Inspired by the structure of diatoms, three kinds of organoalkoxysilanes were chosen to construct “silica encapsulated liposome” materials, to increase the physical stability and expand the functionality of the liposomes. The natural lipid bilayer organization of phospholipids was used to spatially localize hydrophobic organoalkoxysilanols, 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS), 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), and Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The different ways of co-organization of the hydrolyzed products of organoalkoxysilanes, silanols, with lipid bilayers were deeply explored. In-situ silicification process of the three precursor inner lipid bilayers was monitored by fluorescence probe technique and CV, which yields detailed information. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was adopted to provide nanoscale information about the specific position of silanols inner the phospholipid bilayer, and the distance of R-Si-OH to the bilayer center was analyzed through density profiles. Based on the above results, the molecular pre-assembly model was proposed and used to explain the influence of silicification on the properties and functions of liposomes of liposomes. This study provides a new route to design silica-coated liposomes with various functional moieties, including hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic counterparts, which might help improve the stability and targeting of liposomes during clinical use.

The large-scale implementation of direct ethylene glycol fuel cells (DEGFCs) relies on the design of catalysts that possess exceptional activity, durability, and efficient C-C bond breaking ability. However, Pt and Pd-based nanomaterials continue to face challenges of low selectivity and slow reaction kinetics in driving the complete oxidation of ethylene glycol to CO2. In this work, a facile one-pot reduction method is reported for controllable synthesis of PtBi nanodendrites (PtBi-NDs) composed of ultrathin bimetallene subunits. In alkaline media, the composition optimized PtBi-NDs demonstrate outstanding activity and strong resistance to CO poisoning during the ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR). The PtBi-NDs show 5.8-fold higher mass activity, enhanced stability, and superior C1 selectivity relative to commercial Pt nanoparticles (Pt c-NCs). Most strikingly, PtBi-NDs deliver a higher power density (8.3 mW cm-2 ) than Pt c-NCs in DEGFCs. The theoretical analysis and experimental measurements explain that the introduction of Bi element into Pt induces d-p orbital hybridization and promotes electron transfer from Bi to Pt, thereby facilitating C-C bond cleavage and boosting EGOR kinetics. This work establishes an effective strategy for constructing Pt-based ultrathin bimetallenes and offers fundamental insights into boosting EGOR performance via d-p orbital hybridization.

Bronze relics and artworks are highly susceptible to corrosion due to electrochemical and environmental factors. In this work, a two-step treatment strategy was proposed for efficient anti-corrosion protection of bronze, involving first constructing a hybrid sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) coating on the polished bronze alloy (BS) surface, followed by sealing with Paraloid B-72 (B-72). A hybrid Na2MoO4 coating with a unique "lawn like" morphology, as confirmed by SEM, was fabricated by immersing BS in a mixed solution of glycine and Na2MoO4 (molar ratio of 1:4) at 40 degrees C for 3 days. The role of glycine as a crosslinking agent, forming hydrogen bonds with molybdate and coordinating with copper ions, was verified by FTIR, XRD and XPS analysis. The hybrid coating achieved a higher corrosion inhibition efficiency (eta=87.7 %) than that of Na2MoO4 treatment (46.6 %), measured by potentiodynamic polarization tests in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. It also has a high surface roughness (Sdr = 15.4), measured by a LSCM, providing an ideal interface for subsequent B-72 sealing. After sealing with 15 wt% B-72/acetone, the eta of the composite coating was further increased to 93.9 %, higher than that of B-72 treatment alone (81.8 %). Through 30 day immersion experiments, it showed good anti-corrosion effects against acid, alkali and salt, which is owing to its high hydrophobicity (WCA = 120 degrees) and firm adhesion (Grade 1, determined by cross-cut test). Therefore, this work will provide valuable reference for the efficient protection of rust-free bronze relics and artworks.

