The strategic integration of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with MXenes presents a promising avenue to overcome charge separation bottlenecks in photocatalysis. This study constructs a hierarchical S-scheme heterojunction by in-situ growing ultrafine Zinc–Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (Cobalt-incorporated) Zn-TCPP(Co) MOF nanoparticles (15 nm) on two-dimensional functionalized MXene nanosheets. This unique “particle-on-lamella” architecture is engineered with molecular bridges, establishing a chemically bonded interface via C–Ti–O and N–Ti bonds that facilitate rapid charge transfer. The optimized heterostructure exhibits a narrow bandgap of 1.95 eV, a significantly prolonged charge carrier lifetime of 35.5 ns, and a high photocurrent density of 1.7 µA cm− 2. By leveraging synergistic S-scheme charge separation, MXene’s metallic conductivity, and molecular single-atom Co sites, the composite achieves an exceptional hydrogen evolution rate of 24.3 mmol g− 1 h− 1 with an apparent quantum efficiency of 10.2

The photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into multi-carbon products such as ethylene (C2H4) remains a grand challenge, primarily due to inefficient charge separation and the high kinetic barrier for C-C coupling. Here, we propose chirality engineering as a strategic solution by leveraging the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect to control spin-polarized charge dynamics. We constructed a chiral S-scheme heterojunction using D-cysteine as an inducer, which exhibits enhanced visible-light absorption and prolonged charge carrier lifetime. Crucially, the chiral interface demonstrates a high dissymmetry factor (glum) of 0.32 and, more importantly, lowers the activation energy for C-C coupling by 0.15 eV, as evidenced by in situ DRIFTS. This leads to a remarkable C2H4 yield of 27 mu mol, far surpassing its achiral counterpart. The chiral environment also imparts pronounced stereo-chemical control, as evidenced by the formation of serine with 95 % enantiomeric excess-a model reaction validating spin-dependent selectivity. The catalyst retains 98 % activity after multiple cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. This work establishes spin control via chiral hybridization as a powerful pathway for steering photocatalytic selectivity toward valuable multi-carbon products.

Sm3 + /Sr2+ -co-doped Bi5FeTi3O15 (BFTO) nanocrystals were hydrothermally synthesized and embedded into a TeO2-based magneto-optical (MO) matrix using a melt-quenching technique. original BFTO nanocrystals exhibited 30-50 nm- hexagonal platelet-like morphology, which reduced to 20-35 nm after Sm3+/Sr2+ doping due to lattice distortions and strain effects. The X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystal structure, while Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed charge redistribution and local asymmetry. Critically, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance analysis directly confirmed the presence of increased oxygen vacancies. These combined factors enhance the nonlinear optical (NLO) and chiroptical responses. The optimized 2 mol% Sm3+/Sr2+ Bi5FeTi3O15 doped BFSS2 showed the highest third-order nonlinear susceptibility (chi(3) = 8.44 x 10-11esu), nonlinear refractive index (n2 = 5.82 x 10-10 m2/W), and nonlinear absorption coefficient (alpha 3= 4.5 x 10-11 m/ W), demonstrating strong two-photon absorption (TPA) and Kerr nonlinearity. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited intense red emission at 610 nm and 645 nm, with BFSS2 achieving the highest circulary polarized luminescence (CPL) dissymmetry (glum= -0.85) due to enhanced electric dipole -magnetic dipole interactions. Magnetic circularly polarized luminescence (MCPL) was significantly enhanced by Fe2+/Fe3+ charge transfer and spin-orbit coupling. BFSS2 also exhibited the highest saturation magnetization (Ms = 28 emu/g) and Verdet constant (28.3 rad/T & sdot;m at 633 nm), confirming strong magneto-chiral effects. These findings highlight the synergy of structural asymmetry, charge redistribution, and MO coupling in optimizing CPL, MCPL, and NLO properties, making BFSS2 a promising candidate for chiral photonic and magneto-optical applications.

