Water plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth, and the upheaving population and pollution have accelerated the contamination in natural water sources. The unique physicochemical properties of ferrite nanoparticles have shown promising, and potential activity extensively in wastewater treatment. These ferrite nanoparticles can be synthesized by harnessing a wide variety of methods to overcome the problem aroused by engaging with conventional techniques. Among them, green synthesis serves as an alternative solution, as it is biocompatible, low in toxicity, economically feasible, and utilizes natural products and their derivatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various synthesis methods for ferrite nanoparticles, including conventional and biomolecule-assisted techniques. Further, explored on the factors governing photocatalytic degradation, such as the particle’s physico-chemical properties, pH, catalyst dosage, and irradiation source. Also, highlights on several modifications—such as elemental doping and composite formation to increase its competence in photodegradation. It then shifts to identify and analyze the current challenges to practical deployment, and promising avenues of future research are identified. This includes outlining concrete directions that may help in the further development of scalable, stable, and eco-friendly ferrite-based photocatalysts. The ultimate goal of this forward-looking perspective is to facilitate translation of ferrite materials into real-world wastewater treatment applications that ensure both performance and environmental safety at scale. Biogenic Ferrite nanoparticles exhibit the ability to degrade comprehensive range of pollutants. Enhanced efficiency of degradation occurred through engineering ferrites via doping, heterojunctions and nanocomposites. Ferrite’s magnetic nature enables easy recovery and reuse after treatment. Photocatalytic activity is regulated by nanoparticle size, surface area, and band gap majorly.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, thereby regulating their levels in the brain and other tissues. A decrease in MAO enzymes leads to a nonfatal neurological condition that can lead to Parkinson's disease. In this study, compounds from Tecomella undulata that mimic the structure of MAO-A can be used as substitutes for the blood-brain barrier, which was confirmed via in silico approaches. To study protein-ligand interactions, the target protein, MAO-A (Protein Data Bank ID: 2Z5Y), was subjected to molecular docking and dynamics studies with high-affinity compounds extracted from T. undulata. Among the 30 phytochemicals that were subjected to molecular docking simulation to examine the behavior of the dynamic protein complex, the compounds with the highest binding affinities were squalene, benzoic acid, 4-methyl-[4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl] methyl ester, and stigmasterol. In terms of the root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation, ligand RMSD, radius of gyration, solvent accessible surface area, and H bond, ligand binding demonstrated sustained stability throughout the simulation period. The results suggest that substances derived from T. undulata show important potential for treating Parkinson's disease, justifying additional research through both in vitro and in vivo experiments.

The excessive use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers increases crop production but can lead to P-induced zinc (Zn) deficiencies, making both nutrients unavailable to plants. Plant–microbe interactions, such as with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can alleviate these constraints by solubilizing Zn and P in soil. A soil incubation study revealed that applying P. aeruginosa with farmyard manure (FYM) significantly increased Zn and P solubilization (6.86 mg/l; 14.83 mg/l) compared to control (3.15 mg/l; 13.67 mg/l). A field experiment evaluated the effects of P. aeruginosa on the biochemical composition of groundnut plants under five treatments. The T2, T3, and T4 treatments had the highest protein, carbohydrate, and chlorophyll levels, likely due to the heterogeneous activity of FYM and the mineral solubilizing ability of P. aeruginosa. Groundnut seeds from T3 (combined liquid inoculant and FYM) had the highest iodine (88.47 mg KOH/g), saponification value (195.56 mg KOH/g), and free fatty acid content (2.23 g oleic acid). The pH of the T3 soil decreased from 8.3 to 7.5, and significant increases were observed in electrical conductivity (from 2.88 to 0.30 dS/m), calcium carbonate (2.53–1.7%), organic carbon (0.39–1.91%), nitrogen (273.75–788.25 kg/ha), P (20.1–59.65 kg/ha), potassium (182.25–346.5 kg/ha), and Zn (1.53–7.24 mg/kg). The study suggests that the combined application of liquid formulants of P. aeruginosa with FYM is advantageous, as FYM supports microbial growth by providing essential nutrients for mineralization. Moreover, liquid inoculants formulated with polyvinylpyrrolidone as an osmo protectant demonstrated enhanced shelf-life and mineral solubilization, contributing to improved biochemical properties in groundnut plants.

