In the quest for sustainable solutions, a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors was developed from agricultural waste (AW). The study used a one-pot greener approach to create a SiO2 mixed carbon nanomaterial (SiO2@CNM) from AW at 240 degrees C. This nanomaterial, with its high surface area and porous sheet-like structure, was evaluated for supercapacitive behavior using three different electrolytes: 1 M H2SO4, 1 M KOH, and 1 M Na2SO4. The synthesized material showed exceptional specific capacitance, achieving 679.9 Fg-1 at current density of 0.5 Ag-1 with 1 M H2SO4 in a three-electrode system. When configured into a symmetrical supercapacitor in a two-electrode system, SiO2@CNM in 1MH2SO4 delivered a specific capacitance of 371.8 Fg-1 at 1 Ag-1. This electrode-electrolyte configuration achieved an energy density of 51.64 Whkg-1 and a power density of 249.97 Wkg-1 at 0.5 Ag-1. Notably, the material retained over 80 % capacitance after 5000 charge discharge cycles, making SiO2@CNM a promising candidate for energy storage applications. The performance with 1 M H2SO4 surpassed other electrolytes, highlighting SiO2@CNM's potential as an efficient material for supercapacitor applications. Furthermore, to complement these experimental findings, different machine learning (ML) regression models viz. Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost and AdaBoost were employed to determine the importance of parameters such as scan rate and current density in estimating specific capaci-tance. Feature importance analysis identified scan rate as the most significant factor influencing specific capacitance, providing a framework for predicting and optimizing operational conditions and synthesis parameters.

The sustainable development of high-performance materials from renewable resources has gained substantial attention in recent years. In this study, biochar was synthesized from agricultural waste i.e. bamboo waste (WBB) via a green route and subsequently functionalized with ammonium persulfate (APS) to improve dispersion and interfacial bonding. The functionalized bamboo waste biochar was incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to fabricate nanocomposites with enhanced structural properties. Comprehensive characterization was carried out using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy to confirm successful functionalization and uniform distribution of WBB within the PVA matrix. Mechanical testing revealed significant improvements in tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and toughness, demonstrating the reinforcing effect of APS-functionalized waste bamboo biochar (WBFB). Thermal stability analysis confirmed enhanced resistance to degradation, further validating the material’s suitability for engineering applications. The results revealed that the incorporation of WBFB significantly enhanced the performance of PVA. At an optimal biochar loading of 5 wt

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 (SLAMF1/CD150) is a multifunctional receptor that regulates both innate and adaptive immunity. Through homophilic interactions and SAP-dependent signaling, SLAMF1 supports invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell selection, γδ T cell polarization, and natural killer (NK) cell education. It also modulates germinal center dynamics and humoral responses, often in cooperation with other SLAM receptors. Beyond lymphoid compartments, SLAMF1 functions as a microbial sensor in macrophages, promotes phagosome maturation, reactive oxygen species production, and regulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated pathways, thereby linking innate recognition to antimicrobial defense. Dysregulation of SLAMF1 has been implicated in diverse pathological conditions. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, its loss associates with genomic instability, poor outcomes, and therapy resistance, while in trophoblastic tumors and renal cell carcinoma, elevated expression sustains tumor survival and progression. In autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, SLAMF1 drives pathogenic T-B collaboration and chronic inflammation. Infectious disease studies further highlight its role as both a pathogen sensor and viral entry receptor. Recent therapeutic advances, including SLAMF1-derived peptides, offer innovative strategies for modulating inflammation, protecting against cardiac injury, and selectively inducing tumor cell apoptosis. These findings establish SLAMF1 as a biomarker and promising therapeutic target, warranting further translational investigation.