A high-entropy metal-organic framework (MOF) glass with embedded nanocrystals is developed as a photocathode for LiO2 batteries. The synthesis combines five metals (Zn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cu) with 2-methylimidazole to form a crystalline high-entropy ZIF precursor, followed by melt-quenching and controlled Ar/H2 reduction to generate a homogeneous glass matrix containing in-situ formed metallic nanocrystals (10-12 nm). X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure confirm the amorphous structure with preserved short-range coordination. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure reveal partial reduction of Co and Cu to metallic states alongside mixed-valence Fe and Ni species. Ultraviolet-visible and Tauc's plots give a bandgap of 2.5 eV for HZH3, with the valence band maximum at 2.1 eV. Under visible-light illumination, the optimized cathode delivers a specific capacity exceeding 25,000 mAh g-1, with a charge voltage of 2.50 V and an overpotential gap of only 0.05 V, and the cell maintains stable cycling for 1800 h without voltage degradation. Cyclic voltammetry shows an anodic peak of 1.40 mA cm-2 at 3.5 V. UV-Vis spectra confirm efficient superoxide and Li2O2 generation under light. XPS and Fourier-transform infrared after cycling confirm complete Li2O2 reversibility and suppressed carbonate byproducts. The band alignment straddles the O2/O2- and Li2O2/O2 redox potentials, enabling photogenerated holes to directly oxidize Li2O2 and electrons to drive oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

This study reports the synthesis of Cr3 +-doped Ca2LaNbO6 nanocrystalline glass through high-temperature solidstate reaction and melt-quenching methods. Structural characterization reveals Cr3+ ions preferentially occupy Nb5+ sites, inducing oxygen vacancy formation and creating a distorted monoclinic lattice (P21/n space group). Electron microscopy demonstrates uniform dispersion of spherical nanocrystals (25-72 nm) within the glass matrix, with size controlled by doping concentration. Spectroscopic investigations reveal a significant bandgap reduction from 3.16 eV to 2.04 eV, attributed to defect-state introduction, alongside enhanced diamagnetic behavior mediated by Cr3 +-VO-Cr3 + super-exchange interactions. The material exhibits a unique combination of intense red emission at 735 nm (2E -> 4A2 transition, 28.86 ns lifetime) under 434 nm excitation and low-field (3000 Oe) ferromagnetic ordering. Optimal performance occurs at 1 % Cr3+ doping, achieving maximum photoluminescence intensity with excellent thermal stability (81.6 % intensity retention at 450 K).

In the quest for glass materials with high nonlinearity and strong magnetism to meet the demands of advancing technology, magnetic nanocrystal (NC) doping emerges as a promising approach. The paper investigates the phase transition from KBiFe2O5 to Bi2Fe4O9 and Fe3O4 NCs within a TeO2-Bi2O3-B2O3 glass matrix. The novelty of this study lies in leveraging the coexistence of multiple phases to amplify both the polarization and magnetic moment of glass. Various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, transition transmission electron microscopy, Xray photoelectron spectroscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and vibrational sample magnetometer were employed to analyze the impact of NCs content and heat treatment temperature on crystallization, structure modification, and properties. KBiFe2O5 NCs doping induces changes in crystal phases and modifies the glass network structure by forming multi-valence states and altering coordination numbers, such as FeO4 -> FeO6, TeO4 -> TeO3, and BO4 -> BO3. Concurrently, appropriate temperature conditions result in reduced NC size, preserving glass transparency and thermal stability. Spinel Fe3O4 NCs formation at higher temperatures enhances magnetic behavior. A glass sample containing 1 mol% KBiFe2O5 NCs, heat-treated at 410 degrees C, exhibits a narrow bandgap (Eg) of 1.82 eV, high nonlinear parameters (alpha 3 = 3.98 x 10-10 m/W, chi(3) = 8.65 x 10-11 esu), and a low limiting threshold (1.01 x 1012 W/m2). Additionally, owing to the incorporation of high spin states and active magnetic exchange interactions, the same glass demonstrates robust ferromagnetic behavior (Ms = 2.3 emu/g and Hc= 850 G). The approach developed in this study has been demonstrated to be highly effective in producing transparent glass with promising nonlinearity and magnetic performance suitable for photonics applications.

