IntroductionIncreased androgen production in 46,XX individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia leads to a variable degree of external genital virilization, often complicating the decision regarding sex assignment after birth.MethodsIn this single tertiary center retrospective study, we analyzed individuals with 46,XX karyotype and 21-hydroxylase deficiency with Prader score V or EMS 8-9, who were assigned and reared as male in the last 40 years. In parallel, we conducted a comprehensive review of published case reports on 46,XX male CAH patients to gain insight into their gender identity outcomes, surgical interventions, and quality of life.ResultsWe identified four severely virilized 46,XX CAH patients, who were assigned and reared as male and have maintained a stable male gender identity. In addition, we found 63 similar published cases in the literature between 1963 and 2025. Outcome data were available in 50 cases. Among them, 43/50 patients were satisfied with male gender identity, although 3/43 underwent male to female and back to male reassignment.ConclusionOur experience with four patients aligns with several published case reports showing that 46,XX CAH infants with severe genital virilization reared as male may develop and maintain a stable male gender identity throughout life. However, if male sex assignment is chosen for a 46,XX child, parents should be counseled about fertility implications, future surgical needs, potential height-related concerns and the possibility of testosterone treatment. Nevertheless, individualized care, shared decision-making, parental involvement and family support appear to be essential for a positive outcome.

A Turner-szindróma női fenotípussal járó komplex betegség, melynek oka az egyik X-kromoszóma teljes vagy részleges hiánya. Előfordulási gyakorisága leány újszülött esetén 1/2000–2500. A legújabb diagnosztikus kritériumok, a genetikai háttér egyre pontosabb ismerete, a terápiás lehetőségek fejlődése és az egyre részletesebb gondozási protokollok segítséget nyújtanak a betegség minél korábbi felismeréséhez és a betegek életminőségének nagy fokú javításához. A beteggondozás legfontosabb eleme minden életkorban a multidiszciplináris ellátás, mivel a Turner-szindrómás pácienseknél a különböző életszakaszokban más és más, de egyszerre akár több tünet, illetve betegség vagy szövődmény manifesztálódása is várható. A szindrómához társuló fenotípusbeli eltérések nagy variációt mutatnak. Leggyakoribb tünete az alacsony termet, a petefészek dysgenesise által okozott hypogonadismus és következményes késői vagy elmaradt pubertas. Graviditás csupán 4,8–7,6%-ban fordul elő. A testi elváltozások mellett több szervrendszer érintett, így várható különböző, Turner-szindrómával összefüggő betegségek – úgymint veleszületett szív- és vesefejlődési rendellenességek, vérnyomáseltérés, fülészeti, szemészeti, pajzsmirigy-, ortopéd betegségek, neurokognitív diszfunkció, a csont-ásványianyag csökkenése és autoimmun betegségek – előfordulása is. Összefoglalónk célja, hogy segítséget nyújtson a Turner-szindrómás betegek minél korábbi diagnosztizálásához és az élethosszig tartó teljes körű beteggondozáshoz, különös tekintettel endokrinológiai és kardiológiai ellátásukra. Orv Hetil. 2024; 165(11): 416–423.

Turner syndrome is a complex disease with a female phenotype, which is caused by the complete or partial absence of one of the X chromosomes. It affects approximately 1 out of every 2000 to 2500 live female birth. The latest diagnostic criteria, a more precise knowledge of the genetic background, the development of therapeutic options and increasingly detailed care protocols help to recognize the disease as early as possible and greatly improve the quality of life of patients. The most important element of patient care at all stages of life is multidisciplinary care, as patients with Turner syndrome can be expected to manifest different symptoms or diseases at different stages of life, but even at the same time. Turner syndrome is associated with a wide range of phenotypic variations. The most characteristic features are short stature, late or delayed puberty caused by ovarian dysgenesis. Due to early ovarian insufficiency, the chance of spontaneous pregnancy is 4.8–7.6%. Other common anomalies are congenital heart and kidney malformations, hypertension, diverse range of eye and ear disorders, thyroid dysfunction, orthopaedic issues, neurocognitive deficit, osteoporosis and autoimmune diseases. The aim of our summary is to provide assistance in the early recognition of patients with Turner syndrome and to present the latest recommendations for patient care. Orv Hetil. 2024; 165(11): 416–423.

