Objective: To compare the effect of concentrated platelet-rich fibrin (C-PRF) immediately after collection to C-PRF kept in a cooling device for about 90 min on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). Methods: Ten milliliters of blood without anticoagulants was collected in two tubes from 12 systemically healthy male volunteers and subjected to centrifugation at 700 RCF (relative centrifugal force)-max for 8 min for the test groups. C-PRF was collected immediately from the tubes of the first group, whereas in the second group, the tube was maintained at 4°C prior to blood collection and centrifugation, and following centrifugation, it was returned to a cooling device at 4°C for 90 min. This was then co-cultured with hPDLCs for 21 days. Cell viability and alkaline phosphatase levels were assessed on days 1, 7, 14, and 21. At the end of 21 days, Alizarin Red staining was done to assess the formation of mineralized nodules. All outcome assessments were conducted in three groups: C-PRF, cooled C-PRF, and a control group comprising hPDLCs cultured in an osteogenic basal culture medium without C-PRF and without any intervention. Statistical analysis: Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze values across groups and time points. Results: Both the C-PRF group and cooled C-PRF group demonstrated significantly higher cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase levels than the control group at day 7 and day 14. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the C-PRF and cooled C-PRF groups when compared for cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase production at days 1, 7, 14, and 21 (p > 0.05). At the end of 21 days, both groups demonstrated significantly higher mineralization than the control group (p < 0.05); however, there was no difference between the C-PRF and the cooled C-PRF groups. Conclusion: Usage of C-PRF after storage at 4°C up to 90 min does not significantly alter cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase production, and mineralized nodule formation compared with conventional C-PRF in hPDLCs.

Background:Suture materials in the oral cavity can promote bacterial adhesion and contamination. While antimicrobial-coated sutures are effective, their use is limited by cost, availability, and toxicity. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) derivatives have shown antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens. This study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of sutures soaked in saline, i-PRF, and PRF lysate. Methods:An in vitro study was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sutures soaked in saline, i-PRF, and PRF lysate. The sutures were tested against Streptococcus mutans, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis by measuring inhibition zones. Non-absorbable 3-0 black silk sutures were cut and soaked for 10 minutes in saline (group A), i-PRF (group B), or PRF lysate (group C), then incubated anaerobically at 37 °C for 24 hours. Additionally, samples from all three groups were incubated at 37 °C in 5 mL of saliva from patients with chronic periodontitis, and colony-forming units (CFUs) were assessed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Results:Sutures soaked in i-PRF and PRF lysate demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the zone of inhibition and a reduction in CFU against S. mutans, P. intermedia, and P. gingivalis. Scanning electron microscopy analyses showed a fibrin network on sutures soaked in i-PRF and PRF lysate. Conclusion:The antimicrobial efficacy of i-PRF- and PRF lysate-treated sutures against oral pathogens appears promising. These biologically enhanced sutures may serve as effective alternatives to conventional antimicrobial sutures.

Background: Soft tissue augmentation procedures using connective tissue grafts (CTGs) produce varied outcomes due to differences in the histological composition of grafts from different sites and techniques. This study aimed to compare the histologic composition of CTG harvested by de-epithelization vs. a single-incision technique from the palate. Methods: Forty-five subjects (aged 25-45) scheduled for mucogingival surgeries were divided into 3 groups: Group I (de-epithelialized free gingival graft), Group II (maxillary tuberosity graft), and Group III (single-incision technique). A 2 x 2 mm tissue sample was taken from the antero-superior part of the graft and analyzed using hematoxylin & eosin or Picrosirius red staining to assess collagen and adipose content under a polarizing microscope. Results: Preoperative donor site thickness was greater in Group II than in Groups I and III (P < .001). Collagen area and bundle thickness were significantly higher in Group I compared to Groups II and III (P < .05, P < .001). Adipose tissue content was higher in Group III. Epithelium remnants were observed in 66.67%, 80%, and 13.3% of Groups I, II, and III, respectively (P < .05). Conclusion: Fibrous tissue content was higher in superficial mucosal tissues, while deeper palatal tissues showed more adipose tissue. Cite this article as: Narayan I, Baron TKA, Shah R, Thomas R, Cheruvathoor JG, Gowda TM. A comparative analysis of collagen fiber and adipose content in the connective tissue procured from different harvesting sites using different harvesting techniques: A cross-sectional study. Essent Dent. 2025, 4, 0012, doi: 10.5152/EssentDent.2025.25012.

