Background and Objective: This study presents a comprehensive analysis of site-wise variations in lead concentrations in water from the Yamuna, India, over 1 year. Materials and Methods: Monthly samples were collected from five sites, and the lead concentrations were analyzed using established standard methods. Significant fluctuations were observed in lead concentrations across the sites. Result and Discussion: Site 3 consistently maintained the highest lead concentrations throughout the year. The highest lead concentrations at all sites were recorded in May. Site 4 exhibited a steady increase in concentration from January to May, followed by a decrease throughout the rest of the year. The concentration at site 2 consistently increased up to a peak in April. Site 5 showed fluctuations throughout the year, with the highest concentration in April. At site 1, a notable increase was observed from January to April, followed by a decrease over the rest of the year. These variations in lead concentrations have significant implications for environmental forensics and public health. High lead concentrations, especially at Site 3, indicate that there are potential pollution sources in the vicinity. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring and remediation efforts to mitigate the adverse health effects associated with lead exposure. The concentrations at some of the sites exceed limits set by the World Health Organization. Understanding the site-wise variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Yamuna is crucial for identifying pollution sources, implementing effective remediation strategies, and safeguarding public health. This research provides valuable insight into the dynamic nature of heavy metal pollution in the river Yauma.

Heavy metal pollution in aquatic systems has become a major problem on a global scale. Many heavy metals are regarded as essential nutrients that aid in fish growth and more effective feed utilization. However, when these metal concentrations rise over the maximum amount that can be tolerated, they disrupt ecological processes and jeopardize human and fish health. Fish are dangerous due to lead contamination in their body. Lead cause toxicity because they are long-lasting and non-biodegradable in the environment. This review looked at the impact of heavy metals on fish early development, growth, and reproduction. Fish embryos and larvae, as well as each developmental stage of the embryo, react to intoxication differently and varies between species. Lead poisoning has been linked to decreased gonad somatic index (GSI), fecundity, hatching rate, fertilization success, aberrant form of reproductive organs, and ultimately loss of reproduction in fish. In summary, this review aims to increase awareness of the prevention and control of aquatic environmental pollution while shedding insight on how heavy metals manipulate fish physiology, review also gives the validate concerns regarding potential impacts of deteriorating conditions of aquatic environment and their surroundings as well as impacts on fish species and from food chain it invades ecosystem dynamics.

It is an important task for environmental monitoring initiatives to detect pharmaceuticals in water, and this becomes even more complicated when the priority is to reveal low concentrations of these pollutants; that’s why it is necessary to invent new methods like the ones with the use of nanotechnology. One alternative approach has been the development of nanobiosensors, which are highly sensitive and highly specific towards the detection of drugs in water bodies. This abstract presents a summary of how nanobiosensors have improved drug detection as part of environmental monitoring advancements. Utilizing the principles of nanotechnology and biosensing, nano-biosensors can identify low quantities of drugs with outstanding precision. In the area of detecting drugs in water samples, two main categories that are commonly used are electrochemical and optical biosensors, each having their own set of advantages. By means of electrochemical biosensors, electrical currents fluctuating due to drug-receptor combinations are tracked, whereas light-based detection mechanisms serve as primary methods used by optical biosensors in order to detect sensitive analytes. Incorporating nanobiosensors into an already established environmental monitoring system amplifies our potential to detect and counteract the menace of pharmaceutical pollution in aquatic environments. The use of nanobots makes it possible for researchers and practitioners to monitor pollutants in real-time through distributed systems and locate pollution clusters accurately, thus offering these interested parties the possibility to adopt curative or preventive measures focused on the identified risks.

