AbstractMany Australian languages do not have a dedicated relative clause construction, if ‘relative clause’ is narrowly defined. All languages have, however, constructions that fill the functional role of a relative clause, and these constructions are surveyed here for Australian languages. These often resemble a construction known as the ‘adjoined relative clause’, which can have temporal, conditional, relative and/or purposive functions. Lack of data for some languages makes dedicated relative clauses difficult or impossible to identify. This chapter surveys constructions and shows how Australian languages vary as to whether relative clauses are adjoined or embedded, linear order, finiteness, whether they are externally or internally headed, and the type of relative marking.

Public libraries occupy a highly visible and promissory role for how individuals and communities learn, interact and share with one another. Yet libraries are increasingly underfunded, decried as outdated or irrelevant, or swept up in neoliberal agendas and financialised logics. Combined, these threaten the public library as an indispensable site for community collection and recollection. Inspired by previous library-focused position statements, a workshop, and subsequent experimental writing exercise, we offer our own manifesto for co-creating public library futures. In this, we seek to unpack the tensions that encircle public libraries and seek to chip away at their physical, digital and social infrastructure. Due to the way in which public libraries can co-create multiple possibilities, we argue that this manifesto be used to inform future participatory research agendas. The key message is hopeful, yet pragmatic: co-creating public library futures can support social justice efforts yet requires ongoing vigilance and new forms of institutional and societal investment.

This book attends to the most essential, lucrative, and overlooked business activity of early modern Europe: the trade of paper. Despite the well-known fact that paper was crucial to the success of printing and record-keeping alike, paper remains one of the least studied areas of early modern history. Organised into three sections – ‘Hotspots and Trade Routes’, ‘Usual Dealings’, and ‘Recycling Economies’ – the chapters in this collection shed light on the practices, materials, and networks of the paper trade. Altogether, the collection uncovers the actors involved in the networks of paper production, transportation, purchase, and reuse, between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries and across the central and peripheral papermaking regions of Europe. Contributors: Renaud Adam, Daniel Bellingradt, Frank Birkenholz, Simon Burrows, Orietta Da Rold, Michael Falk, Anna Gialdini, Rachel Hendery, Silvia Hufnagel, Jean-Benoît Krumenacker, Katherine McDonough, Krisztina Rábai, Anna Reynolds, Benito Rial Costas, Tapio Salminen, Helen Smith, Jan Willem Veluwenkamp, Andreas Weber, and Megan Williams.

What can be learned about the paper trade from digital and archival sources on the business of a single publishing house? Would the lessons it teaches be of merely local interest, or can such a case study reveal wider information about the, rhythms, networks and scale of the trade? These are questions we seek to address in this study. In the process we hope to shed fresh light on the practices, materials, and networks of the early modern paper trade in Europe, particularly the mechanisms by which printers and publishers attempted to ensure a regular supply of paper to their workshops. By analyzing the supply and demand for paper from a single company’s business records across a time span of almost two decades, our study illuminates the business practices of paper traders, and the interplay of supply networks and purchasing strategies of major paper buyers in early modern Europe.This chapter grew from of a desire to explore the rich data on professional groups in the award-winning French Book Trade in Enlightenment Europe (FBTEE) database, which documents the trade of a large Swiss publisher-wholesaler, the Societe typographique de Neuchâtel (STN). We first describes the database from which the analysis was derived (§1), then describes the methods used to estimate the STN's usage of printing paper (§2.1) and business paper (§2.2) from the available sales and publication records. We use this data to consider demand for paper in Francophone Europe during the Enlightenment. We consider first what the STN's paper usage tells us about the volatility of the paper market in the period (§3.1), and then build on what we know about the STN's installed capacity to re-estimate the total paper usage of the book trade in Enlightenment Europe (§3.2). Finally we turn to the records of STN's business correspondence to determine how they sourced their paper (§4). We conclude with our reflections on how economic, political and cultural forces shaped the publication of Enlightenment texts, and on how digital methods can help us study these forces (§5). Reason, it seems, was not the only driver of the Age of Reason.

In this article, drawing upon a feminist epistemology, we examine the critical roles that philosophical standpoint, historical usage, gender, and language play in a knowledge arena which is increasingly opaque to the general public. Focussing on the language dimension in particular, in its historical and social dimensions, we explicate how some keywords in use across artificial intelligence (AI) discourses inform and misinform non-expert understandings of this area. The insights gained could help to imagine how AI technologies could be better conceptualised, explained, and governed, so that they are leveraged for social good.