Hydrophilic cellulose derivatives have been widely used in the reinforcement of aged paper documents, but their impact on the durability of treated paper has not received sufficient attention. In this work, hydrophilic cationic cellulose (CMCC) and alkyl ketene dimer grafted cationic cellulose (AKD-g-CMCC) were used for comparative evaluation of anti-aging performance of treated acidified paper. The results indicate that CMCC treatment can more effectively improve the mechanical properties of acidified paper in the initial stage, but its wet-heat aging resistance is inferior to AKD-g-CMCC treatment. This is because hydrophilic CMCC is more prone to moisture absorption and oxidation in humid and heat environments, which further accelerating the oxidation and acid hydrolysis rates of cellulose in its reinforced paper. After AKD grafting, the alkyl chain segments form hydrophobic interfaces, effectively reducing the moisture absorption and oxidation of CMCC in high humidity environments. Moreover, it also strengthens the surface hydrophobicity and reduces air permeability of the treated paper, delaying the oxidation and acid hydrolysis rates of cellulose in acidified paper by blocking the invasion of water and oxygen. Therefore, this study will provide important references for the selection of reinforcement materials for paper documents. (c) 2025 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Several Shang and Zhou Dynasty oracle plastrons from the Taijiasi Site (Funan, Anhui, China) exhibit random flake- or patch-like surface black deposits unlikely induced by burning or pyromancy. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) identified the elements causing the black color as Fe and Mn. The chromogenic mechanisms were explored via micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF) mapping analysis of the distribution of Fe, Mn, Al, etc. The Fe ions likely existed as trivalent oxide precipitates and Mn4+ in its typical coordination mode in oxides. Thus, the black discoloration resulted from the enriched Mn and Fe, oxidation-reduction reactions, and microbial activities in the burial environment. Colloidal form Mn4+ and Fe3+ adsorbed on the plastron surface and complexed with humic acids from organic matter degradation to significantly darken the color. The results could effectively support the research, conservation, and restoration of oracle plastrons.

Addressing the dual challenge of water pollution and high energy costs in treatment processes, this study reports an integrated electrochemical system engineered for simultaneous pollutant removal and resource recovery. We designed a bifunctional electrocatalyst, plasmonic Au nanoparticles loaded on MoS2 nanoflowers (Au@MoS2 NFs), and implemented it in a novel reactor configuration that couples nitrite reduction (NO2RR) with sulfur ion oxidation (SOR). This process design is the key to overcoming the primary economic barrier of traditional electrolysis: by replacing the energy-intensive oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with thermodynamically favorable SOR, we achieve an operational voltage reduction of 1.48 V. Further process optimization was achieved by integrating solar energy, where plasmonic enhancement boosted ammonia yield to 4.9 mg h(-1) mgcat (similar to 100 % FE), a 25 % increase that lowers the overall energy input. This work demonstrates an economically attractive engineering solution, transforming a waste stream into valuable ammonia and sulfur with significant energy savings and robust stability under practical, intermittent conditions.

Redefining interfacial adhesion under harsh environmental conditions is crucial for the restoration of cultural heritage materials. In this work, we designed and synthesised a novel class of linear ionic polyurethanes (LIPUs) by incorporating ionic liquid segments into the polyurethane backbone. This approach enhances their wetting properties on various materials while maintaining cohesive strength through urethane bonds. Using a supramolecular combinatorial strategy that integrates multiple components, we precisely modulate intermolecular interactions-such as hydrogen bonding, pi-pi stacking, cation-pi and electrostatic forces-between the LIPUs and functional additives, effectively addressing key challenges in interfacial adhesion. This combination significantly increases adhesion strength from 12.00 MPa for pure LIPUs to 26.00 MPa for the composites exhibiting exceptional stability in environments such as water, organic solvents and liquid nitrogen (adhesion maintained between 11.43 and 23.46 MPa). These advancements outperform pure LIPUs (0-4.97 MPa) and previously reported supramolecular adhesives. Furthermore, this adhesive system demonstrates remarkable potential for repairing cultural heritage artifacts, including paper, mud maid sculptures, ceramics and jade stones, providing a robust and versatile foundation for the next generation of adhesive designs in cultural heritage conservation.