A Silver–Russell-szindróma jellegzetes minor anomáliák mellett (relatív macrocephalia, kiemelkedő homlok, kék sclera, lefelé ívelő szájzug, micrognathia, alacsonyan ülő fülek, illetve arc-, skeletalis és végtagi aszimmetria) súlyos, méhen belüli és születést követő növekedési zavarral jár. Az endokrin rendszert érintő eltérések is kiemelt jelentőségűek. Kialakulásának molekuláris háttere összetett, de a leggyakrabban a 11-es kromoszóma és/vagy a 7-es kromoszóma Silver–Russell-szindróma szempontjából kritikus régióinak érintettsége okozza. A molekuláris géndiagnosztika mellett a Netchine–Harbison-féle klinikai diagnosztikai pontrendszer segíti a diagnózis felállítását. Bár a tünetegyüttes többnyire sporadikus megjelenésű, rendkívül ritka familiáris halmozódást bemutató esetünkben a négy testvérből három gyermeknél Silver–Russell-szindróma került felismerésre. A Silver–Russell-szindróma korai, lehetőleg már újszülöttkori diagnosztizálása kulcsfontosságú a megfelelő táplálásvezetés, a korai fejlesztés, majd a növekedésihormon-kezelés időben történő elkezdése szempontjából. A betegek gondozása és megfelelő utánkövetése kiemelkedő jelentőségű a szindrómához társuló potenciális szövődmények időben történő felismerése és megfelelő kezelése céljából. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(45): 1775–1781.

Objective Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal and anatomical sex is atypical. Despite wide laboratory and imaging investigations, the etiology of DSD is unknown in over 50% of patients. Methods We evaluated the etiology of DSD by whole-exome sequencing (WES) at a mean age of 10 years in nine patients for whom extensive evaluation, including hormonal, imaging and candidate gene approaches, had not identified an etiology. Results The eight 46,XY patients presented with micropenis, cryptorchidism and hypospadias at birth and the 46,XX patient presented with labia majora fusion. In seven patients (78%), pathogenic variants were identified for RXFP2, HSD17B3, WT1, BMP4, POR, CHD7 and SIN3A. In two atients, no causative variants were found. Mutations in three genes were reported previously with different phenotypes: an 11-year-old boy with a novel de novo variant in BMP4; such variants are mainly associated with microphthalmia and in few cases with external genitalia anomalies in males, supporting the role of BMP4 in the development of male external genitalia; a 12-year-old boy with a known pathogenic variant in RXFP2, encoding insulin-like 3 hormone receptor, and previously reported in adult men with cryptorchidism; an 8-year-old boy with syndromic DSD had a de novo deletion in SIN3A. Conclusions Our findings of molecular etiologies for DSD in 78% of our patients indicate a major role for WES in early DSD diagnosis and management – and highlights the importance of rapid molecular diagnosis in early infancy for sex of rearing decisions.

Abstract Background: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are classified as a congenital discrepancy between external genitalia, gonadal and chromosomal sex. Despite extensive laboratory and imaging investigations, the etiology of DSD is unknown in more than 50% of patients and the diagnosis is often delayed to the second decade of life. Our objective was to evaluate the etiology of DSD by whole-exome sequencing (WES) in children in whom hormonal and candidate gene approaches had not identified the etiology. Methods: Nine patients diagnosed with DSD (eight 46,XY and one 46,XX) were enrolled. Patients underwent hormonal evaluation, including ACTH, GnRH and hCG tests. Candidate genes were sequenced in accordance with the hormonal results. WES was performed for the probands and their parents. Results: The eight 46,XY patients presented with micropenis, cryptorchidism and hypospadias at birth and the 46,XX patient with fusion of the labia majora. In six of the nine patients (66%), a pathogenic mutation was identified by WES that explained the phenotype: four known DSD-causing genes—POR, CHD7, HSD17B3 and WT1—and two novel genes—BMP4 and RFXP2. In three patients, variants of unknown significance were found. An 11-y-old boy had a novel de-novo mutation in BMP4. In humans, mutations in this gene, encoding bone morphogenetic protein 4, are associated with autosomal dominant microphthalmia. BMP4 is expressed in the urethral epithelium and has a role in the development of external genitalia and the pituitary. This is the first report of a BMP4 mutation in a child with DSD. A 12-y-old boy had a mutation in RFXP2, encoding insulin-like 3 hormone receptor, which has been previously reported in adult males with cryptorchidism. This is the first case of an RFXP2 mutation in a child with DSD. Conclusions: WES has a crucial role in early diagnosis of the etiology of DSD, making extensive endocrine testing unnecessary, and has important implications for sex of rearing decisions.