Photo-assisted Li-O2 2 batteries present a promising avenue for reducing overpotential and enhancing the capacity of next-generation energy storage devices. In this study, we introduce a novel photo-assisted Li-O2 2 system featuring a Z-scheme In2S3/MnO2/BiOCl 2 S 3 /MnO 2 /BiOCl heterojunction as a photocathode. This innovative design significantly boosts visible light absorption and facilitates the spatial separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The Z-scheme charge transfer pathway establishes efficient channels for enhancing electron transfer and charge separation, thereby fostering high photocatalytic efficiency. During illumination, photo-generated electrons traverse within the band structure, participating in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) during discharging, while photo-induced holes in the valence band facilitate the oxidation reaction of discharge products during the charging process. Under illumination, the surface electrons of In2S3/MnO2/BiOCl 2 S 3 /MnO 2 /BiOCl modify the morphology of the discharge product (Li2O2), 2 O 2 ), leading to accelerated decomposition kinetics of Li2O2 2 O 2 during charging. Remarkably, the In2S3/MnO2/BiOCl 2 S 3 /MnO 2 /BiOCl photoelectrode exhibits a high specific capacity of 19330 mAh/g under illumination, surpassing performance in the dark by a significant margin. This results in an ultranarrow discharge/charge overpotential of 0.19/0.16 V, coupled with excellent cyclic stability and a long cycle life of 1500 h at 200 mA/g. Further surface tests on the photoelectrode demonstrate that light energy application promotes the decomposition of Li2O2, 2 O 2 , corroborated by density function theory (DFT) theoretical calculations. This study of Z-scheme heterostructured photocathodes sheds light on the mechanism of photo-generated charge carriers in Li-O2 2 batteries, providing valuable insights into their functionality and potential for future battery technologies. (c) 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

Under the spotlight for their potential to reduce over-potential, photo-assisted Li-O-2 batteries still face a key challenge: the rapid recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs, which limits their efficiency. In this study, we address this limitation by designing a Li-O-2 battery that integrates both photo and magnetic field assistance, using an S-scheme MXene/In2S3/CoFe2O4 heterojunction photocathode. This unique combination enhances visible light absorption and generates a strong built-in electric field, facilitating effective charge separation and boosting photocatalytic activity. During discharge, photo-generated electrons participate in the oxygen reduction reaction, while photo-induced holes contribute to the decomposition of discharge products during charging. Furthermore, the introduction of a magnetic field, confirmed through vibrating sample magnetometer, M & ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge structure, and cyclic voltammetry analyses, enhances electron-hole separation via Lorentz forces and spin-orbit coupling, accelerating the formation and decomposition of Li2O2. With this synergistic approach, the battery achieves a high specific capacity of 26,500 mAh g(-1), ultra-low oxygen reduction/evolution reaction over-potentials of 0.08 V/0.17 V, and a long cycle life of 2000 cycles with energy efficiency of 98.11 %. This work demonstrates the promising potential of combining photo and magnetic field effects to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-O-2 batteries, opening new avenues for high-performance energy storage systems.

In this study, cubic xCu: BaSnO3 (x = 0, 1, 3, and 5 mol%) perovskite nanocrystals were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The influence of Cu doping levels on the crystal structure, morphology, size, and properties was analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Across the 1-5 % doping range, the cubic BaSnO3 structure was maintained with Cu2+ in CuO6 replacing Sn4+ in the B-site. XPS analysis confirmed the formation of oxygen vacancies due to charge imbalance, leading to a decrease in optical bandgap and an increase in ferromagnetic moment. When various contents of xCu: BaSnO3 were doped into borosilicate glass, significant impacts on the glass network, crystallization, and properties were observed. Nanocrystals (similar to 50 nm) transitioned from cubic to orthorhombic phase beyond 3 mol% doping, modifying the glass network by converting BO3 to BO4, AlO4 to AlO6, and CuO6 to CuO4. This phase change endowed the glass's strong ferromagnetic moment and absorption due to the t(2 g)-> e(g) transitions of Cu2+ in CuO6, and reduced the optical bandgap from 3.16 to 2.2 eV. The glass also exhibited improved Vickers hardness (475 HV) and a high Verdet constant of 0.174 min/Gcm due to network modifications. Glass also shows a distinct red emission at 596 nm with a 160 mu s lifetime and good thermal stability, while doping levels above 3 % resulted in emission quenching. The optical nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear susceptibility increased with higher doping levels, reaching huge values of alpha(3): 5.12x10(-10) m/W and chi((3)): 7.52x10(-10) esu, indicating potential for self-focusing applications. The increased polarizability also resulted in a high dielectric constant (18) and a large P-E loop of glasses which are promising for advanced photonics devices.