Inorganic molybdate corrosion inhibitors have broad application prospects in conserving metal cultural relics due to their environmentally friendly, low toxicity, and high efficiency properties. This study used sodium molybdate solutions of varying concentrations to construct corrosion inhibiting conversion films on bronze surfaces via chemical deposition. These films' composition, structure, and performance were systematically investigated using electrochemical testing and XPS depth profiling. Experimental results showed that after 1 day of immersion, the bronze sample treated with 0.2 mol L-1 sodium molybdate solution exhibited a relatively high corrosion inhibition efficiency of approximately 50%. In contrast, samples treated with lower concentrations (0. 02 and 0.05 mol L-1) demonstrated lower efficiencies. With prolonged immersion, the inhibition efficiency of samples treated with 0.2 and 0.5 mol L-1 solutions gradually decreased, while those treated with 0.02 and 0.05 mol L-1 solutions initially increased before subsequently decreasing. XPS depth profiling analysis revealed that within the 1. 255. 00 m depth range, redox reactions occurred, forming metal oxides such as SnO2, CuO, Cu2O, and MoO2. Specifically, Cu exhibited a layered distribution, transitioning from an outer Cu2O layer to an intermediate CuO+CuO transition layer and finally to an inner CuO layer. Mo existed predominantly as MoO(4 )(2-)in the outer film and gradually converted into a mixed form of MoO2; and Moo, in the inner layers, with molybdate ions being reduced to MoO2. Additionally, treated samples exhibited a noticeable color change due to the molybdenum blue phenomenon. After 3 days of immersion, the AE color difference of the sample treated with 0. 2 mol L sodium molybdate solution was approximately 25, whereas that of the sample treated with 0.5 mol L solution was about 46. This study elucidates the chemical composition and structural characteristics of molybdate-based corrosion inhibiting conversion films on bronze surfaces, providing valuable insights into their application in conserving metal cultural relics.

In this paper, a scientific experimental study was conducted on the green-gray decorative bricks used in the walls of ancient dwellings from the Qing Dynasty in Southern Anhui Province to deepen the scientific understanding of their production process. Utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the study explored the characteristics of the green-gray decorative bricks in terms of their micro-morphology, material composition, structural features, and firing temperature. The results indicated that the firing temperature of the finished bricks was lower than 600 degrees C. Although the finished bricks exhibited different color cross-sections, their mineral compositions were fundamentally similar, primarily consisting of quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, and amphibole. Additionally, the significant variation in iron content accounts for the differences in brick color. These findings provide scientific guidance for the restoration of the production process of decorative bricks.

Metal cultural relics are an extremely important category of historical and cultural heritage. However, they are highly susceptible to various factors in soil burial or atmospheric environments, leading to severe corrosion. In this work, we developed a novel method for preparing a three-dimensional network protective film on metal cultural relics. 10 mL n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane was added first to form a porous network via hydrolysis-condensation, followed by injecting 0.036% hydrophilic gas-phase micro-SiO2 to construct a dense three-dimensional film, achieving 98.75% corrosion inhibition efficiency on simulated bronze. Based on self-assembly film technology, this method features safety, efficiency, and convenience. It avoids using corrosion inhibitors for well-preserved metal relics like bronze wares, offering new insights and protection methods for surface treatment of various metal relics and materials in museum collections.

Deacidification is a necessary and urgent means of protecting acidified paper documents. However, the contradiction between deacidification efficiency and uniformity in existing aqueous or organic phase deacidification methods has not been resolved yet, which is mainly attributed to the differences in capillary action of paper on solvents with different polarities. In this work, a strategy of two-phase deacidification was proposed to achieve efficient and uniform deacidification and long-lasting aging resistance. Impregnation of nano magnesium oxide organic dispersion of deacidified paper achieved efficient batch deacidification and sufficient alkali reserve. Using ultrasonic atomization of saturated calcium hydroxide aqueous solution, the penetration of alkaline substances into paper promoted uniform deacidification based on strong capillary action. Meanwhile, microstructural reinforcement of paper fibers was achieved based on the multiple interactions. This method can endow the treated paper with better thermal stability and long-lasting aging resistance. After artificial accelerated aging for 30 d, the treated paper samples still maintained the highest tensile index (18.46 Nm/g), folding endurance (8.5 times), tear index (3.95 mN·m2/g) and displayed negligible chromatic aberration (∆E = 2.46 ± 0.21). This method greatly extends the lifespan of acidified paper, which has significant value for the protection of paper documents.