Gonadal dysgenesis (GD) is a rare cause of differences of sex development (DSD) with highly variable clinical and genetic conditions. Although identification of the causative genetic alterations can offer a clearer prognosis and personalized management to patients, more than 50% of the DSD cases still do not have an accurate genetic diagnosis. NR5A1 (previously known as SF-1), is a transcriptional regulator of genes required for normal development and functional maintenance of the gonads and the adrenal glands. Nucleotide sequence variants of the NR5A1 gene have been reported in numerous patients with GD with or without adrenal failure, however, microdeletion or partial deletion in the NR5A1 gene have been described only in a few GD cases. In this case study, we present a subject with female phenotype, mild clitoromegaly, partial GD and normal adrenal function. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a 46,XY SRY + karyotype. Microarray analysis did not identify pathogenic copy number variations, nor did panel sequencing of the most common DSD genes. Subsequently, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was performed to test for small deletion/duplication of the most frequently affected genes associated with GD. Using this method, we have identified a novel heterozygous deletion involving exons 5 and 6 of the NR5A1 gene as the cause of abnormal sexual development of the patient. This report expands our knowledge about the range and pathogenetic role of NR5A1 mutations associated with partial gonadal dysgenesis in 46,XY DSD. Furthermore, our data emphasises the indispensable role of MLPA in the diagnosis of DSD with unclear etiology.

Purpose XY individuals with disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) are characterized by reduced androgenization caused, in some children, by gonadal dysgenesis or testis regression during fetal development. The genetic etiology for most patients with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis and for all patients with testicular regression syndrome (TRS) is unknown. Methods We performed exome and/or Sanger sequencing in 145 individuals with 46,XY DSD of unknown etiology including gonadal dysgenesis and TRS. Results Thirteen children carried heterozygous missense pathogenic variants involving the RNA helicase DHX37, which is essential for ribosome biogenesis. Enrichment of rare/novel DHX37 missense variants in 46,XY DSD is highly significant compared with controls ( P value = 5.8 × 10 −10 ). Five variants are de novo ( P value = 1.5 × 10 −5 ). Twelve variants are clustered in two highly conserved functional domains and were specifically associated with gonadal dysgenesis and TRS. Consistent with a role in early testis development, DHX37 is expressed specifically in somatic cells of the developing human and mouse testis. Conclusion DHX37 pathogenic variants are a new cause of an autosomal dominant form of 46,XY DSD, including gonadal dysgenesis and TRS, showing that these conditions are part of a clinical spectrum. This raises the possibility that some forms of DSD may be a ribosomopathy.

NR0B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1) is a transcription factor encoded by DAX1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1) responsible for the development and maintenance of the steroidogenic tissues. In humans the DAX1 mutations cause congenital adrenal hypoplasia (AHC) and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HHG) in boys. Here we report two brothers who were assessed by endocrinologist at the age of 51 and 43 because of their serious osteoporosis. They had been substituted with prednisolone since the age of 4 and 9years because of their primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). Due to their late puberty caused by HHG at the age of 16 and 17years their heights were - 3.1 and - 3.3 SD, but then they had a significant growth during their adulthood and reached the + 1.85 SD and + 3.78 SD respectively. During this period, they received glucocorticoid supplementation, but the treatment of their HHG was inadequate. At the age of 51 and 43years insulin tolerance test (ITT) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) test confirmed their PAI and HHG. Genetic test performed at this time revealed a novel, four nucleotides deletion (del.586-571c.GGGC or 572-575c.GGGC) of DAX1 gene. The two brothers with AHC and HHG caused by a novel DAX1 mutation, reached tall final heights, despite of the disadvantageous prednisolone treatment during their childhood. We assume that the long-term lack of the sexual hormone substitution was a significant reason of their above average height as well as their serious osteoporosis.