In this study, 50 nm cubic spinel ZnAl2O4 nanocrystals (NCs) with Co content varying from 1 to 5 mol% were synthesized and doped into glass. Co-doping maintains the crystal structure while imparting antiferromagnetic behavior to ZnAl2O4 and decreasing its optical band gap from 3.83 eV (pure ZnAl2O4) to 2.97 eV (5 % Co/ ZnAl2O4). The xCo: ZnAl2O4 NCs embedded in glass show significant modifications in the glass structure, including BO4 -> BO3 and AlO6 -> AlO4 transformations. 50-100 nm NCs were evenly distributed in the glass matrix. Increasing Co content decreases the optical band gap of the glass from 3.21 eV to 2.90 eV, while the Vickers hardness and Urbach tail increase from 373 to 490 HV and from 0.277 to 0.345 eV, respectively. Characteristic absorption in the UV-Vis range was observed for the 4T1g(F) -> 2T1g(H) electron transition of CoO6 near 496 nm, the 4A2(4F) -> 4T1(4P) transition of CoO4 at 568 nm of Co2+ ions, and the 5T2g -> 5Eg of CoO6 at 624 nm of Co3+ ions. Under excitation at 620 nm, the glasses exhibit distinct red emissions at 683 nm and 720 nm, characterized by the tetrahedral transitions of Co2+ ions from 4T1(4P) -> 4A2(4F) and 4T1(4P) -> 4T1(4F), with the strongest emission and long lifetime in 3 %Co: ZnAl2O4/glass. XPS and XANES analyses reveal the formation of non-bridging oxygen, oxygen vacancies, and the coexistence of CoO4 and CoO6 coordination for Co2+ and Co3+ ions. The presence of xCo: ZnAl2O4 NCs imparts antiferromagnetism of 9.161 emu/g with Hc of 244.15 Oe, attributed to the high-spin state of Co ions and dipole exchange interactions between Co2+ and Co3+ ions confirmed by EPR. Additionally, the glass shows a substantial Verdet constant of 98.02 rad/T & sdot;m at 633 nm, attributed to improved polarization from the xCo: ZnAl2O4 NCss, providing an excellent magneto-optical Faraday effect for photonic devices.

This study explores the photoluminescence (PL) and chiral luminescence properties of Fe2+-sensitized YbPO4 nanocrystals embedded in magneto-optical (MO) glass matrices. A combination of advanced characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and emission (PL) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), magnetic circularly polarized luminescence (MCPL), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), was employed to investigate the material's structural, optical, and magnetic properties. The XRD and electron diffraction results reveal the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transition of YbPO4 upon doping, introducing asymmetric YbO9 coordination. similar to 20 nm YbPO4 nanocrystals uniformly distributed in the glass matrix. At 3 mol% Fe2+ content (FYP3), the material achieves optimized PL intensity (similar to 1.8 x higher than FYP1) with a sharp 980 nm peak and an extended lifetime of similar to 18 ms. The optical band gap decreases from 2.44 eV for the host to 2.32 eV for FYP3, with strong ferromagnetic behavior (M-s = 12.2 emu/g) and Verdet constant of 0.188 min/G.cm. Enhanced CPL with a g(lum) factor of 0.42 and strong MCPL anisotropy were observed, driven by energy transfer from Fe2+ to Yb3+ ions, structural asymmetry, and magneto-optical effects. The application of a magnetic field further enhances PL and MCPL through Zeeman splitting and spin polarization, highlighting the material's potential for photonic and magneto-optical applications.

The demand for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbent materials continues to grow with advancing technology. This study reports the synthesis of Bi2Fe4O9/Fe3O4 nanoflower to enhance electromagnetic wave absorption. Bi2Fe4O9, synthesized via a hydrothermal method, was composited with different content Fe3O4 nanocrystals. The strong binding between sheets of nanoflowers provides large surface area and active sites for electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA). The combination of Bi2Fe4O9 and Fe3O4 markedly enhanced the dielectric and magnetic properties, resulting in exceptional EMA performance. The sample achieved a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of-75 dB at 7.0 GHz with a thickness of just 2.5 mm, along with a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABW) of 9.2 GHz. The broadband and strong absorption on electromagnetic wave is attributed to the synergistic effects of ferroelectric properties from Bi2Fe4O9 and spinel structure of Fe3O4, supported by strong dipole coupling, interfacial polarization, and high-spin states of Fe ions. The underlying mechanism is thoroughly discussed, and the results demonstrate superior performance compared to similar studies in the field.