Microalgae including Scenedesmus sp. are gaining significant attention due to the rapid growth conditions, high biomass production, and significant content of valuable biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Among these biomolecules, carbohydrates extracted from Scenedesmussp. biomass has the potential to be used in biofuel, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Conventional methods of extraction include long energy-intensive heating processes with toxic solvents because carbohydrates are packed inside the microalga cell wall. To address the limitation, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has been shown as an efficient, energy-saving, low-environment impact, and rapid extraction method for plant materials. Therefore, this research aimed to optimize MAE through response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box-Behnken design (BBD) to extract carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in local unsterilized domestic wastewater. The experimental factors were examined, including solid-to-liquid ratio, agitation time, microwave irradiation time, and microwave power. The results of different statistical metrics showed that the developed quadratic model was sufficient to predict carbohydrate yield. The sensitivity analysis showed that solid-to- liquid ratio had the most significant impact (55.98%) on carbohydrate yield, followed by microwave irradiation time (24.88%), and agitation time (18.16%). The highest carbohydrate extraction yield (30.11 +/- 0.88%) was obtained when the solid-to-liquid ratio, agitation time, microwave power, and microwave irradiation time were kept at 29 mg/mL, 28 min, 300 W, and 163s respectively. MAE obtained a 39.46% increase in carbohydrate extraction compared to conventional heating. Furthermore, MAE significantly reduced extraction time by 63- 96% compared to other conventional extraction methods reported in previous research. The results showed that MAE was a fast and effective method for extracting carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp., offering potential applications in the biofuel, agricultural, and industrial industries.

In this work, ZnO semiconductor nanoparticles were green-synthesized using Capsicum annuum L. var. Caribe pepper extracts at 1%, 2%, and 4% w/v (weight/volume) as stabilizing agents. The nanoparticles were applied in photocatalytic processes for the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB), Methyl Orange (MO), and Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous media. Characterization involved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), identifying the Zn-O bond at 421 cm-1. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a hexagonal Wurtzite-type crystalline phase with crystallite sizes ranging from 13 to 23 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed hemispherical clusters smaller than 5 micrometers. UV–Visible spectrophotometry determined band gap values between 3.05 and 3.13 eV. These materials exhibited significant photocatalytic degradation efficiency for the tested dyes.

The increased use of metallic nanoparticles has led to concern for environmental contamination and disruption in water quality. Therefore, effective screening of metallic nanoparticles is important for detecting metallic nanoparticles in aquatic environments. Biosensors offer several advantages, including high sensitivity to pollutants, short response time, energy efficiency, and low waste generation. In this study, a whole-cell biosensor was developed using microalga Chlorella vulgaris as a recognition element, and its fluorescence response was used as a measuring parameter for detecting the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles in water. The responses of C. vulgaris at the lag, exponential, and stationary phases to different concentrations of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles were studied. The results showed that in TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles exposures, the highest fluorescence change (50-150%) was observed at the lag phase, whereas the lowest fluorescence change (40-75%) was observed at the stationary phase. A significant fluorescence change was observed in 15 min. The immobilized C. vulgaris under TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles exposures showed 30-180% higher fluorescence change than the negative control, indicating the potential of C. vulgaris as a biosensor for rapid detection of TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles in water. The mathematical modeling of the responses of C. vulgaris to TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles at 15 min of exposure with high R2 indicated that this biosensor is sensitive to the concentration tested (0.010–10.000 mg.L-1). Taken together, these results reveal that, for the first time, it is possible to detect TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles in water within a very short time using a microalgae-based biosensor. Moreover, no genetic engineering requirement makes this biosensor simple, economical, and free from the restriction on genetically modified microorganisms for environmental applications.

The industrial discharge of dye pollutant contaminated wastewater is the major cause of water and soil pollution. Photocatalysis is a promising and green remediation technology, which has received widespread attention in the remediation of hazardous dyes from aqueous environment and convert them into harmless compounds. Herein, we report the synthesis of chitosan (CS) functionalized bismuth oxychloride/zinc oxide (BiOCl/ZnO) nanocomposite by a modified hydrothermal route. The physiochemical characterization revealed that the synthesized nanocomposite have crystalline, agglomerated spherical along with rod shaped morphology and size range from 35 to 160 nm. FTIR peaks at 825, 727, 662 and 622 cm-1 specified the presence of BiO and ZnO bonds, whereas peak at 1635 cm-1 revealed the existence of amine groups which confirms the presence of CS in the synthesized CS-BiOCl/ZnO nanocomposite. Catalytic property of synthesized nanocomposite was evaluated by the degradation of Congo red (CR) under UV-light irradiation. CR dye degradation percentage was found to be 93 % within a short period of 40 min by utilizing UV-light. Furthermore, reusability of CS-BiOCl/ZnO photocatalyst was also investigated, and it remained significant photocatalytic activity after three consecutive cycles. Hence, the results obtained in this study revealed that CS-BiOCl/ZnO nanocomposite can be used as a potential photocatalyst to remediate organic pollutants in various industries.

Chemical reflux was used to synthesize a nanocomposite of nitrogen doped rGO and ZnCo2O4. Electrochemical reactions are significantly altered by nitrogen doping. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystal structure and phase purity of the produced. N-rGO/ZnCo2O4 nanocomposite. Raman spectra's D and G bands clearly demonstrate a rise in D and a reduction in G band. ZnCo2O4 occupancy on the 2D N-rGO was investigated via SEM analysis. EDAX spectrum was used to investigate elemental compositions. Electrochemical performances of a working electrode made of GO/ZnCo2O4 and N-rGO/ZnCo2O4 were investigated. The cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge discharge specific capacitances of the N-rGO/ZnCo2O4 nanocomposite are respectively 1086.1 and 950 Fg(- 1). After 5000 cycles, retention stability of about 89.6 % was attained. The estimated energy and power densities for N-rGO/ZnCo2O4 are 21 Whkg(-1) and 1500 Wkg(-1). An asymmetric supercapacitor made of N-rGO, ZnCo2O4, and N-rGO was developed, and its electrochemical characteristics were studied.

Because of their enormous potential for use in current electronic systems, polymer-based dielectric materials have garnered considerable attention. The spatial distribution of fillers has a significant impact on the dielectric behavior of polymer composites, so a better understanding of the relationship between the dielectric properties of composites and the spatial distribution of filler would be extremely helpful in developing new high-performance dielectrics. In this study, anatase TiO 2 and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanocomposites were prepared by ball-milling. This was followed by the preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride)–co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP)-based polymer nanocomposites. TiO 2 /h-BN material was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The TiO 2 /h-BN nanoparticles were well distributed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, with very little particle aggregation. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data indicate that the nanocomposite components interact well. AC impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the variations in electrical characteristics including dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electrical resistivity (Nyquist plot) of the prepared composite film. These films were applied to enhance load-bearing capacity during electrostatic force state, making use of flexible fabric-based metal electrodes. The load-bearing capacity of the film was determined by measuring the tensile strength. The PVDF-HFP/TiO 2 /h-BN nanocomposite showed flexibility in addition to dependable dielectric capabilities, making it potentially suitable for a variety of flexible electronic devices such as electroadhesion and electrostatic storage devices.

Green nanotechnology, an emerging field, offers economic and social benefits while minimizing environmental impact. Nanoparticles, pivotal in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture, are now sourced from green plants and microorganisms, overcoming limitations of chemically synthesized ones. In agriculture, these green-made nanoparticles find use in fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and fungicides. Nanofertilizers curtail mineral losses, bolster yields, and foster agricultural progress. Their biological production, preferred for environmental friendliness and high purity, is cost-effective and efficient. Biosensors aid early disease detection, ensuring food security and sustainable farming by reducing excessive pesticide use. This eco-friendly approach harnesses natural phytochemicals to boost crop productivity. This review highlights recent strides in green nanotechnology, showcasing how green-synthesized nanomaterials elevate crop quality, combat plant pathogens, and manage diseases and stress. These advancements pave the way for sustainable crop production systems in the future.

Chitosan functionalization is a growing field of interest to enhance the unique characteristics of metal oxide nanoparticles. In this study, a facile synthesis method has been used to develop a gallotannin loaded chitosan/ zinc oxide (CS/ZnO) nanocomposite. Initially, white color formation confirmed the formation, and physicochemical natures of the prepared nanocomposite were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Crystalline of CS amorphous phase and ZnO patterns were demonstrated by XRD. FTIR revealed the presence of CS and gallotannin bio-active groups in the formed nanocomposite. Electron microscopy study exhibited that the produced nanocomposite had an agglomerated sheets like morphology with an average size of 50-130 nm. Further, the produced nanocomposite was evaluated for methylene blue (MB) degradation activity from aqueous solution. After 30 min of irradiation, the efficiency of nanocomposite degradation was found to be 96.64 %. Moreover, prepared nanocomposite showed a potential and concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that prepared nanocomposite can be used as an excellent photocatalyst as well as a bactericidal agent in industrial and clinical sectors.

The synthesis of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles is a growing field of area due to their long-term uses in the development of new technologies. The present study describes the synthesis of chitosan/silver nanocomposite using kaempferol for anticancer and bactericidal activity. The formation of Kf-CS/Ag nanocomposite was confirmed by the development of a brown color and UV-absorbance around 438 nm. The IR study was utilized to determine the existence of Kf and CS in the synthesized nanocomposite. TEM analysis demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposite have a predominantly uniform spherical shape and size ranges 7-10 nm. EDX spectrum showed the existence of Ag, C, and N elements in the nanocomposite material. Further, Kf-CS/Ag nanocomposite exhibited potential in vitro inhibitory property against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and their IC50 values was found to be 53 mu g/mL. Moreover, fluorescent assays such as DAPI and AO/EtBr confirmed the apoptosis induction ability of Kf-CS/Ag nanocomposite in MDA-MB-231 cells. The synthesized KfCS/Ag nanocomposite showed significant and dose-depended antibacterial property against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Thus, the obtained findings demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposite can be potentially used to improve human health as biocidal nanocomposite in biomedical sectors.

Poly (vinylidene fluoride- hexafluoroproylene) PVDF-HFP has been employed as a host polymer because of its strong chemical resistance, mechanical and dielectric properties and low cost. However, further changes employing other polymers, nanomaterials, additives and fillers to improve the properties of the host polymers are of significant interest. TiO2 has gained a lot of attention because of its high k dielectric and photo catalytic capabilities. Graphene oxide (GO) has received a lot of attention because of its larger mechanical strength, dielectric behavior and other qualities. Using the doctor blade coating process, varied amounts of TiO2 and GO were successfully integrated into PVDF-HFP to form composite films. The XRD result reveals that TiO2/GO has been successfully incorporated into the PVDF-HFP polymer matrix, while FTIR, SEM experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of TiO2/GO fillers on PVDF-HFP film. AC impedance spectroscopy reveals the dielectric behavior and resistivity of polymer nanocomposite film. The film has been tested for its loading bearing capacity during electroadhesion with different applied voltages. The maximum load bearing capacity based on electroadhesion has been estimated.

The electroadhesive actuators were assembled using Cu–Ni fabric electrodes and hBN-incorporated BaTiO3 dielectric composite materials in PVdF-HFP matrix as the electroadhesive tape. The electroadhesive performance of the above tape was tested using a DC–DC booster circuit for different weight percentages of ball-milled hBN into the dielectric composite. The load bearing capacity was found to be multiplied several fold from 100 to 950 gm for voltage of 250 V. The dielectric behavior of as-prepared electroadhesive tape made using the PVdF-HFP matrix was analyzed using impedance analyzer. XRD and SEM studies were performed to justify the behavior of the powder composites embedded in PVdF-HFP matrix as electroadhesive tapes.

The present study explored the structural and reactivity relationship of halogenated G-C PNA base pairs using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The halogens such as F, Cl, and Br are substituted by replacing H atoms involved in H-bonds of the base pairs. All structures were optimized using the B3LYP/6-311++G** theory level, and positive frequencies confirmed their equilibrium states. To understand the structural variations of the considered halogenated systems, the bond distances of R─X, R─H, and X/H•••Y and the bond angles of R─X•••Y were analyzed. The obtained structural parameters and interaction energies are comparable with the previous theoretical reports. In addition, the interaction energies (Eint) and quantum molecular descriptors (QMD) are also calculated to understand the difference between halogenated PNA systems and their non-halogenated counterparts. In this study, the enhancement in the reactivity properties of halogenated PNA systems has been demonstrated, which indicates their improved responsive characteristics in various chemical reactions. Based on the available results, the halogenated PNA systems, carefully considering their substitutional position, facilitate better accommodation for the triplex formation of dsDNA/dsRNA. Therefore, it is concluded that the improved reactivity properties of halogenated PNA base pairs would make them potential candidates for various biological applications.

