The CMS detector, including its muon system, has been operating at the CERN LHC in increasingly challenging conditions for about 15 years. The muon detector was designed to provide excellent triggering and track reconstruction for muons produced in proton–proton collisons at an instantaneous luminosity ( ℒ ) of 1 × 10^34 cm ^-2 s ^-1 . During the Run 2 data-taking period (2015–2018), the LHC achieved an instantaneous luminosity of twice its design value, resulting in larger background rates and making the efficient detection of muons more difficult. While some backgrounds result from natural radioactivity, cosmic rays, and interactions of the circulating protons with residual gas in the beam pipe, the dominant source of background hits in the muon system arises from proton–proton interactions themselves. Charged hadrons leaving the calorimeters produce energy deposits in the muon chambers. In addition, high-energy particles interacting in the hadron calorimeter and forward shielding elements generate thermal neutrons, which leak out of the calorimeter and shielding structures, filling the CMS cavern. We describe the method used to measure the background rates in the various muon subsystems. These rates, in conjunction with simulations, can be used to estimate the expected backgrounds in the High-Luminosity LHC. This machine will run for at least 10 years starting in 2029 reaching an instantaneous luminosity of ℒ = 5 ×10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 and increasing ultimately to ℒ = 7.5 ×10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 . These background estimates have been a key ingredient for the planning and design of the muon detector upgrade.

AbstractThe CMS detector, including its muon system, has been operating at the CERN LHC in increasingly challenging conditions for about 15 years. The muon detector was designed to provide excellent triggering and track reconstruction for muons produced in proton–proton collisons at an instantaneous luminosity ($$\mathcal {L}$$ L ) of $$1 \times 10^{34}$$ 1 × 10 34 cm$$^{-2}$$ - 2 s$$^{-1}$$ - 1 . During the Run 2 data-taking period (2015–2018), the LHC achieved an instantaneous luminosity of twice its design value, resulting in larger background rates and making the efficient detection of muons more difficult. While some backgrounds result from natural radioactivity, cosmic rays, and interactions of the circulating protons with residual gas in the beam pipe, the dominant source of background hits in the muon system arises from proton–proton interactions themselves. Charged hadrons leaving the calorimeters produce energy deposits in the muon chambers. In addition, high-energy particles interacting in the hadron calorimeter and forward shielding elements generate thermal neutrons, which leak out of the calorimeter and shielding structures, filling the CMS cavern. We describe the method used to measure the background rates in the various muon subsystems. These rates, in conjunction with simulations, can be used to estimate the expected backgrounds in the High-Luminosity LHC. This machine will run for at least 10 years starting in 2029 reaching an instantaneous luminosity of $$\mathcal {L} = 5 \times \text {10}^\text {34}\,\text {cm}^\text {-2}\,\text {s}^\text {-1}$$ L = 5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 and increasing ultimately to $$\mathcal {L} = 7.5 \times \text {10}^\text {34}\,\text {cm}^\text {-2}\,\text {s}^\text {-1}$$ L = 7.5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 . These background estimates have been a key ingredient for the planning and design of the muon detector upgrade.