This study successfully prepared a novel high-entropy MAX phase (Ti1/4V1/4Zr1/4Nb1/4)2AlC and conducted a comprehensive investigation of its microwave absorption performance. The material was synthesized using a pressure less sintering method, and by optimizing the selection of raw materials and synthesis processes, high purity, and excellent microwave absorption performance were achieved. The composition, structure, morphology, and electromagnetic parameters of the material were analyzed in detail using characterization methods such as XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, XPS, and vector network analyzer (VNA). Experimental results exhibit that (Ti1/4V1/4Zr1/4Nb1/4)2AlC can achieve a lowest RL of-62.56 dB at a thickness of 2.25 mm with frequency of 13.26 GHz, demonstrating outstanding microwave absorption capabilities. The study also explored the microwave absorption mechanisms of grown material, including conductivity, dipole polarization relaxation processes, internal lattice defects, and magnetic loss. This research not only delivers new approaches and development of effective microwave absorption materials but also lays the foundation for subsequent studies on MXene and more multi-element high-entropy MAX phase materials.

In this investigation, perovskite La08Sr02FeO3 08 Sr 02 FeO 3 nanocrystals were cultivated within heavy metal oxide glass, utilizing Al2O3 2 O 3 tailoring. The study delves into the impact of La08Sr02FeO3 08 Sr 02 FeO 3 formation on both the glass structure and optical/ magnetic properties. Employing diverse techniques such as x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron microscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance and M & ouml;ssbauer spectra, we scrutinized these influences. The synthesis resulted in well-distributed, orthogonal La08Sr02FeO3 08 Sr 02 FeO 3 nanocrystals measuring 10-30 nm within the glass matrix. This crystallization induced alterations in the structure and coordination numbers of B2O3, 2 O 3 , Al2O3 2 O 3 and Bi2O3. 2 O 3 . Notably, the introduction of 10% Al2O3 2 O 3 in the glass manifested an abnormality effect, showcasing the highest transparency, the smallest La08Sr02FeO3 08 Sr 02 FeO 3 size (10 nm), and minimal nonbridging oxygen defects. Remarkably, the glass with 10% Al2O3 2 O 3 demonstrated an intriguing aluminium-induced effect, exhibiting the highest transparency, the smallest La08Sr02FeO3 08 Sr 02 FeO 3 size (10 nm), and the least nonbridging oxygen defects. Furthermore, this glass exhibited an enhanced electron paramagnetic resonance signal, the highest percentage (71%) of tetrahedral FeO4 4 units and an improved M & ouml;ssbauer sextets intensity, making it particularly promising for applications in photonics devices.

Addressing challenges such as signal interference and crosstalk requires the development of new materials capable of electromagnetic absorption (EMA). In this study, we explored magnetically high-entropy engineering by incorporating transition metal ions into the B sites of all-inorganic CsPbBr 3 perovskite. This approach yielded excellent EMA properties, including a minimum reflection loss of 75 dB at 10.2 GHz with a thickness of 2.5 mm and an effective bandwidth of 8.8 GHz. Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn ions were successfully introduced into the CsPbBr 3 lattice using high -energy ball milling and the combustion method. Through rigorous characterization techniques such as Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction and Grazing-Incidence Wide -Angle Scattering patterns, we confirmed the presence of high-entropy phases. Additionally, we conducted comprehensive studies using Vibrating-sample magnetometer, L 2,3 edge XANES, and Mossbauer spectra to investigate the magnetic polarization, spin states, and dipolar exchanges of the transition metal ions. The observed synergistic effects among the magnetic permeability, polarization, and magnetic loss of these ions underscored their role in enhancing the EMA performance of CsPbBr 3 .

With the widespread application of communication equipment with electromagnetic signal transmission to cause electromagnetic radiation pollution, there is an urgent need for high-performance electromagnetic shielding materials. Here, an ultrathin, flexible, alternating multilayered, and conductive gradient-structured cellulose nanofiber–MXene/silver nanowire (CNF-MXene/AgNW) nanocomposite paper with high mechanical strength, strong electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and outstanding thermal management was constructed via the alternating vacuum filtration (AVF) process. The extensive hydrogen bonding interactions between MXene, CNF, and AgNW enhance the interfacial adhesion and conductive synergy between layers, resulting in excellent tensile strength of 194.3 MPa and fracture strain of 7.62% of nanocomposite paper. The alternating conductive gradient structure of the nanocomposite paper greatly increases the interlayer multiple reflections and absorption of electromagnetic waves, resulting in a high conductivity of 3237.35 S cm −1 and excellent electromagnetic shielding efficiency of 65.4 dB for the nanocomposite paper. Under an external low voltage of 3 V, the surface temperature of the nanocomposite paper reaches 107.2 ℃ within 10 s and can be stable for a long time. These results indicate that CNF-MXene/AgNW nanocomposite paper with a conductive gradient structure has potential applications in the fields of aerospace, communication engineering, and wearable devices.

We synthesized Sr-doped spinel CoCr2O4 using the solution combustion method and characterized the structure, morphology, chemical state, and photocatalytic properties through different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). 30-50 nm cuboid CoCr2O4 nanocrystals with Sr doping levels ranging from 0 to 0.6% were obtained; the increasing Sr doping deformed the coordination number of Co and Cr, transitioning to octahedral and tetrahedral units, inducing the phase transition from spinel to inverse spinel at 0.6% Sr content. This modification enhanced optical absorption, reduced the energy band gap, increased photoluminescence intensity, and maintained a high-spin state with oxygen vacancies. 0.6% Sr-doped CoCr2O4 demonstrated the highest photocatalytic efficiency at 93%. The XRD structure and photocatalytic activity remained at 87% over 7 cycles after 14 h. Employing degradation pathways and Mott-Schottky curves elucidated the enhancement mechanism.

This article reports the in-situ growth of spinel CoCr2O4 nanocrystals (NC) in tellurite glass through tailoring the Co content by melt-quenching method. The microstructure, optical, and magnetic properties of NC/ glass systems were systematically studied using various techniques. Well-defined 30nm crystallization of CoCr2O4 (space group of Fd3m) homogeneously distributed in the glassy matrix and the concurrent formation of cubic BiCoO3 (space group of P4mm) when the Co content exceeds 3%. The coexistence of multivalence and coordination states of Co and Cr significantly modified the glass structure with conversion of TeO4→TeO3, BO4→BO3, and CoO4→CoO6 units. Exceptional performance of the glass containing 5% Co-tuned CoCr2O4 was obtained, showcasing the decrease of Eg (2.09eV), strong ferro-magnetization of 7.04emu/g, large α3 (4.88×10-10m/W) and good optical limiting property (threshhold of 1.31×1012W/m2). Furthermore, the same glass showed excellent red emission between 650-800nm under the excitation of 460nm, with an increased lifetime (2.648 ms) and good stability of 90.7% within 25-300 °C. The emission mechanism was discussed. EPR analysis confirmed the active role and spin-states of magnetic Cr and Co ions, contributing synergistically to the improved optical and magnetic properties of the glasses.

The realization of 2D/2D Van der Waals (VDW) heterojunctions represents an advanced approach to achieving superior photocatalytic efficiency. However, electron transfer through Van der Waals heterojunctions formed via ex-situ assembly encounters significant challenges at the interface due to contrasting morphologies and potential barriers among the nanocomposite substituents. Herein, a novel approach is presented, involving the insertion of a phosphate group between copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and B-doped and N-deficient g-C3N4 (BDCNN), to design and construct a Van der Waals heterojunction labeled as xCu[acs]/yP-BDCNN. The introduction of phosphate as a charge modulator and efficient conduit for charge transfer within the heterojunction resulted in the elimination of spatial barriers and induced electron movement from BDCNN to CuPc in the excited states. Consequently, the catalytic central Cu2+ in CuPc captured the photoelectrons, leading to the conversion of CO2 to C2H4, CO and CH4. Remarkably, this approach resulted in a 78-fold enhancement in photocatalytic efficiency compared to pure BDCNN. Moreover the findings confirm that the 2D-2D 4Cu[acs]/9P-BDCNN sheet-like heterojunction effectively boosts photocatalytic activity for persistent pollutants such as methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and tetracycline antibiotics (TCs). The introduction of "interfacial interacting" substances to establish an electron transfer pathway presents a novel and effective strategy for designing photocatalysts capable of efficiently reducing CO2 into valuable products.