Implant surface coating with antibiotics has seen success in terms of limiting the formation of biofilm around titanium implants. Injectable platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a 2 nd generation liquid PRF, which makes it possible to mix with biomaterials such as antibiotics. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of antibiotic-loaded injectable-PRF (i-PRF) on titanium discs. i-PRF was made by immediate centrifugation of freshly drawn blood 700 rpm for 3 min. Premeasured antibiotics (clindamycin 150 mg/ml, gentamicin 50 mg/ml) were mixed with PRF in the liquid stage and coated immediately on the titanium disc until it formed a sticky coat. The antibacterial effect was against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed using disc diffusion and measuring the width of the zone of inhibition (mm). Plain i-PRF demonstrated good antimicrobial effect against both tested microorganisms, which was exaggerated when antibiotics were added. It was concluded that i-PRF can be used as a delivery vehicle to coat antibiotics on the surface of titanium discs for antibacterial effect.

Surgical removal of impacted teeth is a routinely performed procedure that entails removal of large amounts of bone. Use of localized cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for accurate visualization of position and angulation of impacted teeth is increasingly gaining popularity. Even with CBCT a lot is left to the imagination of the operator when it comes to placement of incisions and bone removal. In recent times, guided surgery through 3-d printed surgical guides is routinely performed for precise localization in implant surgeries. Advantages of this include accuracy, decreased intra-operative time, direct guidance for placement of incisions, and minimal bone removal. This technical note presents the use of a novel custom 3-d printed surgical guide for a precision access alternative to routine removal of impacted teeth.

Platelet concentrates, being autologous, are widely used in regenerative periodontal therapy. Composite biomaterials such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) block, sticky bone, albumin PRF (Alb-PRF), and Alb-PRF block combine PRF with bone grafts to enhance both biological activity and mechanical strength. This study aimed to compare the volumetric change, compressive strength, elastic modulus, degradation time, and SEM characteristics among various PRF formulations: leukocyte-PRF (L-PRF), advanced PRF (A-PRF), injectable PRF (i-PRF), sticky bone (i-PRF with bone graft), PRF block (A-PRF+ and i-PRF with bone graft), Alb-PRF, and Alb-PRF block. Blood samples from healthy volunteers (aged 20–50 years) were used to prepare the different PRF composites. Each formulation was tested in triplicate for compressive strength, elastic modulus, volume, degradation time, and SEM characteristics. Sticky bone showed the highest compressive strength (304.72 ± 3.05 MPa), followed by PRF block (256.69 ± 2.12 MPa), Alb-PRF block (187.5 ± 3.75 MPa), and Alb-PRF (84.9 ± 3.05 MPa). The highest modulus of elasticity was observed in the PRF block (32.66 ± 1.52 MPa), followed by sticky bone (27.41 ± 1.03 MPa), whereas both Alb-PRF and Alb-PRF block had 16.23 ± 1.52 MPa. Volume measurements showed the PRF block (1.6 cm 3 ) had the highest volume, followed by the Alb-PRF block (1.4 cm 3 ), sticky bone and Alb-PRF (1.2 cm 3 ), and L-PRF, A-PRF, and i-PRF (1 cm 3 ). Sticky bone, PRF block, Alb-PRF, and Alb-PRF block significantly enhance the mechanical strength, volume, and degradation profile of graft materials, supporting their clinical utility in periodontal regeneration.