Abstract The CMS detector, including its muon system, has been operating at the CERN LHC in increasingly challenging conditions for about 15 years. The muon detector was designed to provide excellent triggering and track reconstruction for muons produced in proton–proton collisons at an instantaneous luminosity ( $$\mathcal {L}$$ L ) of $$1 \times 10^{34}$$ 1 × 10 34 cm $$^{-2}$$ - 2 s $$^{-1}$$ - 1 . During the Run 2 data-taking period (2015–2018), the LHC achieved an instantaneous luminosity of twice its design value, resulting in larger background rates and making the efficient detection of muons more difficult. While some backgrounds result from natural radioactivity, cosmic rays, and interactions of the circulating protons with residual gas in the beam pipe, the dominant source of background hits in the muon system arises from proton–proton interactions themselves. Charged hadrons leaving the calorimeters produce energy deposits in the muon chambers. In addition, high-energy particles interacting in the hadron calorimeter and forward shielding elements generate thermal neutrons, which leak out of the calorimeter and shielding structures, filling the CMS cavern. We describe the method used to measure the background rates in the various muon subsystems. These rates, in conjunction with simulations, can be used to estimate the expected backgrounds in the High-Luminosity LHC. This machine will run for at least 10 years starting in 2029 reaching an instantaneous luminosity of $$\mathcal {L} = 5 \times \text {10}^\text {34}\,\text {cm}^\text {-2}\,\text {s}^\text {-1}$$ L = 5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 and increasing ultimately to $$\mathcal {L} = 7.5 \times \text {10}^\text {34}\,\text {cm}^\text {-2}\,\text {s}^\text {-1}$$ L = 7.5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 . These background estimates have been a key ingredient for the planning and design of the muon detector upgrade.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment prepares its Phase-2 upgrade for the high-luminosity era of the LHC operation (HL-LHC). Due to the increase of occupancy, trigger latency and rates, the full electronics of the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers will need to be replaced. In the new design, the time bin for the digitization of the chamber signals will be of around 1 ns, and the totality of the signals will be forwarded asynchronously to the service cavern at full resolution. The new backend system will be in charge of building the trigger primitives of each chamber. These trigger primitives contain the information at chamber level about the muon candidates position, direction, and collision time, and are used as input in the L1 CMS trigger. The added functionalities will improve the robustness of the system against ageing. An algorithm based on analytical solutions for reconstructing the DT trigger primitives, called Analytical Method, has been implemented both as a software C++ emulator and in firmware. Its performance has been estimated using the software emulator with simulated and real data samples, and through hardware implementation tests. Measured efficiencies are 96 to 98% for all qualities and time and spatial resolutions are close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers. A prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics using the Analytical Method for trigger primitive generation has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and operated in CMS cosmic data taking campaigns in 2020 and 2021. Results from this validation step, the so-called Slice Test, are presented.

Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a next generation liquid scintillator neutrino experiment under construction phase in South China. Thanks to the anti-neutrinos produced by the nearby nuclear power plants, JUNO will be able to study the neutrino mass hierarchy, one of the open key questions in neutrino physics. One key ingredient for a successful measurement is to use high speed, high resolution sampling electronics located very close to the detector signal. Linearity in the response of the electronics is another important ingredient for the success of the experiment. During the initial design phase of the electronics, a custom design with the Front-End and Read-Out electronics located very close to the detector analog signal has been developed and successfully tested. The present paper describes the electronics structure and the first tests performed on the prototypes. The electronics prototypes have been tested and they show good linearity response, with a maximum deviation of 1.3% over the full dynamic range (1-1000 p.e.), fulfilling the JUNO experiment requirements.

This article describes a design of an field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of a clock and data recovery (CDR) system. The core will be integrated in the FPGA configuration for the front-end electronics (FEE) board of the Jiangmen underground neutrino observatory (JUNO) experiment. The front-end will be placed on the main detector, underground and underwater, making the electronics not accessible after installation. The timing and trigger system relies on a synchronous link connection over CAT5e cable (up to 100 m long) between the front-end and the back-end electronics (BEE), where a twisted-pair is dedicated to clock-forwarding. The robustness of the recovery clock system is essential for the stability of the FPGA firmware. The proposed project is intended to improve the clock recovery operation by increasing the immunity of the link to sudden electromagnetic interference (EMI). On top of this, the core allows to free a twisted-pair in the link, since the clock can be recovered from the data and there is no more need for a clock-dedicated transmission. This will optimize the link granting the possibility to implement other features. The design is based on two components: a numerically-controlled oscillator (NCO), in order to create a controlled frequency clock signal, and a digital phase detector (PD) to match the clock frequency with the data rate. NCOs are often coupled with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to create direct digital synthesizers (DDSs), which are able to produce analog waveforms of any desired frequency. In the presented case instead, the NCO generates a digital clock signal of an arbitrary frequency, while the PD manages this frequency by intercepting any shifting on the relative phase between the clock and the data. A phase aligner (PA) module guarantees that data are sampled in the middle of the eye pattern, which represents the optimal sampling point. The article presents an overview of the NCO-based CDR design and implementation, together with some tests and results in order to verify the CDR reliability. Moreover, in the last section, some other possible applications of the core are illustrated.