The viscosity of nano-polyethylene glycol (PEG) composites, shaped by molecular and environmental factors, is critical for optimizing their performance in various industrial applications, demanding precise predictive models. This research develops a refined Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) model, enhanced through four sophisticated optimization techniques: Batch Bayesian Optimization (BBO), Evolution Strategies (ES), Bayesian Probability Improvement (BPI), and Gaussian Processes Optimization (GPO). The model utilizes a dataset of 229 experimental data points, with 90

Sulfur-based quantum dots (S-QDs) have emerged as a transformative nanomaterial in environmental sensing due to their unique optical, electronic, and surface properties. This review highlights the latest advancements in the synthesis of S-QDs, including hydrothermal, solvothermal, and chemical vapor deposition techniques, with an emphasis on tailoring their properties for specific applications. Key characterization methods, such as spectroscopy and structural and surface analyses, are discussed to elucidate the factors influencing their performance. The optical and electronic properties of S-QDs, including their quantum yield and stability, are evaluated for their effectiveness in detecting heavy metals, organic pollutants, and gases. Challenges such as potential toxicity, environmental impact, and stability under real-world conditions are critically analyzed, alongside strategies for integrating S-QDs into scalable sensing platforms. The review concludes by exploring emerging trends, including green synthesis, hybrid nanomaterials, and multifunctional S-QDs, which hold promise for advancing environmental monitoring technologies and promoting sustainable development.

A highly efficient magnetic nanocatalyst has been developed by covalently grafting a Pd(0)-Sb@A complex onto a silica-coated nickel ferrite support. This innovative nanocatalyst has been thoroughly analyzed using various techniques, including FT-IR, VSM, XRD, ICP, EDX, XPS, TEM, and FE-SEM. Its performance was then evaluated in the synthesis of symmetrical sulfides and unsymmetrical ether derivatives. Key advantages of this approach include high product yields, reduced reaction times, straightforward synthesis, easy magnetic separation, and excellent catalyst recoverability, maintaining activity for at least four cycles without notable degradation.

High-surface-area carbon-based materials have proven to be outstanding biodegradable and biocompatible platforms for heterogeneous catalysis, particularly in immobilizing active metal species. In this research, a new material was developed, featuring surface-functionalized KIT-6 mesoporous carbon, which has not been reported previously. The material integrates palladium (Pd) nanoparticles prepared in situ through a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient approach. Extensive characterization of the synthesized nanomaterial was carried out using advanced techniques such as EDS, BET, TGA, SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and ICP-OES. This catalyst demonstrated exceptional catalytic activity and stability in the oxidative esterification of various aryl aldehydes with methanol. The protocol offers several advantages, including the reusability of the catalyst, mild reaction conditions, the use of a green solvent, high turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequencies (TOF h-1), excellent product yields ranging from 79 % to 98 %, and short reaction times of just 2 to 6 h Furthermore, the catalyst maintained its efficiency over five consecutive runs without any significant decline in performance.

The Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule (SLAM) family receptors play essential roles in regulating immune cell activation, differentiation, and communication. SLAMF5, also known as CD84, has drawn increasing attention in cancer immunology due to its involvement in both tumor progression and immune modulation. This review explores the expression patterns, signaling mechanisms, and functional roles of SLAMF5/CD84 within the tumor microenvironment. SLAMF5/CD84 is expressed on multiple immune cell types and contributes to immune evasion by enhancing regulatory B cell function, promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion, and upregulating immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-L1. Its expression has been implicated in various hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and triple-negative breast cancer. Emerging therapeutic approaches targeting SLAMF5/CD84-such as monoclonal antibodies and CAR T-cell therapies-offer promising strategies to counteract immunosuppression and improve treatment outcomes. By highlighting recent findings and therapeutic developments, this review underscores the significance of SLAMF5/CD84 as both a prognostic biomarker and a novel target in cancer immunotherapy. Understanding SLAMF5/CD84's multifaceted roles in the tumor immune landscape could support the development of more effective and personalized cancer treatment strategies.