Background. Platelet -rich fibrin (PRF) is widely used in periodontics for its wound healing potential. Two major variations of PRF are the original leukocyte- and platelet -rich fibrin (L-PRF) and the modified lowspeed advanced PRF (A-PRF). Objectives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the conventional L-PRF protocol and the low -speed A-PRF protocol in terms of angiogenic potential of PRF, using an in vivo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Material and methods. Fifteen fertile Giriraja eggs were procured and after a 3 -day incubation period, randomly allotted into 3 groups: control; L-PRF; and A-PRF. A total of 20 mL of blood was collected from systemically healthy male volunteers aged 18-24 years, using a standard protocol. The PRF samples were inoculated on the CAM of the eggs. On the 10th day, the eggs were reopened and photographed. The parameters assessed were the number, length, size, and density of blood vessels, as well as the number of junctions formed. The photographs were analyzed using the ImageJ and ProgRes (R) CapturePro software. Results. Seven days after inoculation, both the A-PRF and L-PRF groups exhibited significantly better results than the control group in terms of the number (59.20 +/- 6.61 vs. 48.80 +/- 5.07 vs. 19.20 +/- 6.98), length (25,000 +/- 1,813.10 mu m vs. 17,000 +/- 282.90 mu m vs. 8,000 +/- 184.49 mu m), size (230,000 +/- 15,054.00 mu m2 vs. 200,000 +/- 8,295.27 mu m2 vs. 150,000 +/- 4,105.16 mu m2), and density (central: 9,100 +/- 296.78 vs. 5,370 +/- 272.42 vs. 1,420 +/- 564.36; peripheral: 9,094 +/- 400.14 vs. 3,370 +/- 479.39 vs. 5,420 +/- 746.73) of blood vessels, as well as the number of junctions formed (52 +/- 3.81 vs. 41 +/- 1.58 vs. 33 +/- 4.64), respectively. Conclusions. The angiogenic potential was increased by the exposure to both L-PRF and A-PRF. However, A-PRF demonstrated statistically significant benefits in terms of the number, length, size, and density of blood vessels, as well as the number of junctions formed in comparison with the control and L-PRF groups.

A BSTRACT Aim: The present experimental study was performed with the aim of assessing the efficacy of Ocimum sanctum (OS) gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the management of chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentration of OS on Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacteria nucleatum , and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was carried out as a pilot study. Further, a total of 60 patients (mean age of 34.5 ± 8.3 years) were enrolled in this study ( n = 30 in each group). In the control group (A), Phase I periodontal therapy was performed, whereas in the test group (B), 4% OS gel was inserted into the pockets at baseline after the same. The clinical parameters recorded included plaque index (PI), sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded at baseline and after 45 days. Results: The results obtained by in vivo assessment following the placement of 4% OS gel demonstrated that the mean PI score at baseline was 2.29 ± 0.21, which was reduced to 0.97 ± 0.293 at the 45 th day ( P = 0.001) for Group A, whereas it was 2.18 ± 0.22, which was reduced to 1.46 ± 0.29 at the 45 th day ( P = 0.001) for Group B. The mean Modified Sulcular Bleeding Index score at baseline was 3.56 ± 0.77, which was reduced to 1.55 ± 0.62 at the 45 th day after local drug delivery of OS gel for Group A, whereas it was 3.08 ± 0.69, which was reduced to 1.45 ± 0.51 at the 45 th day ( P < 0.001). The difference between Group A and Group B was statistically not significant ( P > 0.05). The mean probing depth at baseline was 8.07 ± 1.60, which was reduced to 4.83 ± 1.38 for Group A ( P < 0.001), whereas it was 7.50 ± 1.63 at baseline and 5.68 ± 1.29 at the 45 th day for Group B ( P < 0.001). The mean clinical attachment level at baseline was 4.26 ± 1.02, which was reduced to 2.78 ± 0.84 for Group A at the 45 th day ( P < 0.001), whereas it was 4.05 ± 1.08 at baseline and 3.27 ± 0.97at the 45 th day for Group B ( P < 0.001). The difference between Group A and Group B was statistically highly significant ( P < 0.01). Conclusions: The subgingival delivery of 4% OS gel can be used as an adjunct to SRP for superior clinical outcomes in chronic periodontitis cases as compared to SRP alone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TO INTERDISCIPLINARY DENTISTRY This study emphasizes the anti-inflammatory role of Ocimum sanctum in nonsurgical management of periodontal infection which need to be tackled before any other procedures of orthodontics, prosthetic or restorative dentistry.

Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Platelet concentrates have been prevalently utilized in regenerative periodontal treatment as they are autologous in nature. PRF block, sticky bone, Alb-PRF, Alb-PRF block are composite materials using PRF and Bone graft, which activate the graft biologically as well as enhance the mechanical properties of the graft. Hence, the present study aims to compare the volumetric change, compressive strength and difference in SEM characteristics of L-PRF, A- PRF, i-PRF, of sticky bone (injectable PRF/i-PRF with a bone graft) and with PRF block (Advanced Platelet Rich Fibrin /A-PRF+ and i-PRF with bone graft), Alb-PRF, Alb-PRF block. METHODOLOGY: Blood specimens were collected from volunteers who were in good overall health and aged between 20 and 50 years. The samples were then subjected for preparation of L-PRF, A- PRF, i-PRF, sticky bone (injectable PRF/i-PRF with a bone graft) and with PRF block (Advanced Platelet Rich Fibrin /A-PRF+ and i-PRF with bone graft), Alb-PRF, Alb-PRF block which were further subjected to assessment of compressive strength, elastic modulus, final volume, degradation time and scanning electron microscopy in triplicates . RESULTS: On comparing, the mean compressive strength of Sticky bone was found to be (304.72±3.05Mpa), that for PRF Block was (256.69±2.12Mpa), Albumin PRF 84.9±3.05MPa and for Albumin PRF block was 187.5±3.75 Mpa The mean modulus of elasticity was found to be 32.66±1.52Mpa in the PRF Block, 27.41±1.03Mpa for Sticky bone, Albumin PRF 16.23±1.52MPa and for Albumin PRF block 16.23±1.52MPa. In the volumetric test, it was found that there was statistically significant increase in the mean volume of L-PRF, A-PRF , i-PRF was 1cm2, PRF Block 1.6cm3, sticky bone 1.2cm3, Alb-PRF 1.2cm3 , and Alb-PRF block was 1.4 cm3 CONCLUSION: The findings of this current research suggest that sticky bone, PRF block, Albumin PRF, and Alb-PRF block all have the potential to substantially improve the degradation time, strength and volume of the graft material.

Background: The most recent advancement in platelet-rich fibrin is the liquid injectable platelet-rich fibrin. Coating dental implants with platelet-rich plasma has demonstrated a positive effect on the early stability of implants. The aim of this pilot study was to compare the influence of the coating of injectable platelet-rich fibrinon the early stability of dental implants. Methods: Ten systemically healthy patients with ideal ridge and indicated for implant placement were included in this study. Routine steps for implant placement were followed and just before placement, injectable platelet-rich fibrin was coated on the implants in test group (n=10), whereas in the control group, the implants were placed without any coating (n=10), using simple random sampling. Implant stability was assessed immediately after implant placement and at 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks postoperatively, tabulated, and com- pared using analysis of variance. Results: The comparison between the test and control group demonstrated that the Implant Stability Quotient values were significantly higher in the test group as compared to the control group at 6, 8, and 12 weeks after implant placement (P < .05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that coating the implant surface with injectable platelet-rich fibrin significantly increases stability at 6, 8, and 12 weeks postsurgically. Cite this article as: Raj R, A.B. TK, Shah R, M.G. T, Thomas R, Mehta D. Enhanced implant stability after bioactivation with injectable platelet-rich fibrin coating: A pilot study. Essent Dent. 2023;2(2):50-54.

This cross-sectional invitro research aimed to compare and contrast the macroscopic and microscopic, mechanical and biochemical features of leukocyte-rich platelet-rich fibrin, advanced platelet-rich fibrin, and injectable platelet-rich fibrin. In all, 150 samples were taken from males aged 18 to 25 with good systemic health (n = 50 each for i-PRF, A-PRF, and L-PRF). The samples were assessed for clot length, clot width, membrane length and width. Microscopic parameters assessed were the distribution of cells and fibrin structure. Mechanical tests were performed for tensile strength using a universal testing machine and growth factor analysis was performed for platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)- β on Days 1, 3 and 7 using commercially available ELISA kits. The osteogenic potential was analyzed in a culture of human periodontal ligament cells for 21 days using cell viability assay, alkaline phosphatase formation and alizarin red staining for mineralization. L-PRF demonstrates statistically superior clot length, width, weight, membrane length, width and weight in comparison to A-PRF (p < 0.05). L-PRF demonstrates a denser fibrin structure in comparison to A-PRF and i-PRF (p < 0.05). The cells in L-PRF are most commonly situated in the proximal of the clot where as they are distributed in the proximal and middle aspect for A-PRF(p < 0.05). A-PRF demonstrates the highest tensile strength followed by L-PRF (p < 0.05). When growth factor release was evaluated, A-PRF showed noticeably increased release of all growth factors, namely PDGF-BB, TGF-ß, and VEGF, in comparison to i-PRF and L-PRF (p < 0.05). On days 7 and 14, the cell viability of human periodontal ligament cells in co-culture with A-PRF was statistically substantially greater than that of L-PRF and i-PRF (p < 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase levels were statistically substantially higher in A-PRF, followed by i-PRF and L-PRF on days 14 and 21 (p < 0.05). After 21 days of culture, A-PRF treated cultures had much more Alizarin Red staining than L-PRF and i-PRF cultures did (p < 0.05). It was determined that although L-PRF exhibits greater size and weight in comparison to A-PRF and i-PRF, A-PRF has superior mechanical properties, increased growth factor releases of TGF-b, PDGF-BB, and VEGF as well as superior cell viability, alkaline phosphatase production, and mineralization on human periodontal ligament cells. Based on these findings, A-PRF can be recommended for improved delivery of growth factors and osteogenesis whereas L-PRF is better-suited for applications relying on the size of membrane.

Liquid or injectable platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation platelet concentrate that is completely autologous and free of external additives, like bovine thrombin and calcium chloride. Additionally, it is the only one to be obtained in a liquid form among the second-generation platelet concentrates. This allows for wide applications such as maximizing injections or mixing with bio-materials such as bone grafts or antibiotics. Since it was first introduced in 2015, several modifications of the original protocol have been proposed which aim at maximizing its biological and mechanical properties. This includes changes in centrifugation speed, time, and so on. The aim of this review is to summarize the various modifications of the injectable/liquid formation of PRF as well as to discuss the potential applications and future research direction.

The latest innovation in the field of platelet concentrates is the completely autologous, additive-free, injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF). It is the first PRF in a liquid form. This makes it possible for it to have much more versatile applications in regenerative dentistry as compared to its predecessors. Even though there is some published literature on the in vitro properties of i-PRF, there are no clinical reports demonstrating its clinical applications. This case series throws light on the preparation protocol, possible applications, and clinical handling experience with i-PRF.

Platelet concentrates have seen significant advancement in the field of biological surgical wound additives. The focus is now on second-generation platelet concentrates, which are completely autologous with no external additives. Unlike other platelet concentrates, liquid or injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) is the only one that is obtained in a liquid form. This property widens the horizons for its application to virtually any medical field, including many uses in dentistry. Over the past several years, studies have proposed different variations of i-PRF, such as changes to the protocol by varying centrifugation time, g-force, and other factors. The liquid or injectable form of PRF also allows for other modifications, such as the addition of various biomaterials. This article reviews the current evidence and advancements regarding i-PRF and its potential future applications.

Sequelae to too the extraction includes progressive loss in the vertical and horizontal dimension of alveolar ridge. These lead to changes in the alveolar process in a 3 dimensional fashion causing hard and soft tissue deficiency which may affect the ability to restore the site. Preservation of the alveolar crest after tooth extraction is essential to maintain the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the alveolar ridge. Several techniques and materials have been introduced to minimize crestal bone loss. There is a broad consensus that ridge preservation procedures are efficient in limiting the post extraction dimensional loss of the ridge. However, the key to successful outcome is proper treatment planning according to the case and prognosis. Conclusion: The aim of this literature review is to discuss the several bone preservation techniques and materials to minimize post-extraction loss of hard and soft tissues.

Aim: Biomimetic implant surface coatings can improve osteoblast response and enhance osseointegration.This study aimed to assess the response of osteoblast-like cell line (MG-63) coating of injectable platelet-rich fibrin on titanium discs.Materials and methods: Injectable-PRF (i-PRF) was prepared by centrifugation of blood at 700 rpm for 3 minutes without any anti-coagulant in i-PRF tubes.Ten commercially pure titanium discs were divided into control groups comprising plain discs, and test group, titanium discs were coated with i-PRF.These were then added to the cultured MG-63 cells.Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase production, and mineralization were assessed in both groups at day 1, 7, 14, and 21.Results: The cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase production, and mineralization increased significantly from day 1 to day 21 in both test and control groups and was significantly higher in the test group than in control group at day 1, 7, 14, and 21 (p <0.001).Conclusions: Coating of titanium discs with i-PRF causes increased proliferation, alkaline phosphatase production, and increased mineralization at day 1, 7, 14, and 21 in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells.Clinical significance: Improved osteoblast proliferation and mineralization demonstrate enhanced activity on the surface of an implant, which in turn may lead to increased bone to implant contact and faster/ and/or enhanced osseointegration.