In this paper we outline a paradigm that has existed in interface and interaction design for Virtual Reality (VR) since the first wave of VR in the 1980s and 90s. Focussing in particular on VR as a research tool, we argue that the field has moved away from immediate, embodied interaction towards interface paradigms adopted from desktop software and computer gaming. We introduce a VR experience we have developed for use in a research project, Layered Horizons, and discuss how it fits within the alternative tradition of the ‘no interface’ interface, where interaction is triggered by body movement and natural gestures. We discuss what this means for our project. We argue that this kind of interaction design in VR takes full advantage of the media’s affordances, without relying on metaphors from other interactive media, yet being familiar enough as to engender intuitive and meaningful use.

In this paper we report on the experience of two research projects that intended to experiment with crowdsourcing models for opening up their scholarly materials to the wider public. Both the Howitt & Fison project, and Mapping Print; Charting Enlightenment were designed to take into consideration particularities of the Australian academic environment: in the former case, sensitivities around materials relating to First Peoples; in both cases, geographical distance from potentially interested communities, and the difficulties of formal recognition and categorisation of time spent on activities that lie at the intersection of research and outreach. They had similar challenges in terms of needing to process a large amount of data before analysis and progress towards the projects’ main research goals could begin. They also had similar goals in terms of eventual use of the project data, for example, making historical texts available online, and producing maps, networks, timelines and digital exhibitions of images and texts. In the end, one project has found crowdsourcing invaluable for building connections with interested publics the other discovered that crowdsourcing was not necessary to produce the results the project needed, and has moved away from this to focus its efforts instead on the linking of existing data and automation of structuring and categorisation. This paper discusses how the projects came to take these different directions, and how the above-mentioned Australian contexts contributed to their evolution.

In this demo we showcase Layered Horizons, a Virtual Reality (VR) experience we have developed for use in an ARC-funded research project, Waves of Words: Mapping and Modelling Australia’s Pacific Past. This platform allows users to connect different geospatial datasets (for our purposes, from the humanities and social sciences) into layers that can then be explored by the use of natural gesture and body movement. This kind of interaction design in VR takes full advantage of the media’s affordances, without relying on metaphors from other interactive media, yet being familiar enough as to engender intuitive and meaningful use. We demonstrate how the platform is currently being used to connect linguistic data (word lists) with archaeological data (e.g. on the spread of bananas through the Asia-Pacific region, or canoe styles found in different locations) and anthropological data (e.g. shared cultural features like chieftainship systems or kinship systems). Taking into account what we also know about Pacific navigation and simulated canoe travel, we can therefore build a complex layered map of the region over time that allows us to better discover probable human migration and contact patterns.

Glossopticon is a Virtual Reality (VR)-based information visualisation system that presents heritage audio recordings in the archival linguistic data of the Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC) collection. This paper will outline the project, the way it has used VR to visualise information and how it has been used on multiple levels from public exhibition piece, to research tool and in doing so provides an exemplar of the notion of the collaborative, interdisciplinary project as a basic unit of scholarly investigation within the digital humanities.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the possibility for the galleries, libraries, archives and museums sector to employ playful, immersive discovery interfaces for their collections and raise awareness of some of the considerations that go into the decision to use such technology and the creation of the interfaces. Design/methodology/approach This is a case study approach using the methodology of research through design. The paper introduces two examples of immersive interfaces to archival data created by the authors, using these as a springboard for discussing the different kinds of embodied experiences that users have with different kinds of immersion, for example, the exploration of the archive on a flat screen, a data "cave" or arena, or virtual reality. Findings The role of such interfaces in communicating with the audience of an archive is considered, for example, in allowing users to detect structure in data, particularly in understanding the role of geographic or other spatial elements in a collection, and in shifting the locus of knowledge production from individual to community. It is argued that these different experiences draw on different metaphors in terms of users' prior experience with more well-known technologies, for example, "a performance" vs "a tool" vs "a background to a conversation". Originality/value The two example interfaces discussed here are original creations by the authors of this paper. They are the first uses of mixed reality for interfacing with the archives in question. One is the first mixed reality interface to an audio archive. The discussion has implications for the future of interfaces to galleries, archives, libraries and museums more generally.