The MIP Timing Detector will provide additional timing capabilities for detection of minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) at CMS during the High Luminosity LHC era, improving event reconstruction and pileup rejection. The central portion of the detector, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL), will be instrumented with LYSO:Ce crystals and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) providing a time resolution of about 30 ps at the beginning of operation, and degrading to 50-60 ps at the end of the detector lifetime as a result of radiation damage. In this work, we present the results obtained using a 120 GeV proton beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility to measure the time resolution of unirradiated sensors. A proof-of-concept of the sensor layout proposed for the barrel region of the MTD, consisting of elongated crystal bars with dimensions of about 3 x 3 x 57 mm^3 and with double-ended SiPM readout, is demonstrated. This design provides a robust time measurement independent of the impact point of the MIP along the crystal bar. We tested LYSO:Ce bars of different thickness (2, 3, 4 mm) with a geometry close to the reference design and coupled to SiPMs manufactured by Hamamatsu and Fondazione Bruno Kessler. The various aspects influencing the timing performance such as the crystal thickness, properties of the SiPMs (e.g. photon detection efficiency), and impact angle of the MIP are studied. A time resolution of about 28 ps is measured for MIPs crossing a 3 mm thick crystal bar, corresponding to an MPV energy deposition of 2.6 MeV, and of 22 ps for the 4.2 MeV MPV energy deposition expected in the BTL, matching the detector performance target for unirradiated devices.

Atmospheric neutrinos are one of the most relevant natural neutrino sources that can be exploited to infer properties about Cosmic Rays and neutrino oscillations. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment, a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector with excellent energy resolution is currently under construction in China. JUNO will be able to detect several atmospheric neutrinos per day given the large volume. A study on the JUNO detection and reconstruction capabilities of atmospheric νe and νμ fluxes is presented in this paper. In this study, a sample of atmospheric neutrinos Monte Carlo events has been generated, starting from theoretical models, and then processed by the detector simulation. The excellent timing resolution of the 3” PMT light detection system of JUNO detector and the much higher light yield for scintillation over Cherenkov allow to measure the time structure of the scintillation light with very high precision. Since νe and νμ interactions produce a slightly different light pattern, the different time evolution of light allows to discriminate the flavor of primary neutrinos. A probabilistic unfolding method has been used, in order to infer the primary neutrino energy spectrum from the detector experimental observables. The simulated spectrum has been reconstructed between 100MeV and 10GeV, showing a great potential of the detector in the atmospheric low energy region.

The GALILEO γ-ray spectrometer has been constructed at the Legnaro National Laboratory of INFN (LNL-INFN). It can be coupled to advanced ancillary devices which allows nuclear structure studies employing the variety of in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy methods. Such studies benefit from reactions induced by the intense stable beams delivered by the Tandem-ALPI-PIAVE accelerator complex and by the radioactive beams which will be provided by the SPES facility. In this paper we outline two experiments performed within the experimental campaign at GALILEO coupled to the EUCLIDES Si-ball and the Neutron Wall array. The first one was aimed at spectroscopic studies in A=31 mirror nuclei and the second one at measurements of lifetimes of excited states in nuclei in the vicinity of ^100Sn.

To maximize the light yield of the liquid scintillator (LS) for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a 20 t LS sample was produced in a pilot plant at Daya Bay. The optical properties of the new LS in various compositions were studied by replacing the gadolinium-loaded LS in one antineutrino detector. The concentrations of the fluor, PPO, and the wavelength shifter, bis-MSB, were increased in 12 steps from 0.5 g/L and <0.01 mg/L to 4 g/L and 13 mg/L, respectively. The numbers of total detected photoelectrons suggest that, with the optically purified solvent, the bis-MSB concentration does not need to be more than 4 mg/L. To bridge the one order of magnitude in the detector size difference between Daya Bay and JUNO, the Daya Bay data were used to tune the parameters of a newly developed optical model. Then, the model and tuned parameters were used in the JUNO simulation. This enabled to determine the optimal composition for the JUNO LS: purified solvent LAB with 2.5 g/L PPO, and 1 to 4 mg/L bis-MSB.