BackgroundThe Differences of Sex Development network (DSDnet) aims to establish interactive relationships between clinicians, scientists, support groups and people with a difference of sex development (DSD) to improve the overall care for people affected by such condition. DSDnet has hosted three Training Schools (TSs) in Ghent, Bologna and Budapest between 2015 and 2017 with the primary purpose of providing multidisciplinary training to young professionals and encouraging ongoing activity in the field of DSD. The aim of our study was to evaluate the success and long-term effect effectiveness of these three TSs.Methods and resultsEighty-seven trainees (70 women, 17 men) attended one of three TSs. The distribution of trainees according to their professional field was: 47 (54.0%) from Pediatrics/Endocrinology, 13 (14.9%) from Biology/Genetics, 12 (13.8%) from Psychology/Psychiatry and 15 (17.2%) from Surgical Professions. All trainees were asked to complete an evaluation form on the last day of the TS to gain feedback on how to improve the next one. A further survey was sent at the end of 2017 to provide information about the overall long-term impact of the TSs. Seventy-eight (89.7%) trainees completed evaluation forms at the end of the respective TSs. Replies to the subsequent survey were received from 76 (87.4%) of trainees. A total of 72/76 (94.7%) responders reported that they continue to be active in the field of DSD. The vast majority (64/68, 94.1%) reported that the TSs had enlarged their professional networks. Among the 76 respondent trainees, 11.8% (n=9) had applied for a research grant and 10.5% (n=8) had received a fellowship related to DSD since their TS attendance.ConclusionsAccording to our results, the majority of TS participants continue to be active in the field of DSD and have enlarged their professional networks following participation at the TS. These findings indicate the need of this type of educational program and justify ongoing efforts to provide postgraduate multidisciplinary training in rare diseases such as DSD.

Developmental disorders affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system can result in pituitary hormone deficiency showing a diverse clinical presentation. A significant majority of these disorders are closely linked to defects in transcription factor genes which play a major role in pituitary development. Those affecting the early phase of organogenesis typically lead to complex conditions affecting the pituitary as well as structures in the central nervous system. Transcription factors involved in the late phase can result in combined but rarely isolated pituitary hormone deficiency without extra-pituitary manifestation. Identifying the defects in these pituitary transcription factor genes may provide a useful tool in predicting disease progression as well as screening family members. Several pituitary transcription factors can be detected in the adult gland as well which is strongly emphasized in the World Health Organization's most recent guideline for pituitary tumor classification. Our review summarizes the current essential knowledge relevant for clinical endocrinologists. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(7): 278-284.

Emerging evidence from murine studies suggests that mammalian sex determination is the outcome of an imbalance between mutually antagonistic male and female regulatory networks that canalize development down one pathway while actively repressing the other. However, in contrast to testis formation, the gene regulatory pathways governing mammalian ovary development have remained elusive. We performed exome or Sanger sequencing on 79 46, XX SRY-negative individuals with either unexplained virilization or with testicular/ovotesticular disorders/differences of sex development (TDSD/OTDSD). We identified heterozygous frameshift mutations in NR2F2, encoding COUP-TF2, in three children. One carried a c.103_109delGGCGCCC (p.Gly35Argfs*75) mutation, while two others carried a c.97_103delCCGCCCG (p.Pro33Alafs*77) mutation. In two of three children the mutation was de novo. All three children presented with congenital heart disease (CHD), one child with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and two children with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES). The three children had androgen production, virilization of external genitalia, and biochemical or histological evidence of testicular tissue. We demonstrate a highly significant association between the NR2F2 loss-of-function mutations and this syndromic form of DSD (p = 2.44 x 10(-8)). We show that COUP-TF2 is highly abundant in a FOXL2-negative stromal cell population of the fetal human ovary. In contrast to the mouse, these data establish COUP-TF2 as a human "pro-ovary'' and "anti-testis'' sex-determining factor in female gonads. Furthermore, the data presented here provide additional evidence of the emerging importance of nuclear receptors in establishing human ovarian identity and indicate that nuclear receptors may have divergent functions in mouse and human biology.

References: 1. Gessler et al., 1989, Am J Hum Genet 4. Suri et al., 2007, Am J Med Genet A 7. Bandiera et al., 2015, Mol and Cell Endo 2. Drash et al., 1970, Pediat 5. Barbaux et al., 1997, Nat Genet. 8. Merrell and Kardon, 2013, FEBS Journal 3. Niaudet and Gubler, 2006, Pediatr Nephrol 6. Eozenou et al., DOI: 10.3252/pso.eu.55ESPE.2016 Hungarian girl born with Prader IV intersex genitals Karyotype: 46,XX, SRY-negative Hormonal androgen levels were elevated and congenital adrenal hyperplasia was excluded. At three months of age explorative laparotomy identified a uterus and two macroscopically undifferentiated gonads. Histology identified testicular tissue in both gonads. At six months of age she had a feminization genitoplasty. At age of 12 revealed ovotestis in both she underwent a bilateral gonadectomy and histological examination gonads Her brother was born 14 years later. At birth: male external genitalia, but testes were not palpable Emergency surgery for a diaphragmatic hernia Karyotype was 46,XY, SRY positive At 2 years of age laparoscopy: a rudimentary testis on the right side. orchidectomy was performed on the left side Histology: not find any testicular tissue only pieces of funiculus spermaticus and epididymis tissue At age 9 his FSH: 0.6 IU/L, LH <0.11 IU/L, Te < 0.43 nmol/L, E2 < 92 pmol/l hormone levels were in prepubertal range

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Absztrakt: A hypothalamohypophysealis rendszer fejlődesi rendellenessegei klinikai megjelenesukben sokszinű hypophysiselegtelenseggel jarhatnak. Ezen fejlődesi rendellenessegek jelentős reszet a hypophysis organogeneziset szabalyozo transzkripcios faktorok genetikai hibai okozhatjak. Az agyalapi mirigy fejlődesenek korai szakaszaban expresszalodo transzkripcios faktorokat kodolo genek mutacioi olyan osszetett fejlődesi rendellenessegekhez vezethetnek, amelyekben a hypopituitarismushoz egyeb kozponti idegrendszeri malformaciok is tarsulnak. Az organogenezis kesőbbi szakaszat szabalyozo transzkripcios faktorok genetikai elteresei jellemzően tobbszoros, ritkan izolalt agyalapi mirigy hormonhianyt okoznak extrahypophysealis manifesztacio nelkul. A hypophysistranszkripcios faktorok genetikai defektusainak azonositasa segitseget adhat a hormonhianyok előrejelzeseben es az erintett csaladtagok szűreseben. Egyes hypophysistranszkripcios faktorok expresszioja felnőttkorban is kimutathato, aminek fontos klinikai jelentősege van a hypophysisadenomak WHO altal ajanlott uj rendszerű, ezen faktorok expressziojat is figyelembe vevő osztalyozasaban. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(7): 278–284. | Abstract: Developmental disorders affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system can result in pituitary hormone deficiency showing a diverse clinical presentation. A significant majority of these disorders are closely linked to defects in transcription factor genes which play a major role in pituitary development. Those affecting the early phase of organogenesis typically lead to complex conditions affecting the pituitary as well as structures in the central nervous system. Transcription factors involved in the late phase can result in combined but rarely isolated pituitary hormone deficiency without extra-pituitary manifestation. Identifying the defects in these pituitary transcription factor genes may provide a useful tool in predicting disease progression as well as screening family members. Several pituitary transcription factors can be detected in the adult gland as well which is strongly emphasized in the World Health Organization’s most recent guideline for pituitary tumor classification. Our review summarizes the current essential knowledge relevant for clinical endocrinologists. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(7): 278–284.

Abstract: Introduction: The isolated haploinsufficiency of the SHOX gene is one of the most common cause of short stature determined by monogenic mutations. The heterozygous deviation of the gene can be detected in 2–15% of patients with idiopathic short stature (ISS), in 50–90% of patients with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis syndrome (LWS), and in almost 100% of patients with Turner syndrome. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of SHOX gene haploinsufficiency in children with ISS, LWS and in patients having Turner syndrome phenotype (TF), but normal karyotype, and to identify the dysmorphic signs characteristic for SHOX gene deficiency. Method: A total of 144 patients were included in the study. Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) method was used to identify the SHOX gene haploinsufficiency. The relationships between clinical data (axiological parameters, skeletal disorders, dysmorphic signs) and genotype were analyzed by statistical methods. Results: 11 (7.6%) of the 144 patients showed SHOX gene deficiency with female dominance (8/11, 81% female). The SHOX positive patients had a significantly higher BMI (in 5/11 vs. 20/133 cases, p<0.02) and presented more frequent dysmorphic signs (9/11vs 62/133, p = 0.02). Madelung deformity of the upper limbs was also significantly more frequent among the SHOX positive patients (4/11, i.e. 36%, vs. 14/133, i.e. 10%, p = 0.0066). There were no statistically significant differences between the mean age, mean height and auxological measurements (sitting height/height, arm span/height) between the two groups of patients. Conclusions: The occurrence of SHOX gene haploinsufficiency observed in our population corresponds to the literature data. In SHOX positive patients, in addition to short stature, the dysmorphic signs have a positive predictive value for SHOX gene alterations. However, the SHOX deletion detected in a patient with idiopathic short stature without dysmorphic signs suggest that SHOX deletion analysis can be recommended in patients with ISS. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(34): 1351–1356.