The gluconic acid electroreduction reaction (GAER) coupled with renewable energy is a carbon-free and highly promising biomass utilization route. However, this process still suffers from low conversion efficiency and poor selectivity due to the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. Some organic amine molecules can not only serve as surfactants to synthesize noble-metal based catalysts with special morphologies, but also can further optimize the catalytic activity of metal surfaces by modulating their electronic structure. Herein, polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized gold nanodendrites (PEI-Au NDs) are applied as an efficient electrocatalyst for GAER, in which the production rate and Faradaic efficiency of glucose on PEI-Au NDs reaches to 9.86 mu g h-1 mgcata 0.80 V vs. RHE, respectively. The mechanism study through density functional theory calculations reveals that the adsorbed PEI molecule exhibits an electron donating-effect, which can promote the adsorption process of gluconic acid molecules on the Au(1 1 1) plane and the subsequent reduction process. This work offers a novel pathway to rational regulate the adsorption properties and electronic structures of noble metal-based electrocatalysts through chemical functionalization strategy.

新疆青铜早期人类活动的季节性研究为探索农牧业经济的形成与发展提供重要依据.本文对新疆青铜早期小河墓地、北方墓地与铁板河下游发现的多种生物遗存（人牙和发,动物毛、骨和角）进行了碳、氮稳定同位素(δ 13 C和δ 15 N)分析与加速器质谱 14 C测年.结果显示,小河墓地先民食物的δ 15 N值（7.7‰±1.3‰）位于植食性家畜（4.7‰±1.2‰）与肉食性伶鼬（11.5‰±1.3‰）之间,表明植物性食物在先民食谱中的重要地位,为青铜早期罗布泊地区农业的初步发展提供新证据;北方墓地人发较高的δ 13 C值（-14.7‰±2.5‰）反映了小河文化人群向西扩张至塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的河流绿洲区域时黍作农业得到发展.羊角（1942～1763 BC）与人发序列δ 13 C和δ 15 N值呈现明显的周期性变化规律,其年际与季节性最大差异分别为1.7‰和3.4‰（羊角）与1.8‰和2.5‰（人发）,先民与家畜的食谱可能存在不同农作物的季节性补给.伶鼬骨与毛δ 13 C和δ 15 N值的差异分别为2.0‰和1.6‰,主要与不同时期（或季节）个体食谱差异有关.结合新疆青铜至铁器时代不同遗址羊的δ 13 C和δ 15 N值,羊灵活的摄食行为与多样化饲养方式使其具有较强的环境适应能力,可能对新疆早期畜牧业结构的形成与发展产生重要影响.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hold great promise for rechargeable batteries. However, the synthesis of COFs with abundant active sites, excellent stability, and increased conductivity remains a challenge. Here, chemically stable fully sp 2 carbon-conjugated COFs (sp 2 c-COFs) with multiple active sites are designed by the polymerization of benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b′:5,6-b′′]trithiophene-2,5,8-tricarbaldehyde) (BTT) and s-indacene-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone (ICTO) (denoted as BTT-ICTO). The morphology and structure of the COF are precisely regulated from “butterfly-shaped” to “cable-like” through an in situ controllable growth strategy, significantly promoting the exposure and utilization of active sites. When the unique “cable-like” BTT-ICTO@CNT is employed as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode, it exhibits exceptional capacity (396 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 with 97.9 % active sites utilization rate), superb rate capacity (227 mAh g −1 at 5.0 A g −1 ), and excellent cycling performance (184 mAh g −1 over 8000 cycles at 2.0 A g −1 with 0.00365 % decay rate per cycle). The lithium storage mechanism of BTT-ICTO is exhaustively revealed by in situ Fourier transform infrared, in situ Raman, and density functional theory calculations. This work provides in-depth insights into fully sp 2 c-COFs with multiple active sites for high-performance LIBs.

We present a strategy that effectively modulate the d-band electronic structure of the active center by strain effect and interatomic orbital hybridization. This strategy efficiently promotes the kinetic process of the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in alkaline media. In the intermetallic Pd3Pb nanowires, the introduction of Pb not only causes the lattice expansion of Pd but also achieves the interatomic orbital hybridization bonding with Pd. Such interatomic orbital hybridization effect and tensile strain effect can effectively achieve a co-regulation of the d-band electronic structure of Pd, which directly affects the adsorption behavior of intermediate on Pd for EOR. Hence, the intermetallic Pd3Pb nanowires demonstrate enhanced EOR activity and anti-poisoning ability against COads. Theoretical calculations show that the enhanced OH* adsorption ability and the low energy barrier for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol are the keys to high EOR activity and stability of the intermetallic Pd3Pb nanowires.