GALILEO, a new 4π high-resolution γ-detection array, based on HPGe detectors, has been developed and installed at the Legnaro National Laboratories. The GALILEO array greatly benefits from a fully-digital read-out chain, customized DAQ, and a variety of complementary detectors to improve the resolving power by the detection of particles, ions or high-energy γ-ray transitions. In this work, a full description of the array, including electronics and DAQ, is presented together with its complementary instrumentation.

Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a next generation liquid scintillator neutrino experiment under construction phase in South China. Thanks to the anti-neutrinos produced by the nearby nuclear power plants, JUNO will be able to study the neutrino mass hierarchy, one of the open key questions in neutrino physics. One key ingredient for a successful measurement is to use high speed, high resolution sampling electronics located very close to the detector signal. Linearity in the response of the electronics is another ∗ Correspondence to: Universitá di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, via F. Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova. E-mail address: alberto.garfagnini@pd.infn.it (A. Garfagnini). ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164600 eceived 20 June 2020; Received in revised form 30 August 2020; Accepted 1 September 2020 vailable online 19 September 2020 168-9002/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. M. Bellato, A. Bergnoli, A. Brugnera et al. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 985 (2021) 164600 important ingredient for the success of the experiment. During the initial design phase of the electronics, a custom design with the Front-End and Read-Out electronics located very close to the detector analog signal has been developed and successfully tested. The present paper describes the electronics structure and the first tests performed on the prototypes. The electronics prototypes have been tested and they show good linearity response, with a maximum deviation of 1.3% over the full dynamic range (1-1000 p.e.), fulfilling the JUNO experiment requirements.

During the High Luminosity LHC, the Drift Tube chambers installed in the CMS detector need to operate with an integrated dose ten times higher than expected at the LHC due to the increase in integrated luminosity from 300 fb-1 to 3000 fb-1. Irradiations have been performed to assess the performance of the detector under such conditions and to characterize the radiation aging of the detector. The presented analysis focuses on the behaviour of the high voltage currents and the dose measurements needed to extrapolate the results to High Luminosity conditions, using data from the photon irradiation campaign at GIF++ in 2016 as well as the efficiency analysis from the irradiation campaign started in 2017. Although the single-wire loss of high voltage gain observed of 70% is very high, the muon reconstruction efficiency is expected to decrease less than 20% during the full duration of High Luminosity LHC in the areas under highest irradiation.

. In a fusion-evaporation reaction, nuclei are produced by evaporating light-charged particles and neutrons from the compound nucleus. Typically, a nucleus of interest is produced as a result of a part of the total cross-section and, in order to guarantee a good channel discrimination, a particle detector, like the EUCLIDES 4π Si-ball array, is necessary. EUCLIDES has been quoted in more than a hundred publications resulting from many experiments performed in combination with the EUROBALL and GASP γ -ray spectrometers. The present paper reports on the upgraded version of EUCLIDES, that is presently coupled to the new GALILEO γ -ray spectrometer, installed at the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN. The design, characteristics and performance of the EUCLIDES array are presented and discussed.

Clock synchronization procedures are mandatory in most physical experiments where event fragments are readout by spatially dislocated sensors and must be glued together to reconstruct key parameters (e.g., energy and interaction vertex) of the process under investigation. These distributed data readout topologies rely on an accurate time information available at the front end, where the raw data are acquired and tagged with a precise timestamp prior to data buffering and central data collecting. This makes the network complexity and latency, between front-end and backend electronics, negligible within upper bounds imposed by the front-end data buffer capability where the raw data are stored waiting for the trigger validation. The proposed research work describes a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) that exploits the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) timing, trigger, and control (TTC) system as a multicast messaging physical and data link layer. The hardware implementation extends the clock synchronization to the nanoseconds range, overcoming the typical accuracy limitations inferred by computers Ethernet-based local area network (LAN). Establishing a reliable communication between master and timing receiver nodes is essential in a message-based synchronization system. In the backend electronics, the serial data streams synchronization with the global clock domain is guaranteed by a hardware-based finite state machine that scans the bit period using a variable delay chain and finds the optimal sampling point. The validity of the proposed timing system has been proven in point-to-point data links as well as in star topology configurations over standard CAT-5e cables. The results achieved together with weaknesses and possible improvements are hereby detailed.

