons. Material and Methods Fifteen cases of COC have been collected with clinicopathological parameters including detailed information regarding patient demographics, symptoms, anatomical site, radiological characteristics, duration of evolution, recurrence, and types of histopathology according to the proposed classification. Result A total of fifteen cases of COC were analyzed. According to the histological analysis of the proposed classification Type 1: 5 (33.3), Type II: 4 (26.6), Type III: 3(20), and Type IV:3(20) and recurrence in 3 (20%) of cases. Conclusion It simplifies the complexities arising from variations in the cystic linings of type IV of COC, which can be overlooked and have caused recurrence in the current research. Therefore, the key requirement for arriving at a validated and practical conclusion lies in the accurate histological classification of calcifying odontogenic cysts and their impact on treatment.

BACKGROUND:Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a commonly occurring malignancy with complex genetic alterations contributing to its development. The H-Ras, a proto-oncogene, becomes an oncogene when mutated and has been implicated in various cancers. This systematic review aims to research to what extent H-Ras expression and mutation contribute to the development and progression of OSCC, and how does this molecular alteration impacts the clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with OSCC.METHODS:A thorough electronic scientific literature search was carried out in PUBMED, SCOPUS, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR databases from 2007 to 2021. The search strategy yielded 120 articles. Following aggregation and filtering all results through our inclusion and exclusion criteria total 9 articles were included in our literature review. It has also been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023485202).RESULTS:It was found that mutations in the Ras gene commonly reported in hotspots at codons 12, 13, and 61 resulting in the activation of downstream signaling pathways causing abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. This systematic review has shown an increased prevalence of H-Ras mutation in well-differentiated OSCC and also the prevalence of H-Ras mutation in individuals engaging in multiple risk behaviors, particularly chewing tobacco, demonstrated a significant association with a higher prevalence of H-Ras positivity.CONCLUSION:This review sheds light on the prevalence of H-Ras mutations, their association with clinical characteristics, and their potential implications for OSCC prognosis. It also enhances our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that underlie OSCC and paves the way for further research into targeted treatments based on H-Ras alterations.

Background: Bone is a biological complex structure primarily comprising collagen and minerals. It is important to demineralize these mineralized tissues to remove their calcium apatite crystals for analysing the sub-cellular, cellular, and fibrillar architecture. Six demineralizing agents’ efficacy was examined by assessing their duration, ease of handling tissue, staining, and histological criteria. The present study aimed to evaluate six commonly used demineralizing agents to identify the best decalcifying agent. Methods: Twenty resected hard tissue specimens (1 cm × 1 cm x 1 cm) from the archives were used in the study. These segments were decalcified by solutions namely 10% nitric acid, 10% formic acid, 14% ethylene di amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), a mixture of formic acid and hydrochloric acid (formic + HCL) 4% each, and a mixture of formic acid and nitric acid 4% each (formic + HNO3), 10% formal nitric acid further subjected to radiographic endpoint test. Results: The present study confirmed the fact that samples treated with EDTA showed the best overall impression in terms of tissue integrity and histology followed by 10% formal nitric acid which gave fairly good cellular details and was also rapid in the action. Conclusions: Based on the present study findings, we suggest that 10% formal nitric acid is the better decalcifying agent available, considering time and tissue integrity as two main factors.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is a transcriptional protein that has been extensively researched in human cancers whose overexpression is found to be associated with unfavorable prognosis. Contemporary studies have proved its vital role in ameloblastoma by correlating its expression with the aggressiveness of the tumor. Therefore, an attempt was made to explore its significance in the malignant transformation and prognosis of ameloblastoma. The present systematic review aimed to understand the impact of HIF-1α in AMB which might lead to favorable outcomes in the treatment. An electronic search was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, Cochrane library, and EMBASE databases. Original articles from all languages involving HIF-1α in AMB were scrutinized by two independent authors. Data were compiled and tabulated in Microsoft Excel and the Risk of bias was analyzed using the JBI tool. Twelve eligible articles were included for the quantitative analysis comprising 305 cases of AMB in which HIF-1α expression was studied for various characteristics like pattern, intensity, and site of immunoexpression which were found to be increased with an increase in the aggressiveness of AMB. It was concluded that HIF-1α is proven to have a crucial role in the progression and aggressiveness of AMB. Extended research regarding the crucial role of HIF-1α in the initiation of tumors and therapies aiming at HIF-1α in AMB cases might show promising outcomes in the future.