Zeta potential plays a crucial role in determining the wettability and stability of clay particles in porous media, impacting their behavior when interacting with fluids. The present study aimed to address the problem of accurate estimation of zeta potential values for diverse clay particles within various brine samples using advanced machine learning techniques. Methods including decision tree, random forest, adaptive boosting, K-nearest neighbors, convolutional neural networks, and ensemble learning were employed to predict zeta potential based on input parameters such as clay type (kaolinite, chlorite, illite, and smectite), total dissolved solids, pH, and ionic strength. The leverage method was used to identify outliers within the dataset, while a sensitivity analysis quantified the influence of input factors. The training process employed k-fold cross-validation to minimize overfitting. Results revealed adaptive boosting as the most effective approach, achieving high prediction accuracy and minimal error values. Sensitivity analysis identified pH as the dominant factor reducing zeta potential magnitude, while ionic strength and total dissolved solids enhanced zeta potential. The findings contribute significantly to understanding clay-fluid interactions and provide a robust computational framework for industrial applications.

Discovering suitable anode materials that have exceptional electrochemical properties for Ca-ion batteries (CIBs) is seen as a major challenge for both the academic and industry research sectors. In this study, we aim to investigate the effectiveness of a recently developed 2-dimensional material called orthorhombic dialuminium dinitride (o-Al2N2) as a potential negative electrode for CIB using first-principles computations. The data obtained demonstrate that o-Al2N2 possesses a low kinetic diffusion barrier of 0.19 eV, a significant specific capacity of 649 mAhg-1, and operates at a voltage of about 0.231 V. The outcomes demonstrate that orthorhombic Al2N2 monolayer is a highly suitable anode material for CIBs due to its remarkable theoretical capacity, rapid Ca diffusion, strong binding energy with lithium adsorbent, and excellent structural stability. Exceptional characteristics of the 2D o-Al2N2 monolayer make it one of the top options for the anode component in future rechargeable CIBs.

The persistent non-biodegradable nature of plastic highlights the urgent need for effective waste management and resource conservation, underscoring the crucial importance of recycling and upcycling within a cradle-to-cradle framework. This research introduces an eco-friendly and straightforward upcycling process for plastic waste, which produces significant quantities of reduced graphene oxide through a carefully designed 2-stage pyrolysis method. To enhance the electrochemical properties of the reduced graphene oxide, they were doped with heteroatoms (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) via a hydrothermal route. Also, as the nature of the electrolyte plays a significant role in electrochemical analysis, a comparative evaluation of the supercapacitive performance of the heteroatom-doped reduced graphene oxide was conducted across various aqueous electrolytes, including 1 M H2SO4, 6 M KOH, and 2 M KCl, as well as hydrogel polymer electrolytes such as 1 M H2SO4/1 M PVA, 2 M KCl/1 M PVA, and 6 M KOH/1 M PVA. Our results demonstrate that synthesized material from waste plastic exhibits excellent performance, particularly when combined with a 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte, achieving the highest specific capacitance of 407.6 F/g. In conclusion, this study presents a cost-effective and sustainable approach to promoting a circular economy by repurposing waste plastic for energy storage applications.

This study investigates the effectiveness of pristine and aluminum-doped T-graphene (TG) nanosheets as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) sensors. Al doping modifies the electronic characteristics and reactivity of the TG, dramatically enhancing their sensing capabilities. Al-TG demonstrates a strong affinity for HCN (-16.6 kcal & sdot;mol- 1) and a significant alteration in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, measured at 13.7 %. This nanostructure exhibits a commendable recovery time of only 1.6 s, a key factor for real-time, on-site detection. This rapid recovery, combined with the strong binding affinity, makes Al-doped TG a promising candidate for developing highly sensitive and responsive HCN sensors. Natural bond orbital analysis emphasizes the critical role of charge transfer during adsorption. Furthermore, atoms in molecules analysis categorizes the nature of these interactions as partially covalent. These results pave the way for developing practical, portable, and cost-effective HCN sensors for diverse applications, ranging from industrial safety monitoring to environmental protection.