In this work, the $^{222}$Rn contamination mechanisms on acrylic surfaces have been investigated. $^{222}$Rn can represent a significant background source for low-background experiments, and acrylic is a suitable material for detector design thanks to its purity and transparency. Four acrylic samples have been exposed to a $^{222}$Rn rich environment for different time periods, being contaminated by $^{222}$Rn and its progenies. Subsequently, the time evolution of radiocontaminants activity on the samples has been evaluated with $α$ and $γ$ measurements, highlighting the role of different decay modes in the contamination process. A detailed analysis of the alpha spectra allowed to quantify the implantation depth of the contaminants. Moreover, a study of both $α$ and $γ$ measurements pointed out the $^{222}$Rn diffusion inside the samples.

Gravimetric methods are expected to play a decisive role in geophysical modeling of the regional crustal structure applied to geoneutrino studies. GIGJ (GOCE Inversion for Geoneutrinos at JUNO) is a 3‐D numerical model constituted by ~46 × 10 3 voxels of 50 × 50 × 0.1 km, built by inverting GOCE (Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer) gravimetric data over the 6° × 4° area centered at the JUNO (Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory) experiment, currently under construction in the Guangdong Province (China). The a priori modeling is based on the adoption of deep seismic sounding profiles, receiver functions, teleseismic P wave velocity models, and Moho depth maps, according to their own accuracy and spatial resolution. The inversion method allowed for integrating GOCE data with the a priori information and some regularization conditions through a Bayesian approach and a stochastic optimization. GIGJ fits the highly accurate and homogeneously distributed GOCE gravity data with a ~1 mGal standard deviation of the residuals, compatible with the observation accuracy. GIGJ provides a site‐specific subdivision of the crustal layers masses, of which uncertainties include estimation errors, associated to the gravimetric solution, and systematic uncertainties, related to the adoption of a fixed sedimentary layer. A consequence of this local rearrangement of the crustal layer thicknesses is a ~21% reduction and a ~24% increase of the middle and lower crust geoneutrino signal, respectively. The geophysical uncertainties of geoneutrino signals at JUNO produced by unitary uranium and thorium abundances distributed in the upper, middle, and lower crust are reduced by 77%, 55%, and 78%, respectively. The numerical model is available at this site ( http://www.fe.infn.it/radioactivity/GIGJ ).

In a fusion-evaporation reaction, nuclei are produced by evaporating light-charged particles and neutrons from the compound nucleus. Typically, a nucleus of interest is produced as a result of a part of the total cross-section and, in order to guarantee a good channel discrimination, a particle detector, like the EUCLIDES $4\pi$ Si-ball array, is necessary. EUCLIDES has been quoted in more than a hundred publications resulting from many experiments performed in combination with the EUROBALL and GASP $\gamma$-ray spectrometers. The present paper reports on the upgraded version of EUCLIDES, that is presently coupled to the new GALILEO $\gamma$-ray spectrometer, installed at the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN. The design, characteristics and performance of the EUCLIDES array are presented and discussed.

This paper describes the design, construction principles and operations of the distillation and stripping pilot plants tested at the Daya Bay Neutrino Laboratory, with the perspective to adapt these processes, system cleanliness and leak-tightness standards to the final full scale plants to be used for the purification of the liquid scintillator of the JUNO neutrino detector. The main goal of these plants is to remove radio impurities from the liquid scintillator while increasing its optical attenuation length. Purification of liquid scintillator will be performed with a system combining alumina oxide, distillation, water extraction and steam (or N(2)gas) stripping. Such a combined system will aim at obtaining a total attenuation length greater than 20 m @430 nm, and a bulk radiopurity for (238)Uand(232)Th in the 10(-15)divided by 10(-17)g/g range. The pilot plants commissioning and operation have also provided valuable information on the degree of reliability of their main components, which will be particularly useful for the design of the final full scale purification equipment for the JUNO liquid scintillator. This paper describes two of the five pilot plants since the Alumina Column, fluorescent material mixing and the Water Extraction plants are being developed by the Chinese part of the collaboration.

