Fish maintain their body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis using sophisticated iono-/osmoregulation mechanisms through gills ionocytes. Pesticide-induced ionic imbalance in fish has been recognized as a valuable tool to determine its toxic effects. Acute exposure to synthetic and organo-chemical pesticides on the regulation of ionic (Na+, Ca2+, P) metabolism in freshwater catfish Mystus keletius was evaluated. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (mg/l) of selected pesticide for a period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results indicated that chemical pesticides - Impala and Ekalux - evoked adverse toxic effects on selected tissues compared to organo-chemical pesticide tested. Statistical analysis of the summative data using two-way ANOVA was significant (p-value<0.001). Variations in the cellular parameters analysed were attributed to the physiological acclimatization of fish to the pesticide exposed. Based on the results it is concluded that organic pesticides may be preferred for rice field application considering safety aspects.

Immunostimulants in feed additives have a crucial function in maintaining fish wellness and fostering systemic development by giving resistance to diseases that harm cultured fish. Innate immunity is essential for fish larvae to survive. Afterward, innate immunity is helpful in modulating acquired immune system response and regulation via numerous receptor proteins. On fish and shrimp, glucan, chitin, lactoferrin, and levamisole have been shown to have immunostimulatory effects. There have also been claims that nutritional components such as vitamins and hormones can stimulate the immune system. These immunostimulants primarily improve phagocytic cell activity and heighten their bactericidal actions. Enhanced defence against infectious disease is linked to the activation of various immune processes. Different pathways for the initiation of protective immune responses are activated as a result of different pathogen recognition receptors' differential identification of invading pathogens. Consequently, there is a growing desire to combat the debilitating consequences of illnesses rather than using harmful drugs or chemicals. Numerous immunostimulants are used to boost immunological reaction and protein expression levels via different signalling pathways, exploring potential alternatives to the use of toxic agents in the management of fish illnesses. This chapter's goal is to provide an overview and assessment of the current study of different immunostimulants and the immunological responses they induce in fish. Finally, immunostimulants help lessen disease-related losses in aquaculture. They might not be effective against all ailments, though. When using immunostimulants, it is important to consider the schedule, dosage, route of administration, and physiological status of fish.

The aquaculture industry has experienced remarkable development over the previous three decades, with a surge in health concerns due to rapid emergence and higher feed volumes, amongst many other causes. Immunostimulants were utilized as nutritional supplements to promote body weight, feed, and disease tolerance in farmed fish and improve fish productivity and fitness. Due to the expansion of production procedures, illnesses of economic relevance with a microbiological cause have emerged in raising and growing pools and pose a substantial danger to the industry's viability. Fish and shrimp have been prevented or treated with synthetic chemicals and antibiotics with at least limited effectiveness. Vaccination towards certain infections has subsequently been created with different levels of success, based on the condition. Various chemicals have been used as an alternate strategy to strengthen or activate the host immune responses of cultured fish and shrimp. Immunostimulants are a desirable and potential treatment for fish and crustacean disease control. The recognized benefits of immunomodulators in several living organisms have encouraged their usage in fish farming for disease prevention in recent years. The widespread use of non-specific immunostimulants in aquaculture is primarily due to a lack of knowledge of the immune response in fish and the ease of administration. Numerous studies have examined the impacts of nutritional immunomodulators in fish, such as algal derivative products and traditional medicinal and plant extracts that included dietary habits, using a vast array of downstream analysis methods. Therefore, this review addresses the effect of all known immunostimulants on the health management of fish, particularly on stress oxidative.