Radcliffe‐Brown introduced the concept of a ‘Kariera’ type of kinship system in proposing his highly influential typology of Australian social organization, building on his earlier reports of fieldwork in the Pilbara of northern Western Australia, in which the Kariera (Kariyarra) people were taken to represent a widespread type. Radcliffe‐Brown's and other typologies of Australian kinship have generally disregarded the universalist categorizations (going back to Fison and Howitt's assignment of Kariera‐type systems to the Dravidian category), in favour of a scheme based on Australia alone. In the spirit of Radcliffe‐Brown's typology, we propose a diagnostic pattern of kinship term equivalences for grandkin such as FF = MMB (father's father is equivalent to mother's mother's brother), which can be operationalized in search‐map routines of a database known as AustKin and closely approximates to the set of systems generally recognized as ‘Kariera’. However another property of many Kariera grandkin systems which has been claimed to be criterial by some scholars – equivalence between grandkin and grandchild generations (+2 and −2), or Alternate Generation Equivalence – is shown to be more widespread than Kariera and independent of it. With regard to the −1 generation (children and niblings), the pattern among the Kariyarra and more generally in the western Pilbara and Western Desert (where ‘son’ and ‘daughter’ are distinguished) is radically different from the pattern found in the other ‘Kariera’ systems across the rest of the continent, (where ‘woman's child’ vs. ‘man's child’ is the prime distinction). This prompts analysis of the child patterns as independent of the Kariera system. This article also shows how the Kariera system is independent of the four‐section system with which it has been claimed to be related functionally, with sections being a later development. We also encounter overlaps, where more than one equivalence pattern intersect in one language, and overlays, where the variation between more than one equivalence also has social contextual functions. Examples of overlaps analysed here are (1) between Kariera and Aluridja (the Western Desert pattern with cross‐parallel neutralization); and (2) between Kariera and a more radical kind of Alternate Generation Equivalence, where parallel grandkin and grandchildren kin‐types are called siblings (generation 0).

Speech and language researchers often rely on large, naturalistic, audio-visual corpora to identify and measure patterns of language structure, variation, change and use. There are, however, few visualization tools designed for this need. This paper proposes a novel visual analytic method to process large linguistic corpora by employing Bayes' Theorem and interactive visualization. We adopt a simple and meaningful design in our visualization for linguists to understand. Instead of offering a fixed visualization, this project enables greater interaction through filtering, grouping and dragging. Multiple phases are included in the system, from processing the metadata exported from popular standalone linguistic software, to creating the visualization, and enabling interaction and filtering.

Palmerston Island is a tiny isolated community in the Pacific. Over the past 140 years it has developed a unique linguistic and cultural identity, influenced by England, the Cook Islands, and more recently New Zealand. The islanders strongly identify with England and consider themselves very different from the rest of the Cook Islands, to which Palmerston Island officially belongs. This paper explores the relationship between Palmerston Islanders' conceptions of themselves and their linguistic ideologies. It is shown that the construction of linguistic and social norms is not entirely subconscious: the community is aware of the different origins of lexical items, and the cultural and social affiliations signalled by different linguistic choices. Subconscious co-evolution of culture and language also takes place and appears likely to be responsible for the substrate influences of Cook Island M ori in both realms.

This paper examines documents and recordings from the past 100 years to analyse the factors that affect the selection of verb form in Palmerston English. Palmerston Island is a small island in the Cook Islands group that was settled by a small group in the 1860s, which included an Englishman, a Portuguese or Portuguese-creole-speaking man, and a small group of Cook Islanders. The descendants of this population speak a dialect of English, and early documents from the island were primarily also written in vernacular English. As is the case in many varieties of English around the world, present tense verb endings do not exactly follow the Standard English pattern of -s following a third person singular subject and bare verbs elsewhere. The variation in -s marking, both historically and synchronically, has been abstracted away in previous descriptions of the dialect. This paper describes for the first time the variant verb agreement patterns found at each stage of the dialect's history, examines various grammatical and social factors that contribute to the distribution of the forms, and uses a logistic regression analysis to model the interactions of the factors and their contributions to the output. This contributes to a growing literature on the -s alternation in English dialects, and is one of only a few studies that has been able to include data from multiple individuals and also from a relatively long historical timeframe. I find that significant predictors of third person verb forms include subject type, subject number, whether the verb is be or not, and at least in the later data, the proximity of the subject to the verb. I also find that the amount of individual variation among speakers is large enough that it almost obscures diachronic variation. This is a finding that has methodological implications for future research into the phenomenon in other varieties, for example casting doubt on the usefulness of 'apparent time' studies.