The Yamuna River in Delhi, India, serves as a critical water resource for both human consumption and aquatic ecosystems. This study investigates the monthly site-wise variations in zinc (Zn) concentrations within the river over the course of a year. The primary objectives were to assess the dynamics of Zn pollution, identify potential pollution sources, and evaluate the associated health and environmental implications. Five strategic sampling sites along the river were selected to represent various aspects of river usage and environmental conditions. Water samples were meticulously collected each month, spanning an entire year, and underwent rigorous analysis. The results unveiled a complex interplay of factors contributing to Zn pollution in the river. Site-specific variations indicated localized pollution sources along the river's course, warranting further environmental forensics investigations. Additionally, the observed fluctuations in Zn levels throughout the year underscored the presence of seasonal pollution patterns influenced by climatic conditions, agricultural practices, industrial processes, and urbanization. Most significantly, the study revealed that Zn concentrations consistently exceeded the World Health Organization's (WHO) permissible limits for drinking water at multiple sampling sites. This alarming trend raises significant health concerns for communities reliant on the Yamuna River's water resources. Furthermore, elevated Zn levels pose threats to aquatic life and the overall ecological health of the river, necessitating habitat restoration and conservation efforts. The study's implications extend to policymakers and regulatory bodies, emphasizing the urgent need for stringent water quality regulations and pollution control measures to safeguard the Yamuna River's water resources. This research lays the groundwork for future investigations, including pinpointing pollution sources, long-term monitoring, expanding the scope to include other contaminants, and developing effective mitigation strategies. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the critical issue of Zn pollution in the Yamuna River, emphasizing the need for immediate action, multidisciplinary collaboration, and sustained monitoring to ensure the long-term sustainability of this vital water resource and the ecosystems it supports.

The systematic review emphasises strategies adopted to assess and mitigate the level of heavy metal pollution in the Yamuna River water. The Yamuna River is a major river in India and is a vital source of water for many communities. However, due to industrialization and human activities, the river has become heavily polluted with heavy metals, which pose a significant risk to human health and the environment. This review examines the policies and interventions that have been implemented to address this issue, including monitoring and assessment of heavy metal contamination, regulation of industries, and community-based interventions. The review highlights the effectiveness of various interventions and identifies gaps in the current policy and intervention framework. The findings of this review can inform future policy and intervention efforts to improve the water quality of the Yamuna River and protect the health and well-being of the communities that depend on it.

The lead isotopic ratios of forty-six Tertiary coals of North East India were analysed and compared with thirteen Gondwana coals of Peninsular India. To characterize the environmental fallout of coal mining emissions in Makum, the heavy metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were analysed in the tea garden leaves and soils. The Gondwana coals were comparatively enriched in the heavier Pb isotopes than the Tertiary coals. The 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios of the Oligocene coals of upper Assam ranged between 0.8355-0.8894 and 2.0765-2.1544 while in the Palaeocene-Eocene coals from Meghalaya, the corresponding range was between 0.8007-0.8520 and 2.0125-2.0933. The 207Pb/206Pb versus 208Pb/206Pb plot of the three types of coal showed a distinct geographic spread. The mean content (mg/kg, wet weight basis) of Cu (2.6), Cd (0.03), and Pb (1.9) in the tea leaves were below the regulatory guidelines of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 (PFA), India. Lead isotopic source apportionment and multivariate statistical analysis of trace metals in the tea leaves showed that Pb in the tea leaves was mainly due to coal emission. The lead isotopic ratios of the Oligocene coals overlapped with the cited values of aerosols in eastern India.

Naturally occurring substances, including quercetin and sulphur compounds, which are recognised for their antioxidant and adhesive characteristics, are found in onion powder, which is made from dried onions. These characteristics make onion powder a suitable choice for the formation of latent fingerprints. Our research investigates a novel approach using onion (Allium cepa) powder as a fingerprint-developing agent for both sebaceous and eccrine fingerprints on a variety of porous and non-porous surfaces. The methodology for sebaceous fingerprints involves ensuring the hands of the donor are clean and free of any extraneous substances before depositing the fingerprint on a selected surface, followed by the application of onion powder with an Ostrich hair brush. For eccrine fingerprints, the hands of the donor undergo a thorough cleansing with soap, water, and acetone, followed by a 45-minute period of wearing unpowdered latex gloves to enhance the presence of eccrine secretions. After glove removal and gentle finger massaging, the ec-crine fingerprint is deposited on a non-porous surface. The surfaces used in the study in-cluded non-porous materials like iron, glass, steel, aluminium foil, and ceramic tile, as well as porous materials like black paper, leather, rubber, plastic, and cardboard. Hygiene was maintained using ethanol, soap, cotton, and gloves throughout the procedure. Results indicated that onion powder effectively developed latent fingerprints on both types of surfaces, highlighting its potential as an alternative to traditional fingerprint powders. This innovative method not only broadens the scope of fingerprint development techniques but also presents a cost-effective and readily available option for forensic appli-cations. The findings underscore the versatility and efficacy of onion powder in forensic fin-gerprint analysis, offering a promising avenue for future research and practical implementa-tion.

Pharmaceutical pollutants are now a major contributor to environmental toxicity, which has a negative impact on human health as well as ecosystems. These contaminants are found in environment because they are not entirely digested by organisms; they are sometimes referred to as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and metabolites. Acute and chronic toxicity, hypoglycemia, growth suppression of aquatic species, and possible biomagnifications of pharmaceutical pollutants are some of the effects of pharmaceutical pollution. Because of how recently these drugs have been in the environment, it is challenging to fully assess the degree of their impacts. Because of their solid structure, these pollutants are difficult to break down and remain in the environment for extended periods of time. The amount of these contaminants in environment has sharply increased along with the demand for pharmaceuticals. This is mostly because traditional treatment facilities are ineffective at treating and eliminating these PhACs. These days, it's critical to correctly identify pharmacological groupings and design removal strategies. This paper provides a thorough overview of PCs, different PC subgroups, and treatment techniques and methodologies that are available to remove PCs. For the purpose of totally eliminating harmful substances and restoring the safety of the environment, efficient and effective treatment techniques may be helpful. Therefore, it may be worthwhile to spend money and effort researching PCs and removal methods in the future.

One of India’s most well-known waterways, the Yamuna River, has sadly come to the attention of many people owing to widespread pollution along its numerous segments. Significant metropolitan areas like Delhi, Mathura, Agra, Prayagraj, and others have a significant impact on the river’s ongoing pollution due to lead contamination. Lead is a well-known hazardous metal that when added into water bodies offers a serious threat to both human and animal life. Lead is routinely dumped into the Yamuna River from a variety of sources, underscoring its potential for long-lasting toxicity and the serious consequences for human health. Lead and other contaminants have been extensively introduced into the lakes, rivers, groundwater, and other water sources related to the Yamuna as a result of urban growth, agricultural and residential development, and rapid technological breakthroughs. This comprehensive review focuses on the poisoning of the Yamuna River, illuminating the complex interactions between lead toxicity and its harmful impacts on human populations.

Abstract: Green nanoparticle synthesis has recently gained popularity due to its sustainability and environmental friendliness. This technology employs natural resources such as plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae to produce nanoparticles with beneficial properties. This study aims to investigate the ecologically friendly production of nanoparticles and their potential use in forensic investigation. Green nanoparticle synthesis methods provide several advantages over standard chemical synthesis processes, including less environmental impact, cheaper costs, and the lack of toxic compounds. Nanoparticles have been successfully manufactured utilizing a wide range of plant extracts, including those obtained from medicinal plants. Furthermore, nanoparticles with enhanced properties have been developed employing microorganisms and their metabolites. Nanoparticles made with environmentally benign technology have shown significant promise in the realm of forensic study. These nanoparticles can be employed in forensic analysis methods such as document authentication, DNA profiling, and fingerprint identification. They are ideal candidates for boosting the sensitivity and selectivity of forensic investigations because of their unique physicochemical properties, which include a large surface area, variable size, and great stability. Furthermore, to enable specialized detection and imaging of Latent fingerprints (forensic evidence), green-synthesized nanoparticles can be functionalized with certain ligands or biomolecules. This paper provides an overview of metal, metal oxide, and fluorescent green nanoparticle manufacturing and their uses in forensic science as latent fingerprint development.

In the last decade, the investigation of biosurfactants (BS) has been extensively studied due to the application of BS to remove or minimize the use of toxic synthetic surfactants into the ecosystem. Contaminated soil, air, and water cause a serious hazard to human health and the environment. Usually, biosurfactants exhibited remarkable emulsification with minimum surface tension values less than 16.5 dynes/cm. The BS exhibited significant bioactivities against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The plant-based surfactants have a more than 80% free radical scavenging nature and show potential antioxidant activity. BS are amphiphilic motifs obtained from plants and microorganisms' extract. BS has distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, leading to micellization formation. BS has a special molecular structure with hydrophilic glycoside linkage and lipophilic (Hydrophobic) triterpene derivative. BS has a broad spectrum of numerous sectors, including food, agriculture, personal care, petroleum, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, textile. The features of BS are low toxicity, environmental capability, biodegradability, multi-functionality, and availability of resources. The biosurfactant is today's need of society because synthetic surfactants have high toxicity and high ecological impact due to carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on human health. The proteins and polysaccharides act as emulsifiers. The chemical composition of this kind of surfactant is protein, glycolipid, carbohydrates, steroids, terpenoids. We focused on the steroids, terpenes, and alkaloids based surfactants. Currently employed plant and microbes-based surfactants, study their production, chemical composition, and effect of synthetic biosurfactant on human health and ecosystem.

The Yamuna River A tributary of the Ganga river is one of India's most well-known and important rivers. Regrettably, numerous sections of the Yamuna River are heavily polluted, including many metropolitan areas like Prayagraj, Agra, Delhi etc. Water pollution with lead is a long-term problem. Rural and urban expansion, as well as rapid industrial development, are key sources of lead poisoning in lakes, rivers, groundwater, and other water sources as a result of increased population growth. Water samples were taken from each of the five sampling locations. Samples were taken throughout the course of a whole 2019 year, from January to December, with a 20-25-day break between them, with climate variation as a primary factor. Water sample were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) were used to quantify the content of lead (Pb) in water from the Yamuna in Delhi. When results were compared to the WHO permissible limits of Lead (Pb) and Nickel (Ni) in water, they were found to be greater. It can be observed that the concentration increases as the temperature rises and the humidity falls. Lead and nickel are both very poisonous in nature, and human and animal exposure to these heavy metals through water can cause chronic intoxication, which can be fatal. Copyright (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the National Conference on Environmental Toxicology: Impact on Human Health.

Bacterial diseases in fish are spreading rapidly, with adverse effects on fish populations as well as on the health of humans. Global status of many fishes is affected by these bacterial diseases. Some of the bacteria found in fish that are responsible for causing bacterial diseases are Aeromonas, Mycobacterium, Streptococcus, Edwardsiella, and Flavobacterium. it acidifies the groundwater and marine water so that the water is affected by these types of bacteria. Some of the diseases caused by these bacteria are cholera, leprosy, tuberculosis, plague, syphilis, and anthrax. Through consumption of contaminated fish, humans suffer from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, reproductive system, cardiovascular system, and others. Death may also occur. This chapter discusses detailed studies of the bacterial diseases caused in fishes and their relation to pollution.

The use of pesticides in agriculture reduces the loss of crops and increases crop productivity. Agricultural discharge into water bodies increases pesticide toxicity in water. A pesticide, when entered into water bodies, attacks non-targeting species, which disturbs the aquatic life. Because of low-cost taking, high material removal efficiency, low sludgy amount, and generated biomass for economic benefit, biological bioremediation methods are mostly preferred. Algae are used to remove pollutants from the environment or to convert them into harmless forms. Bioremediation by algae is highly preferred as biomass generated is used in biogas and biofuel production. Algae fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and release oxygen (O-2) by photosynthesis and increase BOD (biological oxygen demand) in contaminated water. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the use of pesticides or dispose of them in the best manner. To be on the safer side and make our water bodies less toxic, it is necessary to make efficient water treatment arrangements. This review paper is to discuss everything about pesticides and bioremediation, the use of microalgae and fungi for the treatment of water contaminated by pesticides, and the factors affecting pesticide bioremediation.

Pollutants of legal pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs are causing many adverse effects on the environment. Pollutants are arising from waste products and from pharmaceuticals or illegal drugs that have not been disposed of properly. Pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs are becoming subject of concern for the past few decades after they attracted considerable attention because they do not willingly biodegrade & remain toxic. Pharmaceuticals compounds such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, psychotropic, human drugs, hormones, and illicit drugs usually occur in wastewater from households, hospitals, health care clinics, veterinary, etc. ends in the water system. They potentially impact human health & aquatic life. Recent studies confirm legal pharmaceuticals & illegal drug residue in drinking water, surface water & groundwater. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been considered as hotspots of Pharmaceuticals residue. This removes contaminants from water using physical, chemical & biological processes. This review focuses on the occurrence, toxicity, and elimination of legal pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in water systems.

The intensified agricultural crop production for growing high yield varieties requires the indiscriminate use of pesticides and fertilizers, which protect the crop from pests, thus helps in improving the quality and quantity of crops. The aquatic environment gets contaminated by the application of pesticides through several routes: runoff, spray drift, and leaching, which pose serious health risks to the aquatic ecosystem as well as to human beings. This exposure can directly affect all levels of biological organization, including primary producers, microorganisms, invertebrates, or fish. Thus, monitoring methods should be adopted for controlling the runoff events in the spraying method, such as suspended matter sampler for particle-associated pesticides that can be used for controlling the number of toxic substances in water bodies.

Rationale & ObjectiveOlder people are more likely to have reduced kidney function and multiple comorbid conditions predisposing them to hyperkalemia. This post hoc subgroup analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of patiromer, a sodium-free nonabsorbed polymer, in lowering serum potassium levels in older patients receiving a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor with chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and hypertension.Study DesignPost hoc subgroup analysis of the randomized open-label AMETHYST-DN clinical trial.Setting & ParticipantsMulticenter clinical trial. Individuals 75 years and older with CKD, T2DM, hypertension, and hyperkalemia at baseline (N = 60; mean age, 77 years; 30 men [50%]; mean estimated glomerular filtration rate, 41.6 ± 14.3 mL/min/1.73 m2).InterventionPatients with hyperkalemia were randomly assigned to receive patiromer at doses ranging from 4.2 to 16.8 g twice daily.OutcomesWe evaluated changesin serum potassium levels from baseline to week 4 and time points through 52 weeks. Long-term safety and tolerability were assessed through the end of 52 weeks and included frequency of adverse events, clinical laboratory measurements, and vital signs.ResultsOf 306 AMETHYST-DN participants, 60 were 75 years or older. All 60 patients had CKD and T2DM; 37% had heart failure. At screening, patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 42 mL/min/1.73 m2, median urinary albumin-creatinine ratio of 127 mg/g, and baseline mean serum potassium level of 5.19 mEq/L. Mean serum potassium level was reduced at each time point from the first postbaseline visit (day 3) through week 52.LimitationsThis small subgroup analysis was not prespecified and therefore randomization was lost; thus, it should be considered hypothesis generating.ConclusionsAmong older patients with hyperkalemia and diabetic kidney disease, treatment with patiromer resulted in significant reductions in serum potassium levels after 4 weeks and lasted through 52 weeks. Patiromer was effective in lowering serum potassium levels and was well tolerated in older patients.FundingVifor Pharma, Inc.Trial RegistrationNCT01371747

Background: According to Hindu mythology, Yamuna River plays an impotent role as a holy water resource in Delhi, India. The lead and chromium concentrations were determined from the water samples collected from five different locations around this river in Delhi area. The contaminated water from this river is mostly used for drinking, agriculture, aquaculture, and storage as a holy water. Methods: The seasonal variations of heavy metal concentrations in the water samples collected from Yamuna river were determined for the summer, monsoon and winter supplies, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: In the summer water samples, we found greater concentrations of both heavy metals than those for the monsoon season. The concentrations of lead and chromium in the water samples were higher than the permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The water quality was not safe for drinking, cleaning and agriculture, nor for the aquatic animals, such as fish, amphibians and others. Conclusion: The condition of the water in Yamuna river is of great health concerns. Therefore, it is vital to take necessary actions to decontaminate the water from this river, and to draw effective strategies to minimize or prevent the current and future contaminations added to this important water resource in India.