Herbal and alternative medicines are popular among the general population worldwide. A great number of modern drugs are still derived from herbs. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances and the safety of synthetic compounds that have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Recently, essential oils and their components have been reported to possess pharmacological effects and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties. Moreover, the activity of some aldehydes, volatile flavour components and oil against different fungal and bacterial strains points out that unsaturated aldehydes have a broad antimicrobial spectrum and show similar activity against bacteria. It has been hypothesized that phytochemicals act both on the plasma membrane, by perturbing its lipid fraction, and on intracellular targets. Finally, α- and β-unsaturated aldehydes for their antimicrobial properties are considered to be involved in the resistance of olive to microbe and insect attacks, due to the fact that the plants can resist parasitic attacks using several defence mechanisms. One such mechanism is the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds which elicit defence substances – phytoalexins. Plant defence substances belong to a wide range of chemical classes—flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroidal saponins, tannins, phenolic acids, lactones, quinines, essential oil and polyphenols. Hence, it is reasonable to infer that the antimicrobial activity of essential oils is promising. This chapter focuses on the properties and application of antimicrobial compounds from plant-derived essential oils.

Phytochemicals have great potency as therapeutic agents. There is continuous and urgent need to discover newtherapeutic compounds with diverse chemical structures and novel mechanism of action because there has been analarming increase in the incidence of new and re-emerging infectious diseases. Hence, the present investigation wascarried out to assess the phytoconstituents of various root extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum. The extracts weresubjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses as per standard procedures. The results showed thatsteroids were detected in maximum number of solvent extracts (five among six solvent extracts analysed) followed byalkaloids (in four solvent extracts). Flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins and tannins were absent in all the sixsolvents used for qualitative phytochemical analyses. Maximum number (five) of compounds were identified in methanoland least (one) in hexane root extract of Acanthospermum. Findings of quantitative analyses highlighted that maximumcontent of alkaloids (4.54 mg/g) were determined in aqueous extract, flavonoids (0.93 mg/g) in methanol, phenols(1.50 mg GAE/g) in aqueous, tannins (0.84 mg TAE/g) in methanol and terpenoids (3.66 %) in methanol extracts. Theresult of this study is encouraging further clinical studies to determine the potential effectiveness of particularphytochemical in vivo.

Revitalization of local health traditions (RLHT) has become an inevitable aspect of human wellbeing in the post COVID era. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out to collect information on local health traditions and cultural reflections associate with the age old use of wild edible fruits (WEFs) from common plants in Melur Region of Madurai district, TamilNadu, India as the habit of consuming WEFs is quite common among people in this region and has not been completely abandoned in particular among the age old people. Information presented in this paper has been gathered from local people using an integrated approach of botanical collections, group discussions and interviews with questionnaires during the period from Apr 2021 to Mar 2022. As much as 29 informants were interviewed, among the informants 6 were local health-care practitioners (Vidiyars). Studies on the use of WEFs from common plants in Melur resulted in collection and documentation of information on a total of 34 ethnomedicinal plant species distributed across 20 families. Medicinal plants used by local people are listed with scientific name, family, local name, plant part(s) used, mode of consumption and preparation and medicinal uses. Data collected during the study clearly indicates that fresh parts of the plant (Fruit (Ripe/ Unripe)) were more preferred in general for the preparation of medicinal formulations by the local health practitioners. Documented ethnomedicinal plants were mostly used to cure long term complications associated with diabetics, gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, poison bites and nervous disorders. Howsoever, results of this study is clear record to the claim that the local people still depend on medicinal plants to overcome situations like COVID pandemic as fruits from most of the plants documented serve as natural source of immune boosters. Further, in-depth studies (both In-silico and Pre Clinical trials) are expected to bring to limelight the hidden quantum of bioactive compounds in the fruits these medicinal plants and their therapeutic potential. Keywords: RLHT; Medicinal Plants; Folklore Medicine; Wild Edible Fruits (WEFs); Ethnobotany

In-silico Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) often comprehends virtual screening (VS) of datasets of natural pharmaco-active compounds for drug discovery protocols. Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) still, remains to be a prime source of pharmaco-active compounds due to their unique chemical structural scaffolds and functionalities with distinct chemical characteristic feature from natural source that are much acquiescent to drug metabolism and kinetics. In the Post-COVID-Era number of publications pertaining to PBNPs and publicly accessible plant based natural product databases (PBNPDBs) has significantly increased. Moreover, PBNPs are important sources of inspiration or starting points to develop novel therapeutic agents. However, a well-structured, in-depth ADME/Tox profile of PBNPs has been limited or lacking for many of such compounds, this hampers the successful exploitation of PBNPs by pharma industries. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties play key roles in the discovery/ development of drugs, pesticides, food additives, consumer products, and industrial chemicals. In the present study, ADMET-informatics of Tetradecanoic Acid (Myristic Acid) from ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves to predict drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) outcomes has been taken up. This work contributes to the deeper understanding of Myristic acid as major source of drug from commonly available medicinal plant - Moringa oleifera with immense therapeutic potential. The data generated herein could be useful for NP based lead generation programs. Keywords: Moringa oleifera; Secondary Metabolites; Bioactive Substances; Myristic acid (MA); DMPK; ADME/Tox; Natural Products (NPs); PBNPs; PBNPDBs

Moringa oleifera has been reported to be the store-house of wide range of bioactive compounds. Most commonly used plant part has been the leaves which are reported to be rich in Vitamins, Carotenoids, Polyphenols, Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids Alkaloids, Glucosinolates, Isocyanides, Tannins and Saponins. Moringa leaves are used as Keerai while, green pods are commonly used as vegetable in the traditional preparation of Sambar in South-India. MO is gaining popularity because of its nutrient-rich root, leaves, flowers and fruits, having immense traditional medicinal uses and proved pharmacological properties. Not much of work has been carried out on analysis of bioactive compounds present in the pods. In the present study an attempt has been made to screen and analyze the range of bioactive compounds present in Moringa oleifera seed removed ripened natural dried pods. Phytochemical screening and GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 12 compounds namely - 7-Octadecyne, 2-methyl- (C19H36); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, me (C23H38O2); Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)- (C10H20O); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (C20H40O); Palmitic acid vinyl ester (C18H34O2); .gamma.-Tocopherol (C28H48O2); Vitamin E (C29H50O2); Cholesta-7,9(11)-dien-3-ol, 4,4-dim (C29H48O); gamma.-Sitosterol (C29H50O); Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol, (3.beta.,24Z)- (C29H48O). Further, in-silico ADMET analysis is expected to provide in-death physiochemical and biomolecular details of these molecules in order to exploit them for production of novel drugs for the pharma market with wide array of bio medical applications. Keywords: Bioactive Compounds; GCMS; Phytochemical Screening; MOPME; Plant Based Natural Products;

Wide-reaching interest in use of plant derived secondary metabolites (PDSMs) has been growing world over. This implies that the beneficial effects of plant based natural products (PBNPs) being rediscovered and harnessed for the development of novel drugs; drug-leads and structural background for drug design. Survey of literature on the indigenous use of traditional medicinal knowledge bestows ethnopharmacological potentials of PBNPs that has inspired drug design and development through research in drug discovery; PBNPs provide baseline for the development of drug leads against various pharmacological targets. Studies indicate that Cymbopogon martini Essential Oil (CMEO) exhibits a wide range of biological activities (anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and insecticide) attributed to the presence of bio-active secondary metabolites (BASM). However, wide-spread application of CMEO is limited because of typical odor, color and taste. In the present study, In-silico Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Toxicity (ADMET) studies of β-caryophyllene (BCP) from Cymbopogon martinii is envisaged. β-caryophyllene enhances wound healing through multiple routes therefore, Non AMES toxic, Non-carcinogens, and biodegradable nature of β-caryophyllene prospects this compound as considered as an apt lead for the development of drugs for the treatment of cuts and wounds besides other diseases viz., diabetics, cancer, metabolic inflammation and other long term complications associated with these diseases. In particular, BCP inhibits cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYP3A4) that metabolize xenobiotics and results in adverse effects. Pharmacokinetic properties and predicted score values of β-caryophyllene have highlighted that both pharmacological and toxicological aspects need to be further investigated before put to clinical trials. Keywords: ADMET; β-caryophyllene; Cymbopogon martinii; Cardiotoxicity; Cytotoxicity; Drugability; Pharmacokinetics; Bioactivity; Essential Oil;

9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (ODA) a carboxylic acid composed of 18 carbon atoms and three cis double bonds. ODA is a plant derived essential fatty acid indispensable to the human system. ODA refers to many different structural and conformational isomers, that differ in the position of the double bonds along the backbone and on whether they are in cis ('Z') or trans ('E') conformation. It has been well established that ODA can only be outsourced from food and then converted into eicosa-pentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa-hexaenoic acid (DHA) in the human system. However, this metabolic process is highly limited and the rate of conversion is influenced by several factors such as dose, gender, and disease. Studies suggest that ODA is associated with reduced risk of fatal ischemic heart disease. Further, higher intake may reduce the risk of sudden death among prevalent myocardial infarction in patients consistent with induced antiarrhythmic effect. ODA significantly reduces blood clots. Traditional usage of ODA is attributed to its cardiovascular-protective, anti-cancer, neuro-protective, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. Recent pharmacological indicate that ODA has anti-metabolic syndrome, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, neuro-protective, and more specifically involved in the regulation of gut-micro-floral functionalities. Studies, both experimental and clinical trials indicate that ODA has anti-metabolic syndrome effects. In short, ODA is potentially used to treat many diseases, but in-depth ADMET studies are required to firmly re-establish its clinical efficacy and market potential. Keywords: ADMET; Moringa oleifera; Secondary Metabolites; Natural Products (NPs); Bioactive Substances; Octadecatrienoic acid (ODA); Eicosa-Pentaenoic Acid (EPA); Docosa-Hexaenoic Acid (DHA)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that affects people of all ages. Increased prevalence of diabetes worldwide has led to the development of synthetic drugs to provide an interim solution to the ill effects of the issue. However, such drugs, although effective as antihyperglycemic agents, are accompanied by significant side effects, costly, and inaccessible to majority of people in remote in underdeveloped countries. Local medicinal plants have been used by such indigenous people through ages to treat such complicate ailments due to their ease of availability and GRAS nature. As diabetes continues to become prevalent, health care practitioners are considering PBNPs as a potential source of antidiabetic drugs due to their high potency and fewer side effects. To better understand the mechanism of action of medicinal plants, their active phytoconstituents are being isolated and investigated thoroughly. Phytochemical screening followed by GCMS analysis of methanolic leaf extracts of Costus igneus depicted the presence of 19 bioactive compounds viz., Bicyclo [3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6- trimethyl-; 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-; phthalic acid; 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen- 1-ol; 5,9,13-Pentadecatrien-2-one, 6,10,14- trimethyl; 2(3H)-Furanone,dihydro-5-methyl-5- pentyl; Hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22- tetracosahexaen-1-yl]-6-methox.; Oxalic acid, cyclohexyl isohexyl ester; 6-Octadecenoic acid; Phytol; 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4- olide; 5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole; Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; Adamantane-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester; Benzopyran-6-ol,3,4-dihydro-; Benzoquinoline; gamma-Tocopherol; dimethyl-5,5'-diphenyl-1H,; 1H-benzo[b]furo[2,3-f]indole that may be ADMET predicted for potential biomedical application in the treatment of diabetics and long term complications associated with the disease. Keywords: Costus igneus; CIMLE; GCMS; Phytochemical Screening; Antidiabetic Leads; NDDT; Antidiabetic Medicinal Plant

Seeds of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) are widely used as a spice for their distinctive aroma. C. cyminum have been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Literature presents ample evidence for biomedical activities of cumin which is attributed to its bioactive secondary metabolites - terpenes, phenols, and flavonoids. Besides, health effects of cumin seeds have been experimentally validated through phytochemical analysis depicting the presence of a wide array of bioactive secondary metabolites (BASMs) viz., alkaloid, coumarin, anthraquinone, flavonoid, glycoside, protein, resin, saponin, tannin and steroid. Pharmacological studies indicate that BASMs in seeds of C. cyminum exert antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-platelet-aggregation, hypotensive, bronchodilatory, immunological, contraceptive, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-osteoporotic, aldose reductase, α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory effects. In the present study phytochemical screening, GCMS, FTIR profile of bioactive natural products from C. cyminum has been envisaged. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, proteins, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 21 compounds, of which Cuminaldehyde was prominent. FTIR analysis showed the presence of a strong peak value for 15 compounds and medium peak value for 6 compounds. Many of the compounds in the list could be ADMET bioprospected for biomedical applications as natural drug leads. Keywords: Cuminum cyminum; Cuminaldehyde; Bioactive Natural Products; GCMS; FTIR

Physalis minima (PM) belongs to the family Solanaceae. PM has been traditionally used to cure and prevent several disorders as documented in Vedic Texts. Nevertheless, scientific values of traditional claims haven't been explored yet. In the previous study, GCMS analysis of P. minima ethanolic leaf extracts (PMELE) indicated the presence of Cyclobutanol (C4H8O); D-Alanine (C3H7O2N); 2-Heptanol, 6-Amino-2-Methyl (C8H19ON); 1-Pentanol, 4-Amino (C5H13NO); Benzeneethanamine, 3-Fluoro-Beta.,5-Dihydroxy-N-Methyl (C9H12FNO2) and L-Alanine, N-(N-Acetylglycyl)-, Butyl Ester (C11H20N2O4). However, biological activities of these bioactive compounds are not known which hampers the exploitation of these compounds by pharma-industries on a commercial scale. This study on ADMET, Pharmacokinetics, Drug-likeness and Medicinal Chemistry of Bioactive Compounds in PMELE aims to provide baseline information on PBNPs as a potential source of natural lead molecules for next generation drug design, development and therapeutics. Keywords: PM-PBNPs; ADMET; PMELE; Pharmacokinetics; Drug-likeness; Drug Development; Bioactive Compounds

Hematological parameters and changes in stress-induced functionalities of cellular enzymes have been recognized as valuable tools for monitoring fish health and determining the toxic effects of pesticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of selected pesticides viz., Ekalux (EC-25%), Impala (EC-55%), and Neemstar (EC-15%) on freshwater catfish Mystus keletius. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (mg/L) of the selected pesticide for a period of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Hematological parameters viz., total erythrocyte (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) packed cell volume values decreased with an increase in exposure time to pesticides, whereas the values for parameters viz., leucocytes (WBC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased significantly. A decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin values coupled with decreased and deformed erythrocytes as signs of anemia were also observed. The effect of pesticides on RBC content was 1.43 (million/mm3) on day 7 and reduced to 1.18 (million/mm3) on days 14 and 21. A similar trend was found for Impala on RBC, which had an initial value of 1.36 (million/mm3) on day 7 and reached a value of 1.10 (million/mm3) on day 28. In contrast, the value of Neemstar decreased from 1.59 (million/mm3) on day 7 in control to 1.02 (million/mm3) on day 28. Data indicates that the order of toxic effect of pesticides recorded a maximum for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar in the selected fish model. Likewise, the overall pattern of pesticidal activity on cellular enzymes (GDH, MDH, and SDH) recorded a maximum toxic effect for Impala followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results indicate that Chlorpyrifos pesticide-Impala evoked maximum toxic effect on selected tissues compared to the other two pesticides tested. Statistical analysis of the summative data using two way ANOVA was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). The differences in the hematological parameters analyzed are attributed to the physiological acclimatization of the fish to the local conditions, which influences the energy metabolism and consequently determines the health status of the fish. Overall, Impala exhibited the highest pesticidal activity on cellular enzyme, followed by Ekalux and Neemstar. Results suggest that natural pesticides may be preferable for rice field application in terms of environmental safety.

Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) have been subject of interest since ancient time due to their use in food, industrial and biomedical applications. Research attention has further augmented to explore their phytochemical composition, properties, and potential application in the post-COVID era. In the present study phytochemical screening has been carried out with Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera (MLEMO) followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Phytochemical analysis of MLEMO revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phenol, Proteins, Quinones, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins and Terpenoids. Further, GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 41 compounds of which Dihydroxyacetone; Monomethyl malonate; 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl; 1,3-Propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl); Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, octyl ester; 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone; Sorbitol; Inositol; Cyclohexanemethanol, alpha-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl), Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl palmitate; n-Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid); 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; Phytol; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid; Octadecanoic acid; 9-Octadecenamide were prominent. Most of the compounds in the list are bioactive and possess medicinal properties that are expected to serve as a baseline lead for the development of therapeutic agents. Keywords: Phytochemical screening; GCMS; Bioactive Natural Products; Moringa oleifera; MLEMO; Biomedical application

Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) have contributed to the development of many drugs for diverse indications. Worldwide interest in use of plants based natural products (PBNPs) has been growing, and its beneficial effects being rediscovered for the development of new drugs. Literature survey on indigenous traditional knowledge bestows ethnopharmacological potentials of PBNPs, which has inspired research in drug discovery; further it provides a baseline for the development of novel drug leads against selected pharmacological targets. Studies report that rosemary essential oil (ROEO) extracts have hepatoprotective, antifungal, insecticide, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. However, their application is limited because of their odor, color and taste. Owing to the widespread applications of phyto-compounds in ROEO - GCMS was performed. GCMS analysis detected 22 compounds of which 6 compounds were in abundant. In the present study, isopulegol - a Prenol Lipid (Monoterpenoid) from Rosmarinus officinalis has been ADMET characterized from biomedical application point of view. Keywords: Rosmarinus officinalis; Rosemary officinalis Essential Oils (ROEO); Pharmacological Activity; ADMET; GCMS;

Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) are the primary source of natural antioxidants capable of neutralizing or eliminating harmful Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Oxidative stress contributes not only to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) but also to diabetic related vascular complications by lipid peroxidation. Oxidation induced DNA and protein damage leads to development of vascular complications like coronary heart disease, CVD, stroke, neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, CKD, and other long term complications associated with diabetics. Likewise Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major clinical challenges in cancer treatment and compromises the effectiveness of conventional anticancer chemotherapeutics. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been characterized as a major mechanism of MDR. Ellagic acid (EA) is a bioactive secondary metabolite widely distributed in vegetables and fruits (Strawberry, Grapes, Blackberry, Raspberry, Plums etc.) Chemically, EA is 2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxychromeno [5,4, -cde] chromene-5, 10-dione, a heterotetracyclic dimer of Gallic Acid (GA) molecules formed by oxidative aromatic coupling involving intramolecular lactonization. EA is associated with pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardio-protective, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, multidrug resistance etc. EA has been marketed as a dietary supplement with claimed benefits against cancer, CVD, CKD and other metabolic disorders. However, pharmacological limitation of EA is attributed to its low solubility in water and reduced bioavailability. In the present study, bimolecular potential of EA has been bioprospected in the revised framework of ADMET pharmacoinformatics to further widen its biomedical applications. Keywords: ADMET; Pharmacoinformatics; Ellagic Acid; Gallic Acid; Syzygium cumini; Alagarkovil Reserve Forest (ARF); Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Palmitic Acid (PA) is known to exert multiple fundamental biological functions at cellular and tissue levels and its steady concentration is guaranteed by its endogenous synthesis by DNL. PA has been for a long time negatively represented for its detrimental health effects tailing its essential physiological attributes. PA has been portrayed to serve as a signalling molecule regulating the progression and development of many diseases at molecular level. Controversial data on the association of dietary PA with detrimental health effects has been related to several parameters such as fatty acid/ macronutrient imbalance by altered lipid metabolism, positive energy balance, excessive intake of carbohydrates, imbalance of dietary PA/PUFA, physiopathological conditions, presence of enhanced DNL and sedentary lifestyle. This may result in dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, increased ectopic fat accumulation and increased inflammatory tone indicating that clear understanding of system based PA metabolism is still lacking. In the present study an attempt has been made to bring out the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity profile of PA. Results are expected to have some implications in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulates pathophysiological events involved in hyperglycemia/ hyperlipidemia-induced complications associated with diabesity and CVD. Besides it may provide a better understanding to identify key molecular targets for therapeutic management of PA induced metabolic disorders. Keywords: Moringa oleifera; MOLE; Bioactive Secondary Metabolites; ADME/Tox; Natural Products (NPs); PBNPs; PDHA; n-Hexadecanoic Acid (nHDA); Palmitic Acid (PA)

In order to achieve the multi-claim products required for dental-health-care and hygiene, it is indispensable for the formulator to use a wide range of ingredients however, with the advent of technology the chemically synthesised products are not of demand in the market as they have side effects and are considered to unsafe for human use. This places quite a number of demands on the use of PBNPs in the development process. Use of PBNPs innovations in the areas of pharmaceutical technology have contributed significantly to the formulation of dental-health-care products with superior efficacy as well as other attributes that may contribute to clinical response and patient acceptability. Improved clinical efficacy and tolerability, along with conditioning signals, should encourage patient compliance with oral hygiene. Cuminum cyminum seeds are being habitually used in traditional cuisines of different cultures. In India, it is used in both whole and ground form as a traditional ingredient to make dishes without perceptive medicinal knowledge/ properties behind. In Kerala, decoction of cumin seeds is used for drinking (Jeera water). In Tamilnadu, cumin seeds are the key ingredient of Rasam. Fruit of Solanum lycopersicum is one of the important savoury vegetable used in traditional Indian cuisines. The oil of Cocos nucifera fruits are used in cooking in Kerala and TamilNadu. In the present study, composition (paste) prepared by mixing of 2 drops of S. lycopersicum fruit juice, 2 drops of C. nucifera and 1g of C. cyminum seed powder were tested on 100 subjects with felt bad breath. Results of the present study was found to be effective in controlling bad breath (odour) in 74 subjects after the treatment (period of clinical trial) except 09 of 83 subjects who were diabetic. Keywords: Oral hygiene; bad breath; halitosis; Cuminum cyminum; Solanum lycopersicum; Cocos nucifera; CUSOCO; dental-health-care

Plant Based Natural Products (PBNPs) have contributed to the development of drugs for diverse indications. Worldwide interest in use of PBNPs has been growing, and its beneficial effects being rediscovered for the development of drug leads. Literature survey on indigenous traditional knowledge bestows ethnopharmacological potentials of PBNPs, has inspired research in drug design and discovery; PBNPs provide a baseline for the development of novel drug leads against various pharmacological targets. Reports indicate that rosemary essential oil (ROEO) extracts show biological bioactivities such as hepatoprotective, antifungal, insecticide, antioxidant and antibacterial. However, their application is limited because of their odor, color and taste. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of phenol, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, saponins, coumarins, terpenoids, quinones, steroids. Owing to widespread applications of phyto-compounds in ROEO - GCMS was performed. GCMS analysis detected the presence of 22 compounds (α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Myrcene, α-Terpinine, p-Cymene, trans-3-Caren-2-ol, 1,8-Cineole, γ-Terpinene, α-Terpinolene, Linalool, Isopulegol, Eucalyptol, Terpinen-4-ol, 2-Naphthalenol, (-)-Myrtenol, Verbenone, Terpine, α-Copaene, β-Caryophyllene, γ-Cadinene, Caryophyllene oxide) of which 6 compounds (α-Pinene, p-Cymene, Isopulegol, Eucalyptol, 2-Naphthalenol, Terpine) were in abundant. These compounds have been prospected for their molecular and biological properties in the present study. Keywords: Rosmarinus officinalis; Rosemary Essential Oils (ROEO); GCMS; Bioprospecting; PBNPs