In the treatment of bacterial contamination, the problem of multi-drug resistance is becoming an increasingly pressing concern. Nanotechnology advancements enable the preparation of metal nanoparticles that can be assembled into complex systems to control bacterial and tumor cell growth. The current work investigates the green production of chitosan functionalized silver nanoparticles (CS/Ag NPs) using Sida acuta and their inhibition efficacy against bacterial pathogens and lung cancer cells (A549). Initially, a brown color formation confirmed the synthesis, and the chemical nature of the synthesized NPs were examined by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR demonstrated the occurrence of CS and S. acuta functional groups in the synthesized CS/Ag NPs. The electron microscopy study exhibited CS/Ag NPs with a spherical morphology and size ranges of 6–45 nm, while XRD analysis demonstrated the crystallinity of Ag NPs. Further, the bacterial inhibition property of CS/Ag NPs was examined against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus, which showed clear inhibition zones at different concentrations. In addition, the antibacterial properties were further confirmed by a fluorescent AO/EtBr staining technique. Furthermore, prepared CS/Ag NPs exhibited a potential anti-cancer character against a human lung cancer cell line (A549). In conclusion, our findings revealed that the produced CS/Ag NPs could be used as an excellent inhibitory material in industrial and clinical sectors.

The 0D-Ag/2D-g-C3N4/3D-TiO2 nano-composite materials were fabricated by simple and mass production method. It involves the combination of incipient wetness impregnation and thermal spreading techniques. By changing the order of impregnation and thermal spreading, silver nanoparticles with "on-top" and "embedded" morphologies could be selectively controlled. The thermal spreading followed by impregnation (TS-IM) leads to the "on-top" structure [Ag/g-C3N4/TiO2] while, the reverse order (IM-TS) produces the embedded silver nanoparticles [g-C(3)N4/Ag/TiO2]. The 16%Ag/g-C3N4/TiO2 (TS-IM) sample exhibited the best performance due to the presence of very small and highly dispersed silver nanoparticles over g-C3N4/TiO2 sample. The loading of silver not only doubled the specific capacitance but also stabilized the recycling performance against deactivation. This study reveals easy and performance tunable synthesis of Ag/g-C3N4/TiO2 nano-composite materials towards energy-storage applications. [GRAPHICS] .

Ball milling was used to prepare nanocrystalline TiO 2 , GO and PVDF-HFP/TiO 2 /GO nanocomposite, and the effects of milling hours on phase transformation and crystal size wasinvestigated. The films were made using the doctor blade method. XRD, SEM, FTIR spectra were used to characterize the prepared samples. The dielectric constant values were calculated for different milling hour. A lightweight, low-power film is described here for controlling the engagement in a mobile cleaning device. Electrostatic adhesion between thin electrode sheets covered with a dielectric substance underpins the film. The load bearing is influenced by the GO to TiO 2 wt.%. A portable device has been fabricated based on the concept of electroadhesion.

A light weight low power operated fabric based electroadhesive actuators were made with two dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in PVdF-HFP polymer matrix as a dielectric and Cu/Ni fabric tape as electrodes for applications in robotics and exosuits. The properties of the dielectric layer were tuned for high load bearing capacity by inducing dangling joints in 2D hBN by the atmospheric ball milling as a factor of time. The electroadhesive actuator was optimized for a maximum load of 700 g for a DC voltage of 250 V, by changing the micro structures of 2D hBN with ball milling for different hours. The optimized load bearing capacity of the electroadhesive actuators obtained with 1 h ball milled 2D hBN incorporated PVdF-HFP matrix has been evidenced through structural and morphological studies.

Nanocomposites are hybrid nanomaterials that have been widely used in bioelectronic, photocatalytic, biosensing and biomedical applications. The present study synthesizes novel ZnFe2O4@poly(tBGE-alt-PA) composite. The obtained bimetallic-semi-aromatic polyester composite were physiochemically and biologically characterized. FTIR analysis confirmed the preparation of composite. XRD analysis exhibited crystalline nature of composite. TGA and DSC analysis displayed the thermal stability of composite and no chemical interactions between the zinc ferrite nanoparticles and copolymer respectively. The novel hybrid nanomaterial is found to be biocompatible and hemocompatible nature and it may be used in different biomedical applications.