K. Hadyńska-Klȩk,1,2,3,4,5,* P. J. Napiorkowski,1 M. Zielińska,1,6 J. Srebrny,1 A. Maj,7 F. Azaiez,8 J. J. Valiente Dobón,4 M. Kicińska-Habior,2 F. Nowacki,9 H. Naïdja,9,10,11 B. Bounthong,9 T. R. Rodríguez,12 G. de Angelis,4 T. Abraham,1 G. Anil Kumar,7 D. Bazzacco,13,14 M. Bellato,13 D. Bortolato,13 P. Bednarczyk,7 G. Benzoni,15 L. Berti,4 B. Birkenbach,16 B. Bruyneel,16 S. Brambilla,15 F. Camera,15,17 J. Chavas,6 B. Cederwall,18 L. Charles,9 M. Ciemała,7 P. Cocconi,4 P. Coleman-Smith,19 A. Colombo,13 A. Corsi,15,17 F. C. L. Crespi,15,17 D. M. Cullen,20 A. Czermak,7 P. Désesquelles,21,22 D. T. Doherty,5,6,23 B. Dulny,7 J. Eberth,16 E. Farnea,13,14 B. Fornal,7 S. Franchoo,8 A. Gadea,24 A. Giaz,15,17 A. Gottardo,4 X. Grave,8 J. Grȩbosz,7 A. Görgen,3 M. Gulmini,4 T. Habermann,10 H. Hess,16 R. Isocrate,13,14 J. Iwanicki,1 G. Jaworski,1 D. S. Judson,25 A. Jungclaus,26 N. Karkour,22 M. Kmiecik,7 D. Karpiński,2 M. Kisieliński,1 N. Kondratyev,27 A. Korichi,22 M. Komorowska,1,2 M. Kowalczyk,1 W. Korten,6 M. Krzysiek,7,28 G. Lehaut,29 S. Leoni,15,17 J. Ljungvall,22 A. Lopez-Martens,22 S. Lunardi,13,14 G. Maron,4 K. Mazurek,7 R. Menegazzo,13,14 D. Mengoni,13 E. Merchán,10,30 W. Mȩczyński,7 C. Michelagnoli,13,14 B. Million,15 S. Myalski,7 D. R. Napoli,4 M. Niikura,8 A. Obertelli,6 S. F. Özmen,1 M. Palacz,1 L. Próchniak,1 A. Pullia,15,17 B. Quintana,31 G. Rampazzo,4 F. Recchia,13,14 N. Redon,29 P. Reiter,16 D. Rosso,4 K. Rusek,1 E. Sahin,4 M.-D. Salsac,6 P.-A. Söderström,32 I. Stefan,8 O. Stézowski,29 J. Styczeń,7 Ch. Theisen,6 N. Toniolo,4 C. A. Ur,13,14 R. Wadsworth,23 B. Wasilewska,7 A. Wiens,16 J. L. Wood,33 K. Wrzosek-Lipska,1 and M. Ziȩbliński7 1Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5A, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland 2Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, PL 00-681 Warsaw, Poland 3Department of Physics, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway 4INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Viale dell’Università, 2, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy 5Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom 6Irfu, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 7Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL 31-342 Kraków, Poland 8Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay, F-91400 Orsay, France 9Université de Strasbourg, IPHC/CNRS, UMR7178, 23 rue du Loess, F-67037 Strasbourg, France 10GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany 11LPMS, Université Constantine 1, Route Ain-El bey, 25000 Constantine, Algeria 12Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Física Teórica, Madrid, Spain 13INFN Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy 14Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università degli Studi di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy 15INFN Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy 16Institut für Kernphysik, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany 17Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy 18Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden 19Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom 20Schuster Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom 21Université Paris-Sud, F-91400 Orsay, France 22Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM/IN2P3/CNRS), F-91405 Orsay, France 23Department of Physics University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom 24Instituto de Física Corpuscular IFIC, CSIC-University of Valencia, S-46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain 25Oliver Lodge Laboratory, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom 26Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Madrid, E-28006 Madrid, Spain 27Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions JINR, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia 28ELI-NP, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125 Magurele, Romania 29Universite Lyon 1, CNRS, IN2P3, IPN Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France 30Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany 31Laboratorio de Radiaciones Ionizantes, Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain 32Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden 33School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA