Urate is the third most common component of canine uroliths. Dogs with a genetic mutation or hepatic dysfunction excrete more urate salts and are predisposed to urate urolith formation. Documentation of total and individual purine content in commercial diets is clinically important because feeding diets containing fewer purines reduces urinary uric acid excretion and urolith formation. Nine purine metabolites were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry in samples of 3 batches of 14 dry and 10 canned diets from 3 manufacturers, including low-protein diets, vegetarian diets, diets designed to prevent urate uroliths, and maintenance diets. Concentrations were compared among diet groups using a linear mixed model design. Total concentrations are reported as least squares means and 95

This article reviews the nutritional assessment and management of diabetic dogs and cats . It discusses how to determine appropriate nutritional goals for individual patients, including comorbid patients with diabetes. Considerations for macronutrient and micronutrient modifications will be reviewed.

In the original publication [...].

The pathogenesis of steatitis that infrequently occurs in cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (KRT; Lepidochelys kempii) has been undetermined. The objectives of this study were to investigate the clinical (n = 23) and histologic findings (n = 11) in cold-stunned KRT, and to compare plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol (vitamin E), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the TBARS to vitamin E (T/E) ratio (an assessment of oxidative stress) between cold-stunned KRT with clinically and/or histologically confirmed steatitis (n = 10) and free-ranging KRT (n = 9). None of the cold-stunned turtles had clinically detectable steatitis at admission, and the median number of days to diagnosis of steatitis was 71 (range 33–469). Histologic findings of affected adipose tissue included heterophilic (n = 9) and/or histiocytic (n = 5) steatitis, fat necrosis (n = 7), myonecrosis (n = 2), and intralesional bacteria (n = 6). Cold-stunned KRT had significantly lower plasma vitamin E concentrations (median = 3.5 nmol/g), lower plasma TBARS concentrations (median = 1.6 nmol/g), and higher T/E ratios (median = 0.50), than controls (62.3 nmol/g; 2.1 nmol/g; 0.03, respectively). These results suggest a multifactorial etiology for the development of steatitis in KRT during rehabilitation, including tissue injury, septicemia, and various factors resulting in imbalances of anti-/oxidative status. By highlighting the need to provide more effective vitamin E supplementation, and the need to re-assess specific components of the diet, this study may lead to reduced incidence and improved medical management of steatitis in cold-stunned sea turtles.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of a flotation vest (FV) and water flow rate (WFR) on limb kinematics of dogs swimming against a current.ANIMALS:7 (1 male and 6 female) healthy adult Siberian Huskies.PROCEDURES:Dogs were habituated to swim with and without an FV beside an investigator in a continuous-flow pool against WFRs up to 2.9 km/h. During each of 4 experimental sessions in a repeated-measures study, markers were wrapped around the right carpus and tarsus, and a video was recorded while each dog swam with or without an FV for about 2 minutes at each of 7 WFRs between 0 and 2.9 km/h when the WFR was incrementally decreased or increased. Motion tracking software was used to measure stroke excursion and frequency.RESULTS:Stroke excursion varied more than frequency among all dogs and in response to changes in experimental conditions. The male dog and 1 female dog were unable to complete the study. For the remaining 5 dogs across all experimental conditions, mean tarsus excursion was 30% that of the carpus. Mean total excursion (sum of the excursion-frequency products for the carpus and tarsus) decreased when an FV was worn and increased with WFR by 69% and 19% when WFR was incrementally increased and decreased, respectively.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:In dogs, range of motion during swimming was greater for the carpus than tarsus, when an FV was not worn, and increased more with WFR when WFR was incrementally increased. Those factors should be considered during swimming-based rehabilitation.

The Florida manatee (Trichechus Manatus latirostris) is a threatened herbivorous marine mammal with a long intestinal tract and prolonged intestinal transit time that should allow symbiotic microbes in their large intestine to thoroughly digest otherwise indigestible fiber in their diet. Nevertheless, the apparent digestibility (AD) of fiber has not been well documented in Florida manatees. This study measured the AD of dry matter (DM), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in three adult and two sub adult manatees offered diets that are typically fed to rehabilitating manatees recovering from illness or injury. These diets were composed principally of romaine lettuce with or without added vegetables and fruit. Acid detergent lignin (ADL) was used as a marker; hemicellulose was calculated as NDF-ADF, and cellulose as ADF-ADL. Acid insoluble ash (AIA) proved unsuitable as a marker because concentrations were lower in feces than in food. The AD of all the nutrients measured was high (> 61%) and was very high for cellulose (> 86%). The AD of all nutrients except hemicellulose decreased as ADL in the food increased (r <= -0.74, p <= 0.02). Intake of DM increased both as ADL in food increased and AD of DM decreased r(2) >= 0.77, p <= 0.002). Our results demonstrate that evaluations of nutrient arid energy requirements of manatees during rehabilitation must take account of the high AD of fiber in typical diets. Furthermore, measuring ADL in the diet may help to more accurately estimate, energy availability from the diet of manatees.

Ammonium urate nephrolithiasis has been reported in common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) managed under human care but rarely occurs in free-ranging dolphins. In terrestrial mammals, including human beings, consumption of purine-rich seafood may predispose to urate urolith formation because purines are metabolized and excreted in urine as urate ions. Dolphins consume a piscivorous diet, but the purine content of their diet is unknown. Free-ranging dolphins consume live, temperate-water fish, whereas managed dolphins consume frozen, stored, and thawed cold water species that dolphins would probably not encounter in the wild. Purine metabolite concentrations vary with species and cold storage methods, so the purine intake of managed and free-ranging dolphins may differ. The concentrations of eight purine metabolites were measured in fresh frozen fish species commonly consumed by free-ranging dolphins and in seven frozen, stored, and thawed fish and squid species commonly consumed by managed dolphins. Total purine content was calculated for two model diets typically consumed by managed dolphins and a model diet reported to be consumed by bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Total and individual purine metabolite concentrations differed significantly (p < 0.05) among individual species and among model diets. The mean total purine content of model managed dolphin diets was twice that in the model free-ranging dolphin diet. Inosine and IMP were measured because they can convert to hypoxanthine during frozen storage. Hypoxanthine concentrations were higher relative to inosine and IMP in managed species after frozen storage than in unstored free ranging species (p < 0.05). These differences may explain the higher prevalence of ammonium urate nephrolithiasis in some managed dolphins compared to free-ranging dolphins and implies that the purine intake of some managed dolphins can be decreased by altering the proportions of species fed. Further research is needed, however, to determine whether such a change prevents ammonium urate nephrolith formation in dolphins.

In many species, body weight (W) increases geometrically with body length (L), so W/L-3 provides a body condition index (BCI) that can be used to evaluate nutritional status once a normal range has been established. No such index has been established for Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). This study was designed to determine a normal range of BCIs of Florida manatees by comparing W in kg with straight total length (SL), curvilinear total length (CL), and umbilical girth (UG) in m for 146 wild manatees measured during winter health assessments at three Florida locations. Small calves to large adults of SL from 1.47 to 3.23 m and W from 77 to 751 kg were compared. BCIs were significantly greater in adult females than in adult males (p < 0.05). W scaled proportionally to L-3 in females but not in males, which were slimmer than females. The logarithms of W and of each linear measurement were regressed to develop amended indices that allow for sex differences. The regression slope for log W against log SL was 2.915 in females and 2.578 in males; W/SL2.915 ranged from 18.9 to 29.6 (mean 23.2) in females and from 24.6 to 37.3 (mean 29.8) in males. Some BCIs were slightly (4%), but significantly (p <= 0.05), higher for females in Crystal River than in Tampa Bay or Indian River, but there was no evidence of geographic variation in condition among males. These normal ranges should help evaluate the nutritional status of both wild and rehabilitating captive manatees.

Nutrient concentrations in a diet can be expressed either "as fed," relative to dry matter (DM), or relative to metabolizable energy (ME). Most published literature evaluates the diet of dolphins by comparing nutrient content relative to DM. Nevertheless, ME requirements, not DM, determine how much food dolphins need to maintain their body condition. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate why it is important to calculate the ME content of fish fed to dolphins and compare nutrient concentrations in dolphin diets relative to ME, not DM. Two studies that compared the nutrient composition of fish species on a DM basis were reevaluated. The ME content of each fish species was calculated and found to vary widely among species, from 0.94 to 1.58 Mcal/kg as fed. Water, mineral, and fat concentrations relative to ME also varied markedly among fish species. To demonstrate the magnitude of nutrient content differences between fish, the percent change in nutrient concentration for each species was calculated relative to herring. The percent changes for DM and ME analyses were then compared. Percent change in nutrient concentration was either over- or underestimated on a DM basis when compared with the percent change on an ME basis. Notable discrepancies were evident among important nutrients, such as crude protein, water, and sodium. Caretakers of managed dolphins must account for differences in energy density when deciding how much to feed and assessing the nutrient composition of the diet.

Background The urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) is used to quantify urine protein excretion and guide recommendations for monitoring and treatment of proteinuria. Hypothesis/Objectives Home urine samples will have lower UPCs than hospital samples. The objectives were to compare UPCs of samples collected in each setting and to determine whether environment of sample collection might affect staging, monitoring or treatment recommendations. Animals Twenty‐four client‐owned dogs. Methods Prospective, nonmasked study. Clients collected a urine sample from their dog at home and a second sample was collected at the hospital. Dogs receiving corticosteroids or angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors were excluded, as were those with urine samples of inadequate volume, no protein on dipstick analysis, or active urine sediment. Samples were refrigerated after collection, dipstick and sediment evaluations were completed and each sample was frozen at −80°C within 12 hours. UPCs were performed on frozen samples within 2 months. Results From 81 paired samples, 57 were excluded. Of the remaining 24, 12/24 (50%) had higher hospital sample UPCs, 9/24 (38%) had identical UPCs, and 3/24 (12%) had lower hospital UPCs. The UPCs of hospital samples were higher than home samples for the total population (P = .005) and the subset with UPC > 0.5 (P = .001). Conclusions Setting and related circumstances of urine collection in dogs is associated with UPC differences; results are usually higher in hospital than in home samples. This difference has the potential to affect clinical interpretation.

BACKGROUND Healthy Dachshunds, like Greyhounds, are reported to have a higher HCT than other dog breeds; however, there appears to be no objective information to support this observation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether RBC counts, indices, and total and differential WBC counts differ between Dachshunds and mixed breed dogs. METHODS In this retrospective study, CBC data and total solids were compared between 61 healthy Dachshunds and 60 mixed breed dogs that were presented for health check, dental prophylaxis, or neutering to a university and a private clinic. RESULTS Dachshunds had higher mean PCV (52% vs 50%; P = .047), mean HCT (52% vs 48%; P = .0003), mean RBC count (7.7 × 10(6) /μL vs 7.1 × 10(6) /μL; P = .0004), and mean HGB concentration (18.2 g/dL vs 16.8 g/dL; P = .0003) than mixed breed dogs. There were slight differences in HCT and HGB concentration between clinics (P < .05). There was no evidence of a difference in MCV, MCHC, and total solids between breeds (P > .5). More Dachshunds than mixed breed dogs had RBC variables above the reference interval: 29% vs 2% for HCT (P = .001); 40% vs 7% for HGB concentration (P = .0006); and 26% vs 5% for RBC count (P = .01). There were statistically significant but clinically unimportant differences in differential WBC counts. CONCLUSIONS Compared with mixed breed dogs, Dachshunds have higher PCV, HCT, RBC count, and HGB concentration. Veterinarians should consider these differences when interpreting CBCs.

Many Chinese herbs and herbal mixtures are fed to domestic animals for their reputed medicinal properties. These herbs could contribute to the intake of essential nutrients and toxic metals, but their composition is mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure major nutrient (crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, fibre) and mineral (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, S, Al, Cd, Ni, Pb) concentrations in samples of fourteen combination formulas labelled for veterinary use and commonly administered to horses and dogs. Three single herbs, Bupleurum chinense, Curcuma zedoaria and Astragalus membranaceus, each obtained from several sources, and Yunnan Baiyao, a proprietary hemostatic mixture, were also analysed. Proximate analyses and some mineral concentrations differed (p < 0.05) among single herbs, and high concentrations of several minerals were detected in some herbal combinations. Those containing the highest concentrations [g/kg dry matter (DM)] of calcium (92.4), iron (2.6) and manganese (0.28) could provide >38%, 142% and 96%, respectively, of recommended allowances in adult dogs, and >13%, 122% and 2%, respectively, of maintenance requirements in horses, at the maximum labelled dose assuming complete availability. Concentrations of cadmium, nickel and lead were below published oral tolerance levels. Aluminium concentrations (median 380, maximum 920 mg/kg DM) were higher than has been previously reported in Chinese herbs. These nutrient analyses suggest that herbal combinations marketed to veterinarians, when fed at the maximal labelled dose, are unlikely to produce clinically relevant changes in the dietary intake of essential nutrients. However, small amounts of non-essential contaminant minerals are present in some formulas, and further research is necessary to understand the significance of this finding.

Chapter 4 Nutritional and Energy Requirements for Performance Richard C. Hill, Richard C. HillSearch for more papers by this author Richard C. Hill, Richard C. HillSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Andrea J. Fascetti VMD, PhD, Andrea J. Fascetti VMD, PhD Diplomate ACVIM (Nutrition and Small Animal Internal Medicine) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Professor of Nutrition Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorSean J. Delaney BS, DVM, MS, Sean J. Delaney BS, DVM, MS Diplomate ACVIM (Nutrition) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Founder Balance It®, A DBA of Davis Veterinary Medical Consulting, Inc., Davis, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Larsen DVM, MS, PhD, Jennifer A. Larsen DVM, MS, PhD Diplomate ACVIM (Nutrition) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Professor of Clinical Nutrition Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorCecilia Villaverde BVSc, PhD, Cecilia Villaverde BVSc, PhD Diplomate ACVIM (Nutrition) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Diplomate ECVCN EBVS®, European Specialist in Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition Consultant Expert Pet Nutrition, Fermoy, County Cork, IrelandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 August 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119375241.ch4 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary This chapter provides practical advice regarding the feeding of dogs that undertake different types of exercise. It should be possible to divide the daily metabolizable energy (ME) requirement in kcal/day by the ME density of the diet in kcal/g to obtain the amount to feed in g/day. Any calculation of the ME requirements based on mean energy requirements can provide no more than an uncertain estimate of the true requirements of any individual animal. Both working dogs and companion dogs tend to be inactive or asleep for more than 60% of each day, and some working dogs and most companion dogs undertake very little additional exercise. Antioxidant requirements for dogs that exercise regularly may even be less than for sedentary dogs that only exercise intermittently on weekends, and it is better to exercise dogs more regularly than to recommend any increase in antioxidant vitamins in the diet. References Angle , C.T. , Wakshlag , J.J. , Gillette , R.L. et al. ( 2014 ). The effects of exercise and diet on olfactory capability in detection dogs . J. Nutr. Sci. 3 : e44 . Blaxter , K. ( 1989 ). 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Musch , T.I. , Haidet , G.C. , Ordway , G.A. et al. ( 1985 ). Dynamic exercise training in foxhounds. I. Oxygen consumption and hemodynamic responses . J. Appl. Physiol. 59 ( 1 ): 183 – 189 . National Research Council (NRC) ( 2006 ). Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats . Washington, DC : National Academy Press . Ober , J. , Gillette , R.L. , Angle , T.C. et al. ( 2016 ). The effects of varying concentrations of dietary protein and fat on blood gas, hematologic serum chemistry, and body temperature before and after exercise in Labrador retrievers . Front Vet. Sci. 3 : 59 . O'Connor , W.J. ( 1975 ). Drinking by dogs during and after running . J. Physiol. 250 ( 2 ): 247 – 259 . Orr , N.W.M. ( 1966 ). The feeding of sledge dogs on Antarctic expeditions . Br. J. Nutr. 20 ( 1 ): 1 – 12 . Paul , P. and Holmes , W.L. ( 1975 ). Free fatty acid and glucose metabolism during increased energy expenditure and after training . Med. Sci. Sports 7 ( 3 ): 176 – 183 . 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A 13-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat presented for investigation of decreased appetite and increased serum liver enzyme concentrations. An abdominal ultrasound revealed multiple sessile hyperechoic structures along the luminal aspect of the gall bladder wall and a mildly enlarged liver with hyperechoic nodules. Cholecystectomy was performed and biopsies were obtained by laparotomy. Histopathologic examination with immunohistochemistry was consistent with a diagnosis of small-cell lymphoma of T cells within the gall bladder, liver and small intestine. Clonality testing confirmed the diagnosis. The cat remains clinically stable 23 months after institution of treatment with prednisolone, chlorambucil and ursodeoxycholic acid. This is the first report of small-cell lymphoma in the gall bladder of a cat.

The purpose of the present review is to highlight some of the challenges and issues in developing nutritional guidelines for companion animals, and to provide some insights that may influence their future direction. For this purpose, we have chosen to provide a brief historical review of the development of dog and cat nutrient guidelines, and an analysis of current recommendations and of key institutions and bodies (notably the National Research Council) that are influential in defining nutrient guidelines for companion animals. In addition, we have also included a review of current approaches for defining nutritional guidelines for humans and farm animal livestock, as they provide differing perspectives and insights that may be instructive for the future development of nutritional guidelines for companion animals.

Faecal moisture content can determine whether faeces appear soft or firm, and faecal character can influence whether owners are satisfied with a dog food. In a previous study, dogs appeared to produce softer faeces after noon. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether time of defecation affected canine faecal water content. A total of eight hound dogs were fed one of four canned diets as a single meal each morning for 1 week per diet in a Latin square design. All four diets contained approximately 77 % moisture and, on a DM basis, 24 MJ/kg gross energy, 23 % crude protein, 32 % crude fat, 31 % N-free extract and 1 % crude fibre. The proportion of dietary protein from soya-derived texturised vegetable protein (TVP):beef was 0:100, 14:86, 29:71 and 57:43, respectively. Soya carbohydrate partially replaced maize starch as TVP increased. Faeces were collected by direct catch during the sixth morning and afternoon of each diet period. Mean faecal moisture content was greater in the afternoon than in the morning (79 v. 71 %; P = 0.01) and increased with dietary TVP (P ≤ 0.0001), and there was an interaction between time of day and percentage TVP (P = 0.003). Faecal moisture content differed from morning to afternoon only with TVP in the diet. Faecal wet weight was similar from morning to afternoon. This suggests that time of day and presence of TVP from soya should be taken into account when evaluating the effect of a diet on faecal form and moisture content in dogs fed once daily.

OBJECTIVE:To compare secretory responses to prostaglandin (PG) E(2) in mucosa obtained from the proximal and distal portions of the colon of dogs.SAMPLE:Colonic mucosa from cadavers of 18 clinically normal adult dogs.PROCEDURES:Short-circuit current (I(SC)) and maximum change in I(SC) (ΔI(sc)) in response to administration of 1μM PGE(2) were measured across mucosa obtained from the proximal and distal portions of the colon. Responses were evaluated in mucosa (n = 6 dogs) incubated in Ussing chambers with or without 1 mM amiloride or without chloride in the Ringer's bathing solution. Responses were also evaluated in mucosa (n = 9 dogs) incubated with or without pretreatment with 1 μM indomethacin, with or without amiloride in the subsequent bathing solution. Histologic changes in mucosa from 3 dogs were assessed over time.RESULTS:I(SC) and ΔI(SC) were significantly reduced when chloride was removed from, but not when amiloride was added to, the bathing solution and were significantly reduced after pretreatment with indomethacin. The ΔI(SC) was significantly greater in mucosa from the distal portion of the colon than in the proximal portion of the colon. Histologic changes after incubation for 3 hours were minimal.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:I(SC) and ΔI(SC) resulted from electrogenic chloride secretion. Chloride secretion was reduced when release of PGs was prevented by indomethacin and was induced by administration of PGE(2). Chloride secretion in response to PGE(2) was greater in mucosa from the distal portion of the colon than in mucosa from the proximal portion of the colon.

Free-ranging Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) consume a variety of sea grasses and algae. This study compared the dry matter (DM) content, proximate nutrients (crude protein [CP], ether-extracted crude fat [EE], nonfiber carbohydrate [NFC], and ash), and the calculated digestible energy (DE) of sea grasses (Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, and Syringodium filiforme)collected in spring, summer, and winter, and an alga (Chara sp.) with those of romaine lettuce (Lactuca saliva var. longfolia). Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin (L) measured after ash-extraction were also compared. Results of statistical tests (alpha = 0.01) revealed DM content was higher in aquatic vegetation than in lettuce (P = 0.0001), but NDF and ADF were up to threefold greater, EE (P = 0.00001) and CP (P = 0.00001) were 2-9 times less, and NFC (P = 0.0001) was 2-6 times lower in sea grass than in lettuce, on a DM basis. Chara was lower in NDF, ADF, L, EE, CP, and NFC relative to lettuce on a DM basis. Ash content (DM basis) was higher (P = 0.0001), and DE was 2-6 times lower in aquatic vegetation than in lettuce. Sea grass rhizomes had lower L and higher ash contents (DM basis) than sea grass leaves. Based on the nutrient analyses, romaine lettuce and sea grasses are not equivalent forages, which suggests that the current diet of captive Florida manatees should be reassessed.