Constructing inorganic adhesive to bond the broken fragments that for that meet the requirements of restoration of cultural relics is still challenging. In response to this problem, a new design of nano-clay/aluminum phosphate adhesive and the preparation of corresponding material were proposed. An orthogonal experiment L25 (53）was conducted to optimize the ratio of the adhesives. The composite adhesive was characterized and the bonding efficiencies of mimicking terracotta figurine were evaluated. Based on the above experiments, the composite adhesive with attractive mechanical properties is mainly based on the Si–O–P, Al–O–P covalent bond and hydrogen bond interactions between nano-clay surface and aluminum phosphate. The proposed inorganic adhesive has advantages in similarity with the raw materials of the restored cultural relics, easy control of bonding course, durability, and environmental friendliness, which represents a potential utility of this adhesive in the restoration of earthenware relics.

Small-molecule electrooxidation-boosted water electrolysis (WE) is an energy-saving method for hydrogen (H-2) production. Herein, PdPt bimetallenes (PdPt BMLs) are obtained through the simple galvanic replacement reaction. PdPt BMLs reveal 2.93-fold enhancement in intrinsic electroactivity and 4.53-fold enhancement in mass electroactivity for the formate oxidation reaction (FOR) with respect to Pd metallenes (Pd MLs) at 0.50 V potential due to the synergistic effect. Meanwhile, the introduction of Pt atoms also considerably increases the electroactivity of PdPt BMLs for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with respect to Pd MLs in an alkaline medium, which even exceeds that with the use of commercial Pt nanocrystals. Inspired by the outstanding FOR and HER electroactivity of bifunctional PdPt BMLs, a two-electrode FOR-boosted WE system (FOR-WE) is constructed by using PdPt BMLs as the cathode and the anode. The FOR-WE system only requires an operational voltage of 0.31 V to achieve H-2 production, which is 1.48 V lower than that (ca. 1.79 V) with the use of the traditional WE system.

文物保护是坚定文化自信的重要保障,合理利用文物是坚定文化自信的有效途径.目前,《文物保护和科技创新规划》已经正式列入国家十四五规划,文物保护学科建设迎来重大历史发展契机.针对文物保护学科的学科交叉属性和实践应用型特点,论文围绕青铜器反相微乳液脱氯新技术构建了融合STS教育理念(Sci-entific Technology&Society)的文物保护工程案例.文物保护工程案例不仅能够推动创新型文物保护技术成果转化、加快文物保护学科知识储备,亦能完善学科培养体系,在培养学生的科学知识、技能、方法和思维方法之时,厚植学生爱国主义情怀,增强学生历史责任感和使命感.

A famous winged sandstone sculpture named Bixie of the Wei and Jin Dynasties (220 ~ 420 AD) is placed on the right side of the Chongqing Three Gorges Museum, accompanied by serious weathering on its surface. To explore the structural and compositional pro

The Xi'an City Wall was built in the early Ming Dynasty not only as a traditional defensive facility in the past but also as a landmark of Xi'an City at present. This huge building was a kind of brick-soil composite structure with a rammed earth wall core wrapped by large blue bricks approximately 45.0 cm long, 22.5 cm wide, 9.5 to 10.0 cm thick. In this paper, a brick sample stamped with "Qianwei" (Named the Ming brick), a government agency of the Wei-so system of the Chinese Ming Dynasty and four brick samples of the Chinese Qing Dynasty (Named the Qing brick) from the Xi'an city wall were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), the TESCAN integrated mineral analyzer (TIMA), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and other detection methods to study their composition, structure and properties, etc. Through analysis of the microphase species, the main components of alumosilicates-mixture and quartz including small amounts of albite, plagioclase, calcite and other minerals, were confirmed in historical brick samples. Meantime, the fine mineral particles were detected in brick samples resulting from the refined process of the clay raw material not only to reduce the mineral particle size but also to remove the organic material, soluble salts, etc., with the purpose of making wall bricks with high density and small porosity. This study provides important references about the composition, structure and property of historical wall bricks, which is conducive to recognizing their manufacturing technology and protection. (c) 2023 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.