The rational engineering of TiO₂-based nanostructures plays a pivotal role in enhancing the redox performance of these materials in both electrocatalytic and photocatalytic systems. This review critically explores recent advances in synthetic strategies, morphological control, and compositional tuning of TiO₂-based nanomaterials, emphasizing their role in energy conversion. Particular attention is given to the performance of TiO₂-based nanostructures in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR). Key parameters such as size, exposed facets, porosity, and surface states are discussed in relation to their impact on charge transport, light absorption, and active site accessibility. This work systematically examines the mechanistic and parametric contributions of TiO₂-based nanocomposites, elucidating how tailored structures govern charge separation, surface reaction kinetics, and intermediate stabilization in redox processes. For the first time, this review consolidates the electrocatalytic and photocatalytic potential of TiO₂-based nanostructures in energy-related redox processes, providing a cohesive framework to steer the development of advanced catalysts. Furthermore, it addresses challenges, advancements, and future potential of these nanocomposites, highlighting scalable synthesis and integration strategies for sustainable energy applications.

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating the development of innovative and biocompatible therapeutic platforms. This study was motivated by the need to create a multifunctional hydrogel that combines natural polymers and metal–organic frameworks for enhanced anticancer efficacy without external drug loading. Accordingly, a novel composite hydrogel was synthesized using oxidized chitosan, fish collagen peptides, and iridium-based metal–organic frameworks (Ir-MOF). The structure and properties of the hydrogel were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, revealing a high-specific surface area (37 m2/g), nanoscale crystallite size (79 nm), and thermal stability up to 200°C. Biological evaluation against MCF-7 breast cancer cells demonstrated significant cytotoxicity, with an IC50 of 156 μg/mL and 24

In this work, we report the development of a novel Fe3O4@SiO2-Diol/AQ-Pd(0) nanocomposite catalyst for the eco-friendly synthesis of thioesters via a one-pot, three-component thiocarbonylation-coupling reaction. This method efficiently synthesizes thioesters by reacting aryl iodides and aryl thiols, using Mo(CO)6 as a solid carbonyl source. The nanocomposite catalyst can be simply recovered, reused, and utilized for up to 8 cycles without decreasing the effectiveness of this catalytic system, thereby minimizing environmental impact. The catalyst was synthesized through a simple, mild method, with its structure validated by various analytical techniques. SEM and TEM analyses confirmed the nanoparticles' spherical shape and nanometer size, while XRD and VSM analyses ensured their structural integrity and strong magnetic properties. Our protocol exhibits remarkable functional group tolerance and delivers high yields of thioesters (82-98 %) under mild reaction conditions. More importantly, our approach enhances safety and sustainability in catalytic processes by eliminating the need for gaseous carbon monoxide, reassuring the scientific community of our commitment to responsible research. This methodology represents a significant advancement in the green synthesis of thioesters and underscores the potential of magnetic nanocomposites in catalysis. These findings suggest exciting avenues for further research into sustainable catalytic systems aimed at reducing environmental burdens in organic synthesis.

In this study, we synthesized magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles functionalized with polyvinyl alcohol (GO-PVA-Fe3O4) for effective delivery of anticancer drug and its cytotoxic potential against human breast cancer cells MDAMB. Initially, GO was synthesized using a modified Hummer's method. Subsequently, the GO was functionalized with the biocompatible polymer PVA to enhance its aqueous stability and surface reactivity. Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were then grafted onto the PVA-functionalized GO via a chemical co-precipitation method, resulting in the formation of a stable magnetic nanocomposite. The anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was loaded onto the surface of the nanocarrier by non-covalent interaction. The developed nanocomposite (GO-PVA-Fe3O4-5FU) showed high drug loading capacity of 14.17 % mg mg-1 along with pH-responsive drug release of anticancer drug 5FU. 5-FU has demonstrated around 30.40 % drug release which is about 2.5 times higher than the drug release at pH 7.4 that demonstrated improved and passive targeted drug release at cancer microenvironment. Cellular cytotoxicity of the developed nanocarrier with the drug showed biocompatibility and higher cytotoxicity against MDAMB with an IC50 value of 23.65 ± 3.72 µg/mL as compared to the nanocarrier without drug loading. Therefore, the obtained results demonstrate potential of the synthesized nanocarriers as effective platforms for drug delivery. Overall, the GO-based magnetic nanocomposites exhibited promising characteristics for passive targeted drug delivery applications, offering improved biocompatibility, pH-responsive controlled release, and suitability for prospective cancer therapeutics.