Introduction: The present cross-sectional survey study conducted to assess the type of periodontal treatments being done by dental practitioners or specialist other than periodontists and to assess the types and frequency of cases being referred to the Periodontist in the city of Davangere, Karnataka state.Materials and Methods: The proposed study was carried out by asking various dental practitioners other than periodontists to fill a structured questionnaire containing 7 questions focusing on several clinical and nonclinical periodontal scenarios, whether they would treat the patient in the office or refer/consult to a periodontist. A population of 64 was studied which comprised of 31 general dentists, 33 specialists and obtained data were then subjected to analysis.Results: Most of the private practitioners (82.8%, 53/64) carry out nonsurgical periodontal therapy in their clinics. Among the surgical periodontal procedures, gingivectomy and gingivoplasty are the most commonly performed (40.65, 26/64) surgical periodontal therapy. Around 71.9% (46/64) of practitioners refer or consult their periodontists for the surgical periodontal procedures. Flap surgery is the most commonly performed procedure by the periodontist. The frequency of referring or consulting periodontist is more among dental specialists (P = 0.03). Majority of practitioners, i.e., 65.6% (42/64) feel that there are few patients with periodontal disease who get motivated for periodontal treatment whereas 42.2% (27/64) believe that cost-effectiveness of the periodontal treatment is responsible for such referral pattern.Conclusion: It was concluded that our survey study shows that most of the dental practitioners in Davangere city carry out non-surgical periodontal therapy in their clinic and more than half of the dental practitioners refer or consult to their periodontists for surgical periodontal therapy. However, the frequency of referring or consulting the periodontist is low.

The aim of the our study was to assess the efficacy of autogenous tooth root as a block bone graft in reconstructing the vertical and horizontal dimensions at periodontally hopeless extraction sites both clinically and radiographically. A total of 13 patients having a tooth with periodontally hopeless prognosis and indicated for extraction were included in the study. Following atraumatic extraction, the tooth was processed to create a decoronated cementum-free dentin block which was used to augment the extraction socket. The augmentation of periodontally hopeless socket with tooth block autograft resulted in a gain of clinical ridge width of 5.9 mm radiographically, the apico-coronal defect depth reduced up to 8.2 mm (P = .001), and a gain in ridge width of 5.8 mm postoperatively after 6 months (P = .001). The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of using tooth root as a block graft for ridge augmentation in the periodontally hopeless extraction site making it suitable for implant placement in future.

The purpose of this study was to assess clinically and radiographically efficacy of maxillary sinus augmentation using hydraulic pressure in a lateral approach with immediate implant placement. In a total of 10 patients having less than 4 to 6 mm of subantral bone height, lateral approach sinus membrane elevation procedure was performed using hydraulic pressure with the help of a specialized water lift kit followed by grafting and simultaneous implant placement. Cone beam computed tomography analysis was used to assess the change in subantral bone height from baseline to the 6 months postoperatively. Radiographically, subantral bone height increased from 3.86 ± 1.423 mm at baseline to 15.49 ± 2.73 mm at 6 months postoperatively with a gain of 11.63 + 2.63 mm (P < 0.001). Thus, it is concluded that hydraulic pressure may be efficiently used in lateral sinus augmentation procedures along with simultaneous implant placement.

Aim: Laser dentistry is one of the latest, precise, and minimally invasive tools being explored in dentistry. The objective of the study was to determine the knowledge and perceived adequacy of information of lasers in dentistry among the dental interns in Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted in Karnataka among the dental students who were in their fifth year of the course. The questionnaire consisted of two main parts: first part included use and applications of dental lasers, and second part included source and need of information regarding the laser. Total of 1000 questionnaires were distributed among the students, and finally, 727 completely filled questionnaires were considered for the study. Results: A majority of the students (79%) were not provided with adequate knowledge during their Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) curriculum and 53% of the students were interested in procuring the additional information about lasers. It was found that the knowledge regarding lasers was satisfactory only regarding the types and benefits of lasers. The knowledge regarding applications of lasers in various fields of dentistry was below satisfactory. Conclusion: The dental interns of Karnataka feel that the laser education provided to them during their BDS course was insufficient. Most of the surveyed interns were found to be having either insufficient knowledge or incorrect notion about lasers.