Benzimidazoles and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones are of great interest in medicinal chemistry for their potential to develop new therapeutic agents. This research presents an innovative one-pot synthesis method for these compounds using indium oxide nanoparticles (In2O3 NPs) as a catalyst, which has shown consistent efficiency and reusability over seven cycles. Glycerol is used as an environmentally friendly solvent under mild conditions. The study demonstrates that various substituents on the benzene ring do not affect reaction efficiency, resulting in high product yields. Indium oxide nanoparticles outperform previous catalysts, often leading to lower yields and longer reaction times while less reusable. The catalyst was characterized using techniques such as FT-IR, BET, TEM, XRD, and TGA, confirming its retained activity after multiple uses.

This study reports the development of ZnFe2O4-SiO2@PC-Ni magnetic nanoparticles as a novel by immobilizing phycocyanin onto magnetized silica and then immobilizing Ni (II) ions using nickel (II) chloride, the recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the efficient one-pot synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via A3 coupling reactions under solvent-free ultrasound irradiation. Utilizing 2-aminopyridine, various aldehydes, and alkynes, the reactions were conducted solvent-free under ultrasound conditions, enhancing reaction rates and sustainability. The core-shell nanocomposite, comprising a ZnFe2O4 magnetic core, silica interlayer, and porous carbon-supported nickel shell, was characterized by XRD, TEM, BET, and VSM analyses. The synergistic effects of Ni active sites, high surface area, and magnetic retrievability enabled rapid catalytic activation of the three-component reaction between aldehydes, amines, and alkynes. Ultrasound irradiation significantly enhanced mass transfer and reaction kinetics, achieving 90-95 % yields within 10-20 min under mild conditions. The catalyst demonstrated exceptional stability, retaining >88 % activity over six cycles, and facile magnetic separation minimized metal leaching. This eco-friendly protocol eliminates toxic solvents, reduces energy consumption, and offers broad substrate scope, including aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic substrates. This work not only contributes a novel catalyst to the field of organic synthesis but also aligns with environmental directives by minimizing hazardous solvent use and employing energy-efficient reaction conditions.

In this study, we present the development of a groundbreaking, magnetically reusable nanocatalyst designed to streamline the condensation reactions of 2-aminobenzenethiol and 2-aminophenol derivatives with aryl nitriles. This process results in the efficient formation of various 2-substituted benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives, all while adhering to environmentally friendly practices. The catalyst employed in our research is a complex formed from 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol and CuCl2, which is skillfully immobilized on Fe3O4 nanoparticles, yielding the composite known as Fe3O4@Diol-AHEB-CuCl2. The remarkable efficiency of this catalytic system is evident from the high to outstanding yields achieved for all products, showcasing its superior catalytic performance. Furthermore, our experimental findings reveal the impressive durability of the Fe3O4@Diol-AHEB-CuCl2 catalyst, as it maintains its catalytic activity even after being recycled and reused up to eight times without a significant decline in performance. This study highlights the considerable advantages offered by this innovative catalytic approach over traditional methods, which include heightened efficiency in product yield, minimized reaction times, the use of ethanol as a green solvent, straightforward isolation of the catalyst, and a robust activity profile. These features collectively underscore the promising outlook for this catalytic system in the synthesis of